International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits vol 2 issue 1

International Journal of
Microelectronics & Digital
Integrated Circuits
JAN – JUNE 2016
IJMDIC
Mechanical Engineering
Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering
Architecture
Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,
Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India
E-mail: info@journalspub.com
¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and
Applications
¬ International Journal of Production Engineering
¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering
and Design
¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and
Materials Processing
¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and
Automation
« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design
« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology
« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging
Technologies
« International Journal of Digital Electronics
« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog
Signals
« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement
Planning
« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure
Planning
« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning
Development
« International Journal of Town Planning and Management
Applied Mechanics
5 more...
1 more...
2 more...
2 more...
5 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
« International Journal of Wireless Network Security
« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis
« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices
« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing
« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms
Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology
« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology
« International Journal of Solid State Materials
« International Journal of Optical Sciences
Physics
« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its
Commercialization
« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry
« International Journal of Agrochemistry
« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial
Pollution
Civil Engineering
« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering
« International Journal of Concrete Technology
« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis
« International Journal of Construction Engineering and
Planning
Electrical Engineering
« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits
« International Journal of Automatic Control System
« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives
« International Journal of Electrical Communication
Engineering
« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and
Circuits
Material Sciences and Engineering
« International Journal of Energetic Materials
« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials
« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology
« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical
Engineering
Chemistry
« International Journal of Photochemistry
« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry
« International Journal of Green Chemistry
« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular
Engineering
« International Journal of Electro Mechanics and
Mechanical Behaviour
« International Journal of Machine Design and
Manufacturing
« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics
and Analysis
« International Journal of Fracture and damage
Mechanics
« International Journal of Structural Mechanics
and Finite Elements
5 more...
4 more...
3 more...
Biotechnology
« International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and
Biomaterials
« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology
« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology
« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules
« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and
Applications
3 more...
Nursing
« International Journal of Immunological Nursing
« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing
« International Journal of Neurological Nursing
« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing
« International Journal of Oncological Nursing
5 more... 4 more...
Subm
it
Your A
rticle2016
www.journalspub.com

International Journals Publisher
JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work
by Division of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our
Honorable EditorialBoard Members from renownedinstitutes.
ObjectivesofJournalsPub
üJournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of
AppliedSciences,MedicalandEngineering.
üJournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short
Communications&CaseStudy.
üPublishingspecialissues on Proceedingsof Conferences,SeminarsandSymposia.
üJournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online
(openaccess)andinprintedversionwithagoaltopromoteanextensiveacademicawareness.
üJournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+
new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the
research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary
technologies.
üJournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial
Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical
andEngineeringtocontributeandcommunicateinnovativework.
SalientFeatures
üAn umbrellaof 100+ journalsthatcoversAppliedSciences,MedialandEngineeringArena.
üThe first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its
excellenceandexposure.
üUniversaltransmissionandreflectivity.
üARigorous, Fast andConstructivePeerReviewProcess
üSpeedyPublicationof Manuscripts
üEminentEditorialBoardMembersfromrenownedorganizations.
üFreeRegistration,OnlineSubmission, Processing, Publication&OnlineAccessofManuscripts.
üThejournalpublishesnovelresearcharticleswithemphasison theoreticalandexperimentalwork.
International Journal of
Microelectronics
and Digital Integrated Circuits

