It is a wonderfull ppt for the deleterious impact of algae. There are no such type of ppt. It is prepare by myself by the help for books and research papers.

1. DELETERIOUS IMPACT OFDELETERIOUS IMPACT OF
ALGAEALGAE
JAIDEEP SHARMAJAIDEEP SHARMA
M.Sc. (F) BOTANYM.Sc. (F) BOTANY
ROLL NO. 56ROLL NO. 56

2. CONTENTSCONTENTS
• ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM
• BIOFOULING OF SHIPSBIOFOULING OF SHIPS
• ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES
• ANCIENT MONUMENTSANCIENT MONUMENTS
• CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• REFERANCESREFERANCES

3. ALGAL BLOOMALGAL BLOOM
Fresh Water Algal bloom Marine Red Tide

4. Algal BloomAlgal Bloom
• An algal bloom is a rapid increase in theAn algal bloom is a rapid increase in the
population of algae in an aquatic system.population of algae in an aquatic system.
• Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well asAlgal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as
marine environments. Typically only one or amarine environments. Typically only one or a
few phytoplankton species are involved andfew phytoplankton species are involved and
some blooms may be recognized bysome blooms may be recognized by
discoloration of the water resulting from the highdiscoloration of the water resulting from the high
density of pigmented cells. density of pigmented cells.

5. Harmful algal bloomsHarmful algal blooms
A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom thatA harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that
causes negative impacts to aquatic organismscauses negative impacts to aquatic organisms
via production of natural toxins, mechanicalvia production of natural toxins, mechanical
damage to aquatic organism.damage to aquatic organism.
HABs are often associated with large-scale marineHABs are often associated with large-scale marine
mortality events and have been associated withmortality events and have been associated with
various types of shellfish poisonings and also finvarious types of shellfish poisonings and also fin
fishes and other aquatic organisms .fishes and other aquatic organisms .

6. In IndiaIn India
• Researchers have found toxic bloom has increasedResearchers have found toxic bloom has increased
around 15 percent over the 12 years in Indian seas.around 15 percent over the 12 years in Indian seas.
• There was 80 harmful bloom recorded between theThere was 80 harmful bloom recorded between the
1998-2010 in Indian water.1998-2010 in Indian water.
Research data was generated by- K.B Padmakumar & V.NResearch data was generated by- K.B Padmakumar & V.N
Sanjeevan (centre for marine living resources & Ecology,Sanjeevan (centre for marine living resources & Ecology,
Kochi)Kochi)
11stst
recorded observation on algal bloom in India was inrecorded observation on algal bloom in India was in
1908.1908.

7. Worldwide Effects of HAB’sWorldwide Effects of HAB’s
Light penetration levels in water decreaseLight penetration levels in water decrease
altering photosynthesis rate.altering photosynthesis rate.
Algal blooms may be harmful to seagrass andAlgal blooms may be harmful to seagrass and
coral reef ecosystems and the connected foodcoral reef ecosystems and the connected food
webs.webs.
Shellfish may accumulate algal toxins by feedingShellfish may accumulate algal toxins by feeding
on the toxic phytoplankton resulting in fish kills,on the toxic phytoplankton resulting in fish kills,
marine mammal distress, human illness andmarine mammal distress, human illness and
possible death.possible death.

8. Reasons for Increase inReasons for Increase in
HAB’sHAB’s
 Global climate changes producing widerGlobal climate changes producing wider
ranges for some species.ranges for some species.
 Human contributions of increasedHuman contributions of increased
nutrients and pollution in coastal watersnutrients and pollution in coastal waters
and also fresh waters.and also fresh waters.
 Changes in local ecosystems that mayChanges in local ecosystems that may
allow exotic species to thrive if introduced.allow exotic species to thrive if introduced.

9. Some HAB’sSome HAB’s
• Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
• Redtides - neurotoxic shellfish poisoningRedtides - neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
• Ciguatera-Ciguatera-Gambierdiscus toxicusGambierdiscus toxicus
• AlexandriumAlexandrium
• GymnodiumGymnodium
• DynophysisDynophysis
• Coolia monotisCoolia monotis
• Prorocentrum lima.Prorocentrum lima.

