Chapter 7 multicellular plants
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Seaweeds are multicellular primary producers that inhabit marine environments. They come in three main types - green (Chlorophyta), red (Rhodophyta), and brown (Phaeophyta) algae. Seaweeds play important ecological roles as food sources and habitats. Seagrasses and salt marsh plants also serve as primary producers in coastal ecosystems. Mangroves have adapted root systems that allow them to thrive in intertidal zones.
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Chapter 7 multicellular plants
Seaweeds come in many shapes, sizes, colors and have unique structures depending on their phylum. The three main phyla of seaweeds are green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae (Phaeophyta). Salt marsh plants, sea grasses, and mangroves are flowering plants found in estuaries and coastal areas that play important ecological roles through primary production, habitat provision, and sediment stabilization.
Marine flowering plants powerpoint
There are three main groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses form underwater meadows in shallow, calm waters and reproduce both sexually through pollination and currents as well as asexually through rhizomes. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical coastlines that have aerial roots and reproduce sexually through seeds that germinate while still attached to the parent plant. Salt marsh grasses are found in sheltered intertidal coastlines and provide important habitat for many species.
Algae
This document provides information about algae, including their definition, characteristics, habitats, and classification. Some key points:
i. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing microorganisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are mostly aquatic but also occur in soils, rocks, snow, and other habitats.
ii. Algae have simple plant-like bodies but lack vascular tissues and true roots/leaves. Reproduction occurs through mitosis or meiosis rather than embryogenesis.
iii. Algae are classified into 11 major groups, with the first four - cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, and yellow-green algae - commonly found in soils. Blue-green al
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This document discusses seaweed cultivation and utilization. It begins with an introduction to seaweeds, their structure, and the three main types: red, brown, and green algae. It then covers methods for cultivating seaweeds, including site selection, culture preparation using anchors and ropes, and harvesting. The document concludes by outlining various uses of seaweeds as phyco-colloids, food, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It also proposes using seaweed cultivation to help restore damage to the Great Barrier Reef by providing food and nutrients to help balance nitrogen levels.
Algae seaweeds
This document discusses algae and angiosperms. It covers:
- The importance of algae as a carbon sink, indicator species, for fertilizer production, food production, as a nursery habitat, and for coastal defence.
- The key characteristics and types of algae, including their phyla (green, brown, red algae), structures, pigments, and some examples of each type.
- The key features of angiosperms that allow them to survive in marine environments, such as being salt tolerant and able to absorb oxygen from water. It also covers the habitats where marine angiosperms can be found, such as eelgrass beds.
Herbarium
The document discusses different types of pasture grasses and legumes that can be used as animal feed. It describes 7 common pasture grasses and their morphological characteristics including kangaroo grass, bala thana, carpet grass, cowfoot grass, mayura thana, rila thana and signal grass. It also describes 9 common pasture legumes and their traits such as katarodu, stylo, silver leaf, puero, peanut, dambala, kollu, aswanna and siratro. The document provides information on the botanical name, family, photos and preferable agro ecological zones of each plant variety.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Water hyacinth
Water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic plant species, has aggressively occupied many of Kerala's water bodies. It affects fishing, tourism, water transportation and native species. Water hyacinth reproduces both sexually and asexually through vegetative propagation, allowing it to spread rapidly. While it can be controlled through manual, mechanical, chemical or biological means, complete eradication is difficult due to its ability to regenerate from small plant fragments. Commercial uses of water hyacinth include phytoremediation, production of bioenergy, and manufacturing of various household items, but uncontrolled propagation should still be prevented to protect Kerala's water bodies and resources.
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Chapter 7 multicellular plants
Seaweeds come in many shapes, sizes, colors and have unique structures depending on their phylum. The three main phyla of seaweeds are green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae (Phaeophyta). Salt marsh plants, sea grasses, and mangroves are flowering plants found in estuaries and coastal areas that play important ecological roles through primary production, habitat provision, and sediment stabilization.
Marine flowering plants powerpoint
There are three main groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses form underwater meadows in shallow, calm waters and reproduce both sexually through pollination and currents as well as asexually through rhizomes. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical coastlines that have aerial roots and reproduce sexually through seeds that germinate while still attached to the parent plant. Salt marsh grasses are found in sheltered intertidal coastlines and provide important habitat for many species.