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor,
CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and
opinionsexpressedintheJournalreflecttheviews oftheAuthor(s) andarenottheopinionofJournalsPub unless so stated.
Subscription Information and Order
Cost of Journal
National Subscription
?Rs. 3000/-perJournal(includes2 printissues), SingleIssue copypurchaseRs.1800/copy
International Subscription
?OnlineOnly- $99, PrintOnly-$149 (includes2printissues)
?Online+ Print-$199(includes2printissues +onlineaccessof publishedbackvolumes)
To purchaseprintcompilationof backissues pleasesendyourqueryatinfo@journalspub.com
Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without
notice.
Mode of Payment:At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd.,
payableatDelhi/NewDelhi.
OnlineAccess Policy
A). ForAuthors:
In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have OpenAccess Policy;
Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as
follows:
India,SARC andAfricanCountries:INR 1500 includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
OtherCountries:USD 200includingsinglehardcopyofAuthor's Journal.
B.) ForSubscribers:
Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct
informationonuser details/StaticIPaddress of thesubscriber.
The accesswillbeblocked:
If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights
as pertheaccesspolicy.
Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media
for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc.These
journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue.
The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very
welcome.
LostIssue Claims:Pleasenotethefollowingwhen applyingfor lostor missingissues:
Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue
as perthefrequency.
Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be
entertainedonlywiththeproofs whichwillbeverifiedatboththeends.
Claimsfiledduetoinsufficient(or nonotice)ofchangeof address willnotbehonored.
Change ofAddress of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per
thefrequencyby mentioningsubscriberID andthesubscriptionID.
Refundrequestswillnotbeentertained.
LegalDisputes
AllthelegaldisputesaresubjectedtoDelhiJurisdictiononly.
If you haveanyquestions,pleasecontactthePublicationManagementTeam:
info@journalspub.com;Tel:+910120-4347644.

International Journal of Microelectronics and
Digital Integrated Circuits
International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits is a comprehensive journal that
covers all aspects of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits and their integration into recent
technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major
advancement in the technology and design that are related to Microelectronics and Digital Integrated
Circuits.Allarticlespresentedherearepeer-reviewedand areofgood quality.
Focus and Scope oftheJournal
! Analog circuit
! Digital circuit
! Mixed and RF circuit
! Mixed-domain simulation and design
! Formal verification
! Embedded systems
! Emerging devices
! Testing, design for testability, built in self-test
! MOSFET transistors
! Digital communication
! Audio-amplifiers, FM radios, logic blocks and regulators
! Speech Signal Processing
International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits is published twice a year (bi-
annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the
articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the
advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing
aprescriptionfor anyproductsmentionedinthispublication.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written
permissiontothepublisher.
To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English
reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub
(info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager
Chairman
Mr. Puneet Mehrotra
Managing Director,
JournalsPub,
New Delhi
Hidam Renubala
Ankita Singh
Akanksha Marwah
Deepika Bhadauria
Commissioning Editors
Priyanka Garg
Chhavi Goel
Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS
Dr. Phool Singh Chauhan
Chemical Engineering Department,
IIT Kanpur, Kanpur,
India
Dr. Dimitrios Efstathiou
Department of Informatics Technological
Educational Institute of Central Macedonia,
Serres, ?Greece
Dr. M R Nayak
Aerospace Electronics and Systems
Division,National Aerospace Laboratories
(NAL), Bangalore, India
Dr. Hadadi Sudheendra
School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Jimma University,
Jimma, Ethiopia
Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal
Department of Physics, Sikkim Manipal Institute
of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim, India
Dr. Sandeep Kumar Kautish
North West Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Punjab, India
Sakshi Dubey
Department of Electrical engineering,
Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
I Ravi Kumar
Anna University,
Chennai, India
M. Premkumar
Anna University,
Chennai, India
R. Padma Priya
Anna University,
Tamilnadu, India
M. V. Subramanyam,
Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Ravi Prakash Dwivedi,
SENSE, VIT university,
Chennai, India
Lekshmi R. R
Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ettimadai,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
Dr. Santosh Kumar Agrahari
Poornima University, Jaipur,
India

From the Editor's Desk
Dear Readers,
We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly
journal, International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits. This
journal is part of the Electrical Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present
Electrical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies
and thevalidationofemergingtechnologies.
This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of
Microelectronics and Digital Integrated as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized
as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electrical
Engineeringcommunity,addressing researchers and practitionersinthisarea.
The core vision of International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits in JournalsPub
is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and
professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electrical Engineering in
general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at
excellently,well-time&successfully.
International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits focuses on original high-quality
research in the realm of Analog circuit, Digital circuit, Mixed and RF circuit, Mixed-domain simulation and
design, Formal verification, Embedded systems, Emerging devices, Testing, design for testability, built in
self-test, MOSFET transistors, Digital communication, Audio-amplifiers, FM radios, logic blocks and
regulators.
The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of
MicroelectronicsandDigitalIntegratedCircuitsand solutionsinthearea.
Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electrical
Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of
creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others,
reportingnewdevelopmentsinthefieldofMicroelectronicsand DigitalIntegratedCircuits.
This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we
would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the
editorialstaffofJournalsPub,who supported us ateverystageoftheproject.
It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electrical Engineering
readers andwillstimulatefurtherresearchintothevibrantareaofElectricalEngineering.
PuneetMehrotra
ManagingDirector