10. Harmful effect of algal bloomHarmful effect of algal bloom
• Changes in levels of chemicals such as nitrogenChanges in levels of chemicals such as nitrogen
and phosphorus from fertilizer, in the water.and phosphorus from fertilizer, in the water.
• Algal blooms can deplete the oxygen and blockAlgal blooms can deplete the oxygen and block
the sunlight that other organisms need to live.the sunlight that other organisms need to live.
• Some can produce toxins that are harmful to theSome can produce toxins that are harmful to the
health of the environment- plants, animals, andhealth of the environment- plants, animals, and
people etc.people etc.
• Aquaculture industries.Aquaculture industries.

11. Control methodControl method
• BiologicaBiological-l- BacteriaBacteria (( GymnodiniumGymnodinium
mikimotoimikimotoi )),, VirusVirus,, BivalvesBivalves,, zooplanktonzooplankton
etc.etc.
• ChemicalChemical-- Copper sulphate, Alum etc.Copper sulphate, Alum etc.
• Physical-Physical- Radiation, Air Velocity,Radiation, Air Velocity,
Temperature .Temperature .

12. BIOFOULINGBIOFOULING
BIOFOULING OF SHIP

13. BIOFOULINGBIOFOULING
• Biofouling or biological fouling is theBiofouling or biological fouling is the
accumulation of microorganisms, plants,accumulation of microorganisms, plants,
algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.algae, or animals on wetted surfaces.
• Such accumulation is referred to asSuch accumulation is referred to as
epibiosis when the host surface is anotherepibiosis when the host surface is another
organism and the relationship is notorganism and the relationship is not
parasitic.parasitic.

14. Formation of BiofoulingFormation of Biofouling

15. HARMFUL EFFECT OF BIOFOULINGHARMFUL EFFECT OF BIOFOULING
• In shipping industry, biofouling cause harmful effect,In shipping industry, biofouling cause harmful effect,
when fouling on a ship's hull significantly increases drag,when fouling on a ship's hull significantly increases drag,
reducing the overall hydrodynamic performance of thereducing the overall hydrodynamic performance of the
vessel, and increases the fuel consumption.vessel, and increases the fuel consumption.
• The drag increase has been seen to decrease speeds byThe drag increase has been seen to decrease speeds by
up to 10%, which can require up to a 40% increase inup to 10%, which can require up to a 40% increase in
fuel to compensate.fuel to compensate.
• Increased fuel use due to biofouling contributes toIncreased fuel use due to biofouling contributes to
adverse environmental effects and is predicted toadverse environmental effects and is predicted to
increase emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxideincrease emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide
between 38 and 72% by 2020.between 38 and 72% by 2020.

16. ANTIBIOFOULINGANTIBIOFOULING
Antifouling is the process of removing or preventing theseAntifouling is the process of removing or preventing these
accumulations from forming.accumulations from forming.
• In less controlled environments, organisms are killed orIn less controlled environments, organisms are killed or
repelled with coatings using biocides, thermalrepelled with coatings using biocides, thermal
treatments, or pulses of energy.treatments, or pulses of energy.
• Nontoxic mechanical strategies that prevent organismsNontoxic mechanical strategies that prevent organisms
from attaching include choosing a material or coatingfrom attaching include choosing a material or coating
with a slippery surface.with a slippery surface.
• Creation of nanoscale surface topologies similar to theCreation of nanoscale surface topologies similar to the
skin of sharks and dolphins which only offer poor anchorskin of sharks and dolphins which only offer poor anchor
points.points.