Algae
This document provides information about algae, including their definition, characteristics, habitats, and classification. Some key points:
i. Algae are chlorophyll-bearing microorganisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are mostly aquatic but also occur in soils, rocks, snow, and other habitats.
ii. Algae have simple plant-like bodies but lack vascular tissues and true roots/leaves. Reproduction occurs through mitosis or meiosis rather than embryogenesis.
iii. Algae are classified into 11 major groups, with the first four - cyanobacteria, green algae, diatoms, and yellow-green algae - commonly found in soils. Blue-green al
Seaweeds cultivation and utilization
This document discusses seaweed cultivation and utilization. It begins with an introduction to seaweeds, their structure, and the three main types: red, brown, and green algae. It then covers methods for cultivating seaweeds, including site selection, culture preparation using anchors and ropes, and harvesting. The document concludes by outlining various uses of seaweeds as phyco-colloids, food, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It also proposes using seaweed cultivation to help restore damage to the Great Barrier Reef by providing food and nutrients to help balance nitrogen levels.
Algae seaweeds
This document discusses algae and angiosperms. It covers:
- The importance of algae as a carbon sink, indicator species, for fertilizer production, food production, as a nursery habitat, and for coastal defence.
- The key characteristics and types of algae, including their phyla (green, brown, red algae), structures, pigments, and some examples of each type.
- The key features of angiosperms that allow them to survive in marine environments, such as being salt tolerant and able to absorb oxygen from water. It also covers the habitats where marine angiosperms can be found, such as eelgrass beds.
Herbarium
The document discusses different types of pasture grasses and legumes that can be used as animal feed. It describes 7 common pasture grasses and their morphological characteristics including kangaroo grass, bala thana, carpet grass, cowfoot grass, mayura thana, rila thana and signal grass. It also describes 9 common pasture legumes and their traits such as katarodu, stylo, silver leaf, puero, peanut, dambala, kollu, aswanna and siratro. The document provides information on the botanical name, family, photos and preferable agro ecological zones of each plant variety.
Marine flowering plants
This document summarizes three groups of marine flowering plants: seagrasses, mangroves, and salt marsh grasses. Seagrasses grow in coastal waters and reproduce both sexually and asexually. Mangroves are woody trees found in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones that reproduce sexually. Salt marsh grasses are found along coasts and reproduce sexually and asexually. All three play an important role as nursery habitats for young marine organisms.
Water hyacinth
Water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic plant species, has aggressively occupied many of Kerala's water bodies. It affects fishing, tourism, water transportation and native species. Water hyacinth reproduces both sexually and asexually through vegetative propagation, allowing it to spread rapidly. While it can be controlled through manual, mechanical, chemical or biological means, complete eradication is difficult due to its ability to regenerate from small plant fragments. Commercial uses of water hyacinth include phytoremediation, production of bioenergy, and manufacturing of various household items, but uncontrolled propagation should still be prevented to protect Kerala's water bodies and resources.
Salvinia
Salvinia is a free-floating fern that grows in still or slow-moving freshwater. It has horizontal stems with round to oblong leaves arranged in whorls of three. The leaves have "egg beater" hairs that help it float. It reproduces through sporocarps containing either microsporangia or megasporangia. While it helps purify water, large mats of Salvinia can smother other plants, reduce oxygen in the water, and negatively impact ecosystems and human activities. Control methods include biological control using weevils, mechanical removal, herbicides, and prevention of spreading.
Non-Native Invasive Plants
This document discusses invasive species and provides criteria for identifying invasive plants. It notes that while not all non-native plants are invasive, invasive species are defined as those that colonize natural habitats, have negative impacts on ecosystems and the environment, and continue to increase their population and distribution. Examples are given of specific invasive plant species like Clidemia hirta, Piper aduncum, and Mimosa pigra that were intentionally or accidentally introduced from other regions and threaten native species through competition for resources and alteration of habitats. Physical and chemical control methods are mentioned for dealing with invasive plants.
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This document provides lecture outlines on weed management. It covers topics such as the definition of weeds, classification of weeds based on morphology and life cycle, propagation and dispersal of weeds, weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition, methods of weed control, herbicides, weed management in various crops, and management of problematic weeds. The classification section discusses classifying weeds based on morphology into grasses, sedges, and broad-leaved weeds, and the differences between monocots and dicots in terms of leaf shape, venation, herbicide retention, and root system.
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Factors affecting cultivation:
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The Dal Lake is located in Srinagar, India and is a popular tourist attraction. It covers an area of 11.4 km2 and is fed by streams from the Zabarwan hills. Approximately 50,000 people living in 6,000 families call the lake's hamlets home. However, the lake is threatened by pollution from a growing population, erosion of its catchment area depositing 80,000 tonnes of silt annually, and excessive fertilizer and nutrient runoff from agriculture. Efforts are needed to restore the lake through measures like afforestation, desiltation plants, controlling encroachments, dredging weeds, and encouraging organic farming in the catchment area.