1. Deposition and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Thermal Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Method for
Photoconductive Sensor Application
S. Vyas, S. Singh, A.D.D. Dwivedi
1
2. Performance Comparison of the Two-Stage Kalman Filtering Techniques for Density Prediction
Saeid Zoghi 8
3. Numerical Simulation of GaAs-Based MISFET Photo Detector for Optical Communication
S. Patel, A.D.D. Dwivedi, P. Chakrabarti 17
4. Building Automation and Control Using ZigBee for Energy Optimization
Santosh Agrahari, Pritam Kumar, Jyoti Vasuja, Raju Biswas, Sumit Kumar 31
5. A Multi-Module Fuel Cell Power System Feeding DC Load
Mohd. Aqeel Abbas, Chaudhary Arjun Singh, Prabhu Narayan Singh, Amar Singh Patel 34
6. Short-Term Load Forecasting by Using ANN
Girraj Singh, Aseem Chandel 42
7. Modelling and Control of Higher Rating DC Motor With GA-Based Optimized PID Controller
Garimella Raghu Chandra, Garimella Atchyut 48
Contents

IJMDIC (2016) 1–7 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Deposition and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Thermal
Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Method for Photoconductive Sensor
Application
S. Vyas1
, S. Singh2
, A.D.D. Dwivedi3*
1
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
2
Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
In this work we have deposited ZnO thin films using thermal evaporation method. The films have
been deposited on silicon substrate for structural characterization and on glass substrate for
optical characterization. The structural, surface morphology, optical properties and electrical
properties of ZnO thin films were investigated systematically using X-ray diffractometer (XRD),
scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometeric
measurement and semiconductor parameter analyzer respectively. The deposited ZnO thin films
exhibit polycrystalline nature with hexagonal wurtize structure. The surface of the films was
composed of uniform grains and band gap was estimated around 3.19 eV. The electrical
characterization of the Al/ZnO thin films contacts revealed that the ohmic contact fabricated by
a simple and inexpensive method can be used for fabrication of photoconductive sensors
applications.
Keywords: RF sputtering, scanning electron microscopy, thermal oxidation, X-ray
diffractometer, ZnO thin films
INTRODUCTION
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a II-VI group, n-type
semiconductor. Its superior electrical,
optical and piezoelectric properties make it
suitable for low cost and high performance
devices for various applications.[1]
It has
direct and wide bandgap (3.37 eV), large
excitation binding energy (60 meV) at room
temperature and large photoresponse which
makes it attractive for optoelectronic devices
like LED in UV range,[2,3]
Schottky UV
photo-detector and Metal Semiconductor
Metal (MSM) photo-detector. ZnO has high
optical transparency, high conductivity and
it is widely available, so it can replace ITO
based transparent electrodes in devices like
flat panel displays, LEDs, solar cell
etc.[4,5,6,7]
ZnO is also explored as a
replacement of Si for active channel layer in
TFT technology. It has high field effect