17. ANTIBIOFOULINGANTIBIOFOULING
Biocides :-Biocides :-
• Biocides are chemicalBiocides are chemical
substances that deter thesubstances that deter the
microorganismsmicroorganisms
responsible for biofouling.responsible for biofouling.
They are incorporatedThey are incorporated
into an antifouling surfaceinto an antifouling surface
coating, typically throughcoating, typically through
physical adsorption orphysical adsorption or
through chemicalthrough chemical
modification of themodification of the
surface.surface.
(A) Untreated surface, (B) biocide loaded coating that repels or kills (C) Non stick surfaces

18. ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES
• The problems associated directly or indirectly withThe problems associated directly or indirectly with
algal growths in water reservoirs and water suppliesalgal growths in water reservoirs and water supplies
are :-are :-
1.1. Loss of recreational and fishing value due toLoss of recreational and fishing value due to
Microcystics, Spirogyra, Cladophora,Microcystics, Spirogyra, Cladophora, andand PithophoraPithophora..
2.2. Importing of abnormal tastes and odours by theImporting of abnormal tastes and odours by the
metabolic or decomposition product of such nuisancemetabolic or decomposition product of such nuisance
organisms asorganisms as Synura, Asterionella Anabaena,Synura, Asterionella Anabaena,
MicrocystisMicrocystis andand DinobryonDinobryon ..
3.3. Clogging of water filters byClogging of water filters by Oscillatoria, SpirogyraOscillatoria, Spirogyra, and, and
certain diotoms, thereby shortening the filter runscertain diotoms, thereby shortening the filter runs
leading to serious economic losses.leading to serious economic losses.

19. ROLE IN WATER SUPPLIESROLE IN WATER SUPPLIES
1.1. Colouration of such waters, for example, byColouration of such waters, for example, by Chlorella,Chlorella,
Chlamydomonas, EuglenaChlamydomonas, Euglena andand OscillatoriaOscillatoria..
2.2. Spoilage of the product quality of the food,Spoilage of the product quality of the food,
pharmaceutical, and pulp industries using such waters.pharmaceutical, and pulp industries using such waters.
3.3. Production of toxin substance.Production of toxin substance.
4.4. Corrosion of concrete and metallic walls of pipes andCorrosion of concrete and metallic walls of pipes and
boilers by carbonic, oxalic, and silicic acids excreted byboilers by carbonic, oxalic, and silicic acids excreted by
algae, examplealgae, example Anacystis and Chaetophora.Anacystis and Chaetophora.
5.5. Interference with water purification.Interference with water purification.
6.6. Change in the pH, and bicarbonate and oxygenChange in the pH, and bicarbonate and oxygen
content of such water.content of such water.

20. WATER TREATMENTWATER TREATMENT
• In water treatment plant, the raw water isIn water treatment plant, the raw water is
chlorinated in order to kill algae and otherchlorinated in order to kill algae and other
micro-organisms.micro-organisms.
• A better method for algal control consist ofA better method for algal control consist of
introducing suitable crustaceans or fishintroducing suitable crustaceans or fish
fingerlings into the water body.fingerlings into the water body.

21. ANCIENT MONUMENTSANCIENT MONUMENTS
• An old building orAn old building or
site that issite that is
preserved by anpreserved by an
algal member.algal member.
The algal growthThe algal growth
increase on theincrease on the
wall of buildingwall of building
and damage theand damage the
beauty of wall.beauty of wall.

22. Biological growths as a cause ofBiological growths as a cause of
stone decaystone decay
• When the stone is exposed to rainfall or conditions ofWhen the stone is exposed to rainfall or conditions of
high humidity, since biological growths are most activehigh humidity, since biological growths are most active
under such conditions. Many organisms secrete acidsunder such conditions. Many organisms secrete acids
and other substances as a result of their metabolicand other substances as a result of their metabolic
processes which may affect rockforming minerals andprocesses which may affect rockforming minerals and
can be destructive to stone.can be destructive to stone.
• Colour changes on stone surfaces have been attributedColour changes on stone surfaces have been attributed
to biological causes.to biological causes.
• Recent studies suggested that the action of lichens,Recent studies suggested that the action of lichens,
bacteria and algae might account for the presence ofbacteria and algae might account for the presence of
observed stone decay.observed stone decay.

