The document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy, how it works, and how to analyze IR spectra. It explains that IR spectroscopy analyzes the interaction of infrared radiation with molecules and can provide information about chemical structure. The document covers topics like sample preparation, instrumentation, functional group identification, and interpreting spectra to determine structural features like alkyl groups, carbonyls, and aromatic rings.
1. 1D and 2D NMR techniques are described. 1D NMR involves applying a 90 degree pulse to a sample in a magnetic field and measuring the resulting signal. 2D NMR applies two 90 degree pulses separated by a short delay and measures two signals, which are Fourier transformed to provide frequency information in two dimensions.
2. 2D NMR was first proposed by Jean Jeener and provides more structural information than 1D NMR as it plots data on two frequency axes rather than one. It involves collecting a series of 1D NMR spectra with varying pulse delays and further Fourier transforming these signals.
3. The document provides details on the principles, pulse sequences, and names of 1D and 2D NMR techniques.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PNMR) is described. PNMR involves absorbing radiofrequency radiation by proton nuclei in a strong magnetic field. It is used to determine the type and number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. The chemical shift range is 0-14 ppm and splitting is seen between non-equivalent protons. PNMR provides information on molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Applications include structure elucidation of organic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules. Differences between PNMR and carbon-13 NMR are also outlined.
Principle and working of Nmr spectroscopyArpitSuralkar
NMR spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency region by atomic nuclei. It is used to study nuclei such as hydrogen-1, carbon-13, and nitrogen-15. The principle involves atomic nuclei with spin precessing at their Larmor frequency when placed in an external magnetic field. The Larmor frequency depends on the magnetic field strength according to the Larmor equation. Fourier transform NMR provides advantages over continuous wave NMR by