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Performance Comparison of the Two-Stage Kalman Filtering
Techniques for Density Prediction
Saeid Zoghi*
Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
Abstract
The advanced optimal partitioned state Kalman estimator (OPSKE) developed to overwhelm
these problems of traditional approaches. In this article, we compare performance of the
OPSKE with the OTSKE and the AUSKE in the maneuvering target tracking (MTT) badly
behaved. We provide some analytic results to demonstrate the computational advantages of
the OPSKE. Author of this paper compare these two algorithms with target tracking problem,
because in that problem they dealing with so many parameters which are useful for
estimating the workability of such filters. As a result, we introduce the better filter for
estimation and prediction and we discuss about different applications of such filter in
chemical engineering, for example, the amount of density or degree of different dopants in a
special wafer.
Keywords: estimation, new predictor, Kalman filtering in chemical engineering, prediction
INTRODUCTION
The AUSKE or “full state” technique
solves the general state estimation
problems by comprising the input factors
as a part of an increased state to be
estimated.[1,2]
However, “reduced state”
approaches do not enlarge the state, and
usually vintage a better act.[3]
The AUSKE
suffers from intricacy of computational
effort and numerical difficulties when state
dimensions are large. The input detection
and estimation (IDE) procedure was first
established by Chan et al., in[4]
using a
simplified batch least square data.
The IDE method suffers from a major
lack, being that the little prior knowledge
is accessible for dynamics estimation.[5]
For instance, we can cite Wang et. al.,[6]
used the IDE method in the maneuvering
target tracking problem. So, the routine of
the estimation is condensed when target
moves with non-constant acceleration.[7]
Friedland[8]
presented a method of
separating estimation of the unknown
input from the dynamic variables and Blair
used this technique in the MTT problem.[9]
The main idea was to decouple the
augmented Kalman filter (AKF) into two-
stage filters in order to lessen computation
and memory necessities.[10-13]
Lately,
Hsieh and Chen[10,11]
derived an optimal
two-stage Kalman estimator (OTSKE) for
a general case to reduce the computational
difficulty of AUSKE. The two-stage
filtering technique, suggested for MTT
problem in[9]
suffers from two major
problems. These drawbacks stem from
assuming constant acceleration and
assuming the input term is observable
from the measurement equation.
In this paper, the performance of the
OPSKE is analyzed and compared with the
AUSKE and the OTSKE to show the
advantage of the proposed algorithm. The

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Numerical Simulation of GaAs-Based MISFET Photo Detector for Optical
Communication
S. Patel1
, A.D.D. Dwivedi2,3*, P. Chakrabarti1,4
1
Centre for Research in Microelectronics, Department of Electronics Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
3
IMS Lab, Université de Bordeaux, France
4
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Abstract
This paper presents a 2D numerical simulation and analysis of GaAs based MISFET photo
detector. Numerical simulation of the performance of the device in dark and illuminated
condition has been performed. Drain current increases with wavelength of operation and
attains maximum value at 0.65 micron and there is a sharp fall beyond 0.85 micron which is
higher cut off wavelength for the proposed structure. The device exhibits very low dark
current is the order of 10-6
A and quantum efficiency of about 35%. We can optimize the
performance of the device by changing the doping concentration and device dimensions.
Keywords: MISFET photodetector, optically controlled GaAs MISFET, quantum efficiency
INTRODUCTION
In optical communication systems the
optical sources and detectors are generally
made of semiconductor devices. This is
because the size of these devices are
compatible to optical fibers which have
typical diameter of the order of 100 µm or
so. In order to develop free space optical
communication system operating at
different wavelength regions, one has to
search for suitable sources and detectors
operating at these wavelengths. The
wavelength of the operation of the device
is determined by the characteristics of the
particular semiconductor material used for
the fabrication of the device. More
specifically the band-gap of the
semiconductor material determines the
wavelength of operation of particular
semiconductor device. Both III-V and II-
VI materials have opened up enormous
options to develop new devices (sources
and detectors) operating at various
wavelengths. A large number of theoretical
and experimental work have been reported
in the past decades. With the advent of
injection laser diode, it has become
possible to transmit data at very high
transmission rate. However, there is an
urgent need of development of suitable
photodetectors that can demodulate the
optical signals to electrical signal at that
high rate. The development of suitable
photodetectors operating at high bit rate
needs special attention to cope up with the
noise.
As the data rate approaches 10 Gb/s metal
interconnection like copper wire is facing a
number of issue such as slow resistance-
capacitance limits speed and large heat
dissipation, under these condition, it is well
known that for data rate above 10 Gb/s
optical signal is more advantageous
compared to conventional copper wire
interconnections. As a result III-V
compound semiconductor based electro
photonic integrated circuit emerge as one