23. Algal growth and sandstone porosityAlgal growth and sandstone porosity
Two aspects of porosity may affectTwo aspects of porosity may affect
biological growths :-biological growths :-
• Pore volumePore volume
• Controls the amount of water which can be held by aControls the amount of water which can be held by a
sandstonesandstone
• Pore sizePore size
• controls water availability and the space inside thecontrols water availability and the space inside the
stone which is available for colonizationstone which is available for colonization

24. Effects of stonecleaning treatmentsEffects of stonecleaning treatments
on algal growthon algal growth
• There is no stonecleaning method which isThere is no stonecleaning method which is
capable of removing the soiling from a stonecapable of removing the soiling from a stone
without also affecting the stone itself in somewithout also affecting the stone itself in some
way.way.
• Abrasive cleaning methods, which work byAbrasive cleaning methods, which work by
abrading the soiling layer, inevitably also resultabrading the soiling layer, inevitably also result
in some loss of material from the stone.in some loss of material from the stone.
• The common perception of this soiling is that it isThe common perception of this soiling is that it is
simply an accumulation of dirt on the stonework.simply an accumulation of dirt on the stonework.

25. Effects of stonecleaning treatmentsEffects of stonecleaning treatments
on algal growthon algal growth
Chemical cleaning :-Chemical cleaning :-
• On sandstones treated with chemical cleaning Method AOn sandstones treated with chemical cleaning Method A
there were periods during which more algal growth wasthere were periods during which more algal growth was
observed on treated samples than on nontreated (i.e.observed on treated samples than on nontreated (i.e.
untreated and roughened) samples.untreated and roughened) samples.
• On sandstones cleaned using Method B the resultsOn sandstones cleaned using Method B the results
indicated either more algal growth on untreated samplesindicated either more algal growth on untreated samples
or showed no consistently different pattern of algalor showed no consistently different pattern of algal
growth compared to nontreated samples.growth compared to nontreated samples.
Method A contained 28% H3PO4
Method B contained 1.3% H3PO4

26. Effects of stonecleaning treatmentsEffects of stonecleaning treatments
on algal growthon algal growth
Porosity changes :-Porosity changes :-
• While the porosity of a stone can affect the growth ofWhile the porosity of a stone can affect the growth of
microorganisms,microorganisms can also affect themicroorganisms,microorganisms can also affect the
porosity of a stone both through physically blockingporosity of a stone both through physically blocking
porosity and by actively changing porosity through theporosity and by actively changing porosity through the
production of acidic or chelating secretions or by exertingproduction of acidic or chelating secretions or by exerting
physical forces on surrounding grains.physical forces on surrounding grains.
• Chemically cleaned sandstones may acquire algalChemically cleaned sandstones may acquire algal
growths relatively rapidly due to dissolution and pitting ofgrowths relatively rapidly due to dissolution and pitting of
mineral grains which increases the microporosity of themineral grains which increases the microporosity of the
stone.stone.

27. ConclusionsConclusions
• A harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that causesA harmful algal blooms is an algal bloom that causes
negative impacts to aquatic organisms via production ofnegative impacts to aquatic organisms via production of
natural toxins, mechanical damage to aquatic organism.natural toxins, mechanical damage to aquatic organism.
• Biofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation ofBiofouling or biological fouling is the accumulation of
microorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wettedmicroorganisms, plants, algae, or animals on wetted
surfaces.surfaces.
• Some impact may be notice in the water supplies also.Some impact may be notice in the water supplies also.
• An old building or site that is preserved by an algalAn old building or site that is preserved by an algal
member. The algal growth increase on the wall ofmember. The algal growth increase on the wall of
building and damage the beauty of wallbuilding and damage the beauty of wall..

28. ReferencesReferences
• Kumar, H.D. (1999): Introductory Phycology, AffiliatedKumar, H.D. (1999): Introductory Phycology, Affiliated
East West Press Ltd., New Delhi.East West Press Ltd., New Delhi.
• Morris, I. (1986): An Introduction to the Algae,Morris, I. (1986): An Introduction to the Algae,
Cambridge University Press, U.K.Cambridge University Press, U.K.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofoulinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling
• http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mialga.htmhttp://www2.rgu.ac.uk/schools/mcrg/mialga.htm
• http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=headhttp://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=head