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Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread around the world. It grows rapidly in dense mats that can cover large areas of fresh water. This causes various problems by hindering transportation, clogging infrastructure, increasing flooding risk, providing habitat for disease vectors, increasing evaporation, and reducing biodiversity. Control methods include biological (using natural predators), chemical (herbicides), and physical (mechanical removal), but fully addressing large infestations remains a challenge due to the plant's rapid growth and the scale of the problem. Quantifying the full environmental and socioeconomic impacts is also difficult.
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2. Harry Hess and Robert Dietz independently developed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain these patterns, proposing that new crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads laterally over time.
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2. The environment includes abiotic factors like temperature and biotic factors like predators. Habitats are where organisms live, like coral reefs. Niches are an organism's role in an ecosystem.
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Salvinia is a free-floating fern that grows in still or slow-moving freshwater. It has horizontal stems with round to oblong leaves arranged in whorls of three. The leaves have "egg beater" hairs that help it float. It reproduces through sporocarps containing either microsporangia or megasporangia. While it helps purify water, large mats of Salvinia can smother other plants, reduce oxygen in the water, and negatively impact ecosystems and human activities. Control methods include biological control using weevils, mechanical removal, herbicides, and prevention of spreading.
Non-Native Invasive Plants
This document discusses invasive species and provides criteria for identifying invasive plants. It notes that while not all non-native plants are invasive, invasive species are defined as those that colonize natural habitats, have negative impacts on ecosystems and the environment, and continue to increase their population and distribution. Examples are given of specific invasive plant species like Clidemia hirta, Piper aduncum, and Mimosa pigra that were intentionally or accidentally introduced from other regions and threaten native species through competition for resources and alteration of habitats. Physical and chemical control methods are mentioned for dealing with invasive plants.
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The document provides information on aquaculture and urban permaculture systems. It discusses that water systems can yield 4-20 times more than land, and that water supplies are constant with soluble nutrients. It also mentions that aquaculture systems are traditionally polycultural and bodies of water have multiple uses beyond just food.
Shivanshi tyagi lichen
This document provides an overview of lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and photosynthetic organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. It discusses the structure and types of lichens, including their thallus morphology and internal structure. It also covers the fungal and photosynthetic partners involved, lichen reproduction, growth factors, the symbiotic relationship between partners, and the economic importance of lichens as a food source, forage, in medicine, dyes, perfumes, and as bioindicators of air pollution.
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This document discusses the classification of weeds. It defines weeds as plants that interfere with human activities or welfare. Weeds can be classified according to their habitat as aquatic, terrestrial, or subterranean. They can also be classified based on their life cycle as annual, biennial, or perennial. Additionally, weeds are classified as monocotyledons or dicotyledons. Lastly, the document discusses classifying weeds according to their association with certain crops.
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Bryophyte refers to non-vascular land plants that reproduce via spores and include about 25,000 species worldwide. They are found in many habitats and surfaces around the world. Bryophytes do not have true roots but have root-like rhizoids, and they are gametophyte dominant with the sporophyte remaining attached to and dependent on the gametophyte.
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This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
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Bryophytes are nonvascular plants like mosses and liverworts that thrive in wet environments with abundant rainfall. They lack true roots and water conducting tissues, instead using rhizoids to anchor themselves and absorb water. Bryophytes also lack protective coverings, so they can only live in constantly wet places. They are characterized by having a dominant gametophyte stage in their life cycle where the sporophyte is parasitic on the gametophyte.
Mealybugs
Mealybugs are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on plant sap. They have over 5000 described species worldwide. Mealybugs have a waxy coating and can be major agricultural pests, infecting plants like rice, citrus, and cotton. They have complex life cycles with egg, nymph, and adult stages. Females are wingless while males have wings. Mealybugs damage plants by sap feeding and excreting honeydew that promotes sooty mold growth. They can be controlled through chemical, physical, and biological methods like using insecticides, removing infested plants, and introducing natural enemies like ladybugs and parasitic wasps. Resistance develops over time, requiring integrated pest management.
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Factors affecting cultivation
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Altitude, temperature and humidity
Rainfall or irrigation
Soil and soil fertility
Fertilizers
Pest and Pest management
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The Dal Lake is located in Srinagar, India and is a popular tourist attraction. It covers an area of 11.4 km2 and is fed by streams from the Zabarwan hills. Approximately 50,000 people living in 6,000 families call the lake's hamlets home. However, the lake is threatened by pollution from a growing population, erosion of its catchment area depositing 80,000 tonnes of silt annually, and excessive fertilizer and nutrient runoff from agriculture. Efforts are needed to restore the lake through measures like afforestation, desiltation plants, controlling encroachments, dredging weeds, and encouraging organic farming in the catchment area.