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Building Automation and Control Using ZigBee for Energy
Optimization
Santosh Agrahari, Pritam Kumar, Jyoti Vasuja*
, Raju Biswas, Sumit Kumar
Electronics Communication Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India
Abstract
ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols. ZigBee is a
typical wireless communication technology which uses low rate, low-power digital radio
based on an IEEE 802 standards for personal area networks. Wireless sensor network can be
defined as a network of sensor nodes that covers wide area and provides environmental
information about the monitored area through wireless communication protocols.
Keywords: building automation and control, energy optimization, microcontroller, wireless
sensor network, ZigBee
INTRODUCTION
ZigBee is a typical wireless
communication technology, which is
widely used in wireless sensing
networks.[1,2]
ZigBee wireless sensor
network is widely used in military
security, environment monitoring, and
home automation.[3]
Various progressive wireless
communication standards were developed
and implemented into practice during the
last decade. These standards have
penetrated into their daily routine with
outstanding popularity.[4,5]
“An Internet of
people” has become ordinary for everyone
who wants to have everybody and
everything within reach.
Even though it seems that all peoples’
wireless requirements have fulfilled, it
turns on, that they lack of something like
“an internet of things” especially in
mainstream.
BACKGROUND
Home automation (HA), as a new
technology, in the practical application the
advantage of the ZigBee wireless sensor
network was not very ideal, especially in a
large scale wireless ZigBee sensor
network, because the coordinator
processing ability is limited.[6,7]
The whole task of the network will be
divided into two parts; one is about the
network building, node joining, and data
collecting; the other one is about data
processing, network information
conservation, and communicate with the
host computer. By this way the
performance of the ZigBee wireless
system improves a lot.[8,9]
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
This project mainly consist of two part i.e.
transmitter and receiver part. Both parts
consist of microcontroller, MAX232 IC,
ZigBee, LCD, ULN2003. It is a control
unit of transmitter part. The block diagram
of transmitter part in shown in Figure 1.

IJEMD (2016) 34–41 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 34
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Multi-Module Fuel Cell Power System Feeding DC Load
Mohd. Aqeel Abbas*
, Chaudhary Arjun Singh, Prabhu Narayan Singh, Amar Singh Patel
Department of Electrical Engineering, United College of Engineering and Management, Allahabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Abstract
The conventional energy resources present in nature are limited and exhaustible, if it would
be used with the rate at which it is being used in today's era then it will be vanished up. So we
have to go with the alternative i.e.it is necessary to promote nonconventional energy
resources as main source of energy. Fuel cell power generation systems (FCPGS) are going
to play an important role for future applications. Fuel cells convert chemical energy into
electrical energy. Output voltage of fuel cell is very small, almost less than 1 volt, so number
of fuel cell connected in series i.e. stacked in order to increase its voltage level. In this paper
the authors has studied the voltage current and power voltage characteristics of proton
exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Low voltage output of fuel cell stack (FCS) is
connected to a step up chopper which boost the voltage level. The output of the chopper is fed
to a DC load. The results are presented in tabular form as well as waveforms. All the studies
are simulation based, and the simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), fuel cell stack(FCS), fuel cell
power system(FCPS), step up chopper
INTRODUCTION
The conventional energy resources coal,
petrolium, gasoline etc are exhaustible in
nature. They are going to be vanish in upto
200 years.[1]
Fuel cell has become the most
promissing renewable energy resource to
meet the future demand of power. Fuel cell
system generally operates on pure
hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity with water and heat as the bio-
products. Fuel cell is modular in
construction and their efficiency is
independent of size.[2,3]
A fuel cell requires
continuous supply of a fuel and oxidant to
produce D.C. electric power. In
conventional steam power plant, the
chemical energy of fuel cell is converted
into heat energy by burning and heat
energy is, then, converted into electrical
energy. The efficiency of this conversion
process is limited by the limitation of
Carnot cycle. In fuel cells the chemical
energy of the reaction is converted into
electrical energy as an isothermal process
so heat is not involved in the conversion
process and high conversion efficiency is
possible.[4]
The advantages of fuel cells are that they
are simple and safe, they have no moving
parts, they are pollution free, and they are
compact in size and also lighter in weight.
Another reason for the interest in fuel cells
is that their efficiency and cost per KW of
power are independent of size or the rating
of fuel cell.[5]
This advantage makes the
prospects of the fuel cells is very attractive
as portable power plants for space-crafts,
locomotives etc.