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This document discusses several key factors that affect the cultivation of medicinal plants, including altitude, temperature, humidity, rainfall/irrigation, soil properties, fertilizers, pests and pest control, and plant hormones. It provides details on how each factor influences plant growth and which climatic conditions are suitable for different medicinal plants. The document also defines various soil types and describes methods of maintaining soil fertility.
common weeds in pakistan
This document discusses weeds and methods of weed control. It defines weeds as plants growing where they are not wanted. Over 30,000 weed species are known worldwide, with some like bermuda grass and nutsedge causing major crop losses. The document identifies and describes common broadleaf and narrowleaf weed species found in Pakistan. It also discusses weed dispersal mechanisms and preventive measures. Methods of weed control discussed include cultural, biological, chemical and integrated approaches such as hand weeding, herbicides, and mechanical tools.
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This document defines key terms related to the classification and life cycles of various types of fungi. It explains structures like zygospores, rhizoids, stolons, and gametangia that are important in fungal reproduction and development. Additionally, it outlines the characteristics of asci, ascospores, basidia, and basidiospores that are indicative of specific fungal phyla. The key concepts reinforce that zygomycetes have life cycles involving zygospores, the phylum Ascomycota is defined by the ascus structure, and some fungi are classified as Deuteromycota when their sexual phase remains unobserved.
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Water hyacinth is an invasive aquatic plant that has spread around the world. It grows rapidly in dense mats that can cover large areas of fresh water. This causes various problems by hindering transportation, clogging infrastructure, increasing flooding risk, providing habitat for disease vectors, increasing evaporation, and reducing biodiversity. Control methods include biological (using natural predators), chemical (herbicides), and physical (mechanical removal), but fully addressing large infestations remains a challenge due to the plant's rapid growth and the scale of the problem. Quantifying the full environmental and socioeconomic impacts is also difficult.
Algae
This document discusses different types of algae. It describes that algae are aquatic organisms that are similar to plants but lack roots, stems, and leaves. The document outlines the three main types of algae - green algae, red algae, and brown algae. It provides details on different species within each type. The document also discusses how algae obtain energy through photosynthesis and their various uses including as a nutritional food source, in agriculture as fertilizer, for industrial applications like cosmetics, and historically for medical purposes.
Chapter 6 - Seaweed
This document discusses seaweeds and plants found in marine environments. It describes seaweeds as multicellular algae that come in three main types - green, brown, and red. The document outlines the key characteristics of seaweeds like their thallus structure and lack of true roots, stems, and leaves. It also discusses economic uses of seaweeds and their role as primary producers. Finally, it briefly introduces flowering seagrasses, salt-marsh plants, and mangroves as examples of marine-adapted angiosperms.
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The document provides instructions and background information for dissecting an earthworm to observe its external and internal structures. Key organs and systems that will be examined include the circulatory system with five pairs of hearts, the digestive system containing a pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard and intestine, the nervous system with a ventral nerve cord and ganglia, the excretory nephridia, and reproductive organs like ovaries, testes, sperm grooves and genital pores. The purpose is to describe the appearance of various organs and name the parts of different systems like circulatory, digestive and nervous.
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1. The document discusses the scientific discoveries that led to the development of the theory of seafloor spreading in the 1960s. These included findings that the ocean floor is much younger than originally thought, gets older further from mid-ocean ridges, and displays magnetic banding patterns that can be explained by the flipping of Earth's magnetic field during volcanic eruptions.
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3. Relationships like competition, predation, and symbiosis influence organisms. Competition occurs when organisms require the same limited resources. Predator-prey relationships depend on food availability. Symbiosis includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
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Longhorn sculpin are traditionally considered marine fish but can be found in estuaries during high tide. This study explored the effects of low salinity exposure on ion transporter expression and distribution in the longhorn sculpin gill over 24 and 72 hours. Sculpin exposed to 20% seawater for 24-72 hours were able to regulate ion levels normally, but exposure to 10% seawater resulted in a 20-25% loss of ions with no change in transporter expression or localization. This suggests sculpin can tolerate brackish water for days but not long periods at lower salinities due to an inability to regulate transporters.
Chapter 6 marine microbes
This document summarizes key marine microbes found in plankton. It discusses diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams in detail, including their structure, reproduction, digestion/energy processes, and ecological roles. Diatoms are the most common and distinctive plankton, contributing greatly to primary productivity. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algae blooms and red tides. Forams consume other microbes and turn over nutrients. The document also briefly outlines euglena and volvox characteristics.
Cell membranes
Cell membranes have several key functions: protecting the cell, controlling what enters and exits, maintaining ion concentrations, and selectively allowing some molecules while keeping others out. Membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer arranged in the fluid mosaic model. There are four main methods of transport across membranes: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy usage, while osmosis is the passive transport of water across membranes. Active transport requires ATP to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.