IJMDIC (2016) 42–47© JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 42
Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Short-Term Load Forecasting by Using ANN
Girraj Singh, Aseem Chandel*
Department of Electrical Engineering, B S A College of Engineering & Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Abstract
Load forecasting play an impartment role in power system planning, operation and control.
Short-term load forecasting is an important basis of the secure and economic operation in
power systems. Accurate load forecasting is helpful to improve the security and economic
effect of power systems and can reduce the cost of generation. Therefore, finding an
appropriate load forecasting method to improve accuracy of forecasting has important
application value. This paper explains the general theory of neural network and builds a
short-term load forecasting method based on Artificial Neural Network.
Keyword: artificial neural network, feed forward neural network, power system
INTRODUCTION
Short term load forecasting plays a key
role for the economic and secure operation
of power systems.[1]
A Precise short term
electrical load forecasting, results in cost
savings and secure operational conditions
allowing utilities to commit their
production resources to optimize energy
prices and exchange with vendors and
clients. Basic operations such as unit
commitment, hydro-thermal coordination,
interchange evaluation, and security
assessments require a reliable short term
load forecast. Future introduction of
different tariff periods will make load
forecasting much more important, not only
for large utilities, but also for medium and
small ones. Load forecasting in a power
system can normally be classified into the
following categories:[2]
 Very short-term load forecasting of up
to a few minutes ahead
 Short-Term load forecasting lead time
from one hour to one month
 Medium-Term load Forecasting time
interval one month to one year
 Long-term load forecasting of the
power system peak load up to 10 years
ahead.
Efforts have concentrated mainly on short
term forecasting since it plays a vital role
in optimum unit commitment, start up and
shut down of thermal plants, control of
spinning reserve and buying and selling of
power in inter a connected system In this
work, an approach for performing short-
term load forecasting based on ANNs is
proposed. Artificial neural networks
(ANN), whose operation is based on
certain known properties of biological
neurons, comprise various architectures of
highly interconnected processing elements
that offer an alternative to conventional
computing approaches. They respond in
parallel to a set of inputs and are more
concerned with transformations than
algorithms and procedures. They can
achieve complicated input-output
mappings without explicit programming
and extract relationships (both linear and
nonlinear) between data sets presented
during a learning process. ANNs are

Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Modelling and Control of Higher Rating DC Motor With GA-
Based Optimized PID Controller
Garimella Raghu Chandra1*
, Garimella Atchyut2
1
Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India
2
SNVT Government College, Tanuku, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
The usage of the common kind dc motors has its extended past. It has been used in the
productions for numerous ages currently. They deliver humble means and exact method of
controller. In addition, they have high efficiency and have a high starting torque versus
falling speed characteristics which helps high starting torque and helps to prevent sudden
load rise. But with such characteristics, the dc motors have some deficiencies that needed to
be attended to which gave rise to design of some other alternative types of dc motors. For this
purpose, a brief perspective will be considered on how the DC motors could be compensated
in terms of control and stability. Therefore, this report would present a theoretical
background of DC motors, design of simple model of basic DC motors. The PID controller is
applied in various fields of engineering, and it is also a very important tool in
telecommunication system. If there is a system and stability is desired, then PID could be
very useful. The results analysis and discussion is presented.
Keywords: BLDC motor, genetic algorithm, machine modelling, PID controller, ZN method
INTRODUCTION
DC Motors
A brief illustration and mathematical
representation of DC motors will be
discussed in this section based on the
general concepts of electromagnetic
induction. The most important part of
these components that needs detail
attention is the main field and the rotating
windings (the stator and the rotor,
respectively).
As shown in Fig. 1., the stator is formed
by the metal carcass with a permanent
magnet enclosure which a magnetic field
inside the stator windings. At one of the
ends is the brush mountings and the brush
gear which are used for electrical contacts
with the armature (the rotor).[2]
DC MOTOR MODEL
Mathematical Model of a Typical DC
Motor
A typical dc motor equivalent circuit is
illustrated as shown in the circuit shown
below in Error! Reference source not
found..

International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits vol 2 issue 1

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits vol 2 issue 1

Similar to International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits vol 2 issue 1 (9)

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com

More from JournalsPub www.journalspub.com (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital integrated circuits vol 2 issue 1