Zoology review final
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a zoology review, including the scientific method, food webs, keystone and invasive species, osmosis and diffusion, taxonomy, population sampling, reproduction, animal adaptations, and exam topics. Key concepts are defined, such as the levels in a food pyramid and food web, producers and consumers, isotonic and hypertonic solutions, asexual and sexual reproduction, and abiotic and biotic factors. Examples are given of adaptations in amphibians and cephalopods, feeding strategies of carnivores and prey, and reproduction through budding or fragmentation. Students are prompted to think of examples and explanations relating to these ecology and z
Dna base pairs ws
DNA contains the genetic instructions that make each species unique. It is found inside the cell nucleus, packaged into chromosomes. During cell division, DNA unwinds and replicates itself so that each new cell receives an identical copy of the genetic instructions. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine) that bond together in a double helix structure to precisely transmit genetic information from parent to offspring.
Cell organelles Notes
The document summarizes the structures and functions of organelles in plant and animal cells. The nucleus contains DNA and controls the cell. Ribosomes create proteins while the endoplasmic reticulum acts as an internal transport system. The Golgi complex packages and transports materials and lysosomes break down food and old cells. Mitochondria generate energy. Plant cells also contain a cell wall, vacuoles for water storage, and chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis.
Chapt 10 bony fishes
This document provides information about bony fishes. It begins by introducing the phylum Chordata and class Actinopterygii, which contains over 25,000 species of modern bony fish. It then discusses some key characteristics of bony fishes, including the presence of a swim bladder, bones, and fin rays. The document also describes coelacanths as a "primitive" fish that was thought to be extinct but has been found alive. The majority of the document focuses on ray-finned fishes, including their diversity, body shapes adapted to different habitats, and systems like respiration, circulation, nerves, senses, reproduction, and coloration.
Chapter 6 marine microbes
Marine microbes play many roles in marine ecosystems and include viruses, single-celled organisms, and fungi. Phytoplankton such as diatoms and dinoflagellates contribute to primary productivity through photosynthesis, while zooplankton such as foraminifera feed on other organisms. Diatoms have glass cell walls with geometric patterns and reproduce asexually. Dinoflagellates have two flagella, come in a variety of shapes, and can reproduce sexually or asexually. Foraminifera use pseudopods to move and feed and have shells, reproducing asexually or sexually.
Lesson 1 marine ecosystems
Marine ecosystems are influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystem due to the symbiotic relationship between corals and zooxanthellae. Despite nutrient-poor waters, this relationship provides nutrients and shelter, allowing the reef to support many other organisms. However, coral reefs are threatened by bleaching events, disease, and human impacts like coastal development and activities that disturb corals. Estuaries are partially enclosed bodies of water with both salt and freshwater influences. Salt marshes within estuaries provide important habitat and protect coasts from erosion.
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Lesson 2 osmosis and diffusion in the marine environment
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This document discusses the four main phyla of multicellular primary producers: seaweeds (Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta), seagrasses, salt marsh plants, and mangroves. It describes their key structures, reproduction methods, ecological roles, and representative species found in Florida. The main environmental factors that influence seaweeds are light, temperature, tidal exposure, salinity, and nutrient availability.
Algae aka Kingdom Thallophyta!
Structure, Types and its Applications of Algae.
Plant Biotechnology.
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Fergusson College,
Pune.
Day 4
- Euglenophytes are a group of protists that include the genus Euglena. They are unicellular organisms that can live as photosynthetic autotrophs or heterotrophic consumers. They have two flagella of different lengths and other structures like a chloroplast, eyespot, pellicle, nucleus, and contractile vacuole.
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Algae
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
Kingdom plantae
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Characteristics of algea and lichens and their ecological importance
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This document discusses cryptogams, which are early non-vascular land plants. It presents the hypothesis that all plants evolved from ancient green algae based on shared traits like chloroplasts, cellulose cell walls, and starch storage. Bryophytes like mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are described as the first land plants, lacking true roots and vascular tissue. Their life cycles involve a dominant haploid gametophyte phase and a dependent diploid sporophyte phase. Classification systems for different bryophyte groups are also outlined. Pteridophytes represent the next stage of land plant evolution with differentiated roots, stems, and leaves, but lacking seeds.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglae
This document provides an overview of the phyla Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Chlorophyta (green algae). It outlines their key characteristics, classification, reproduction processes, and economic importance. The lesson objectives are to enable students to identify and compare features of brown, red, and green algae, describe their life cycles including meiosis and fertilization points, and understand their ecological and economic roles. Examples of life cycles discussed include Laminaria, Gracilaria, Chlamydomonas, and Ulva.
Algae
Algae are a diverse group of organisms that range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are typically photosynthetic and aquatic, with some containing flagella or pyrenoids for storing starch. Algae exist as unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular forms. They are classified into seven phyla based on attributes like pigmentation and cell structure. Algae reproduce both sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion or asexually through mitosis, and may alternate between haploid and diploid generations in their life cycles. Major phyla include the green, brown, and red algae, along with euglenoids and other representatives.
Aquatic Plant Management Forst Field Day 2017
This document discusses types of aquatic plants and methods for managing aquatic weeds. It describes different categories of aquatic plants including algae, floating plants, submerged plants, and emergent plants. It then discusses various control methods for aquatic weeds including chemical herbicides, biological controls using insects, grass carp stocking, and physical controls like drawdown. It emphasizes using integrated approaches and identifying the specific plants present to select the most appropriate control methods.
Algae bsc 1
Algae are a diverse group of primitive, mostly aquatic photosynthetic organisms that are found in a wide range of habitats around the world. They can be unicellular or multicellular and exhibit significant variation in their morphology, pigmentation, and life cycles. Algae are divided into aquatic, terrestrial, and special habitat types depending on where they grow. Aquatic algae include phytoplankton that float in water and benthic algae that attach to surfaces at the bottom of water bodies. Terrestrial algae grow in moist soil or on the surface of soil and rocks. Special habitat algae are found in extreme environments like hot springs, polar regions, inside or on the surfaces of other organisms. Al
Mussle cuture
Marine mussel culture
- Mussels belong to the phylum Mollusca and class Bivalvia. They are filter feeders that attach themselves to solid surfaces using byssus threads.
- The most commonly cultured mussel species are Perna viridis, Perna indica, Perna perna, Mytilus edulis, and Modiolus metcalfei.
- Site selection for mussel culture requires considering factors like protected waters, substrate type, water depth, water quality, food availability, and seed availability while avoiding polluted or heavily trafficked areas.
PLANT KINGDOM PPT.pdf
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
Algae ii
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Algae ii
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the largest being the Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Fern
Ferns reproduce through an alternation of generations, where they have both a sporophyte and gametophyte stage. The sporophyte produces spores that grow into the gametophyte plant, which produces eggs and sperm. When an egg is fertilized by sperm, it grows into a new sporophyte plant, completing the life cycle. Ferns reproduce using these spores rather than flowers, fruits, or seeds. They have sori clusters on their leaves undersides that contain sporangia holding the reproductive spores.
Algae classification and Bryophytes
This document discusses the classification of algae and bryophytes. It describes the three main classes of algae - Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyceae - based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. It provides details on characteristics of each class like their chloroplast structure, reproduction processes, and examples. Bryophytes include mosses and liverworts which are described as amphibians of the plant kingdom that can live on land but require water for reproduction. Their life cycle involving alternation of generations between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte is summarized.
Characteristics of algae
Algae are simple aquatic plants that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are classified in the kingdom Protista and are divided into five main groups. Algae can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. They use photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. Some key points about algae include:
- They come in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular bodies
- Reproduction can occur sexually through gametes or asexually through fragmentation, spores, or binary fission
- Algae range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and serve important ecological roles as primary producers
- Some species of algae have economic uses including
Algas usos
Algae come in many different forms ranging from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are classified into seven phyla based on characteristics like color, chloroplast structure, and cell wall composition. Common types of algae include green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algae have a variety of uses including food products like agar and carrageenan, nutraceuticals rich in proteins and vitamins, animal feeds, fertilizers, and potential biofuels. Algae are also a promising sustainable source of high-value chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and omega-3 fatty acids to meet growing global demands.
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This document summarizes key characteristics of vertebrates like fish, sharks, skates, and rays. It notes that vertebrates have backbones and internal skeletons, compared to invertebrates. Within fish, it distinguishes primitive jawless fish from sharks and rays that have cartilage skeletons and jaws. It provides details on sharks' streamlined bodies, sensing abilities, reproduction, and need to constantly swim due to their density. Skates and rays are described as flattened like stingrays with different swimming and reproductive behaviors.
Session 4 calender
This schedule outlines the week-by-week plan for a biology class focusing on arthropods, echinoderms, and fish. In the first week, students will take notes on arthropods and echinoderms, and participate in labs examining preserved specimens of these phyla. The second week involves dissecting starfish, analyzing lab results, and taking article-based and identification tests on echinoderms and arthropods. Later weeks shift to topics on fish, including their adaptations, building a model fish, quizzes, and a field trip to SeaWorld to observe aquatic life.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with spiny skin and five-part radial symmetry. They have a water-vascular system and tube feet used for movement. There are five classes of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Sea stars have tube feet and a water vascular system that allows them to move and catch prey as carnivores. Sea urchins also have tube feet and move by grazing on algae and plants as herbivores. Sea cucumbers use their tube feet to move and take nutrients from sand with oral tentacles.
Chapter 9 arthropods
Here are a few methods a scientist could use to determine the population density of barnacle species on a dock post:
1. Count the number of individual barnacles within a defined area on the post (e.g. within a 1 square foot quadrat) and extrapolate the total number per post based on the surface area. This direct count method provides an estimate of density.
2. Weigh a sample of barnacles scraped from a defined area. Compare the wet or dry mass to samples of known densities to estimate individuals per unit area.
3. Take photographic images of sample areas and use image analysis software to automatically count and identify barnacles based on size, shape, color. This provides a repeatable quantitative measure
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Marine science national invasive species week!!!!
National Invasive Species Week is being celebrated, with students assigned to research and create a warning flyer about an invasive species in Florida. The Burmese python is highlighted as an example, with details provided that it is native to Southeast Asia but has been released in Florida, where it has no natural predators and is attacking wildlife in the Everglades. Students are warned to keep Burmese pythons in Asia and not buy exotic pets. The assignment is due by March 8th.
Chapter 8 porfera cnardarians
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Chapter 6 study guide marine microbes
This study guide covers the key structures, reproductive systems, digestive systems, levels of organization, and ecological roles of diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, Euglena, and Volvox. It includes diagrams of representative organisms and definitions of important terms. Short answer questions ask the student to compare and contrast diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams, and describe the food capture methods of foraminiferans.
Chapter 6 study guide marine microbes
This study guide covers the key structures, reproductive systems, digestive systems, levels of organization, and ecological roles of diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, Euglena, and Volvox. It includes diagrams of representative organisms and definitions of important terms. Short answer questions ask the student to compare and contrast diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams, and describe the food capture methods of foraminiferans.
Chapter 6 marine microbes
This document summarizes key marine microbes found in plankton. It discusses diatoms, dinoflagellates, forams, euglena, and volvox. Diatoms are the most common phytoplankton and have a glassy cell wall and symmetrical shape. Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and some are in a mutualism with corals. Forams have a shell and pseudopod and are an important part of the marine food web. Euglena can photosynthesize or absorb nutrients and reproduce by binary fission. Volvox forms multicellular colonies through asexual reproduction and provides a model for cell regeneration studies.
Questions for plankton article
This document provides questions to guide the reader in understanding key concepts about plankton from a scientific text. It includes questions about why plankton are called "drifters", how they are able to live near the surface of oceans, and adaptations like buoyancy. Questions also address the thermocline, how water density affects mixing, and how this benefits plankton. Further questions explore plankton's role in food chains, characteristics of "jello-plankton", and the process of vertical diurnal migration. The final question looks at what time of year is optimal for plankton growth and why.
Session 2 research paper
This document provides directions for a research paper assignment. Students must choose one of seven topics covered in class and write a 6-page paper in 12pt font and double spaced with a cover page and works cited page. The paper must include at least 10 sources, with 5 being primary sources. The final draft is due on December 14th by 2:15pm as a Word 2007 attachment via email. Plagiarized papers will receive a grade of 0.
Marine science syllabus
This document is a syllabus for a marine science course taught by Ms. Kleinke. The syllabus outlines the course objectives, description, materials required, grading breakdown, behavior expectations, homework policy, tests/quizzes, and learning recovery options. The objective is for students to gain a deeper understanding of the unique and interconnected properties and organisms of the ocean. Labs and hands-on activities are emphasized. Students are expected to be prepared, respectful, engaged, and work hard. Consequences are outlined for violations and late work policies are described.
Fish osmoregulation
The document discusses the central role played by the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory (MDIBL) in advancing the study of fish osmoregulation over the past 80 years. Some of the key discoveries made by scientists at MDIBL include demonstrating that marine fish ingest seawater and absorb water and ions from their intestines, determining that aglomerular fish kidneys can function excretory like glomerular kidneys, and elucidating the role of gills in salt secretion. The MDIBL has hosted many influential researchers in fish physiology and helped establish the basic mechanisms of osmoregulation in fish.
Lesson 2 properties of water ppt
Water has unusual properties due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds between molecules. Hydrogen bonds give water high surface tension, heat capacity, and adhesion/cohesion properties responsible for capillary action and plant water transport. These hydrogen bonds also cause water to be an anomalous substance with a density higher in liquid form than solid, allowing aquatic life to survive under frozen surfaces.
Waters unique properties lesson 2
The document provides information about a lab activity on the properties of water. It includes 7 objectives that students should understand after completing the lab, such as describing the dipolar structure of water and how it relates to hydrogen bonding. It also lists materials needed and safety issues. The introduction discusses water's unique properties that result from its polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds. The activity section then has students complete 7 stations exploring topics like cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, and how these properties are affected by changes in temperature and salinity.
Lesson 1 marine ecosystems
This document provides an overview of several key marine ecosystems:
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Marine review final
This document contains review material for a marine science exam, including key concepts and questions. It reviews scientific method, food webs, osmosis and diffusion, plate tectonics, reproduction, taxonomy, population density, abiotic and biotic factors, properties of water, and exam topics. Students are provided questions to help summarize each topic and identify important examples and adaptations. The document serves to reinforce essential course concepts in preparation for the exam through concise questions and examples.
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Amphibians
Class amphibia includes over 5,000 species that were the first vertebrates to live on land, though they still require water to breed and for their larval stage. Amphibians have moist skin to breathe and are ectothermic. They undergo metamorphosis from an aquatic larval stage to a terrestrial adult stage with lungs and limbs adapted for living on land. Their adaptations allowed for the transition from water to land.
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Chapter 7 multicellular plants
- 1. Chapter 7 Multicellular Primary Producers
- 2. Seaweeds • Most found attached to a substrate • Inhibit 2% of seafloor • Life in the inner continental shelf depend upon seaweeds for food • Abiotic Factors most influential are – Light ***** – Temp***** (most diverse in tropical waters) – Tidal exposure – Salinity – Availability of nutrients
- 3. Seaweed Structure • Thallus-body • Lack vascular tissue -Do not have roots, stems, or leaves • Holdfast -The structure that attaches the seaweed to the substrate • Stipe-stem-like structure
- 4. Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae) • Contain chlorophylls a and b for photosynthesis • Most are freshwater • Ecologically important – food source – Contribute to coral reef formation – Some are invasive
- 5. Green algae structure • Most unicellular • Marine species have coenocytic thallus- containing more than 1 nucleus – Occurs by cell growing nucleus divides but cell never divides
- 6. Reproduction • Sexual • Gametes released from gametophyte 2 flagella • spores released from sporophyte-4 flagella
- 7. Representative species • Halimeda • Caluerpa-invasive
- 8. Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) • Primarily marine • Most diverse among seaweeds • Cholorphylls a and d, pigments: phycoerythrins and phycocyanins • Not always red in color- can appear yellow to black
- 9. Structure • Multicellular and less than 1 meter long • Wide variety of shapes and organization among species
- 10. Reproduction • Can vary from simple to complex…but 2 unique features……….. 1. Lack flagella on spores and gametes 2. 3 multicellular stages 1. Carpospore-unique to red algae
- 11. Ecological Roles • Porphyra- used as food in oriental dishes • Seasonal food source for urchins, mollusks, fish, and crustaceans • Some grow on other plants or animals • Help form base of coral reef • Agar- used as a thickening agent in foods such as ice cream, pudding, and salad dressings • Used in cosmetics for creamy foundations
- 12. Phaeophyta (brown algae) • Mostly marine • Higher diversity than green but less diverse than red • Size: from microscopic to kelps (100 meters) • Chlorophylls a and c and pigment fucoxanthin • Mostly in high latitudes • Large flat leaf-like blades with bladders help bouy plant toward light • Representative species Sargassum, Fucus
- 13. reproduction • Gametophyte is eliminated from life cycle (difference from Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta) • Egg develops root-like structures (rhizoids) after fertilization
- 14. Ecological role • Habitats for a variety of marine life • Harvested for thickening agents used in dentistry, cosmetic, and food industries • Previously iodine was extracted and put into table salt (iodized salt) to prevent a goiter
- 15. Phylum Anthophyta • Seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves • Ecological Roles- Primary producers, habitats, stabilizing sediments
- 16. Sea grasses (marine flowering plants) • Related to lilies • Reproduce by pollination of seed; Male and female flowers on separate plants contain pollen • 12 genra – Genra native to Florida • Syringodium -manateegrass • Halophila-paddlegrass • Thalassia- turtlegrass • Ruppia- • Halodule- shoalgrass
- 17. Salt Marsh Plants • Adapted to high levels of salinity and tidal action • Found in estuaries – level of succession based on salinity and tidal tolerance • Species native to Jacksonville – Spartina Alternaflora – Batis Maritima – Spartina patens – Juncus – Salicornia virginica
- 18. Mangroves • Found in south of St. Augustine to Key West • 3 genra local to Florida – Rhizophora mangle –red mangle-----prop roots – Avicennia germinans – black mangle--- pneumatophores – Laguncularia racemosa- white mangle • Distinctive by their root system and pods
- 19. Mangrove reproduction • Flowers pollinated by wind or bees • Embryo grows on the plant in a propagule (similar to seed) • Propagule eventually falls from parent and is carried by current until it settles and takes root
- 20. Red Mangrove Black Mangrove Red, White, and Black mangrove White Mangrove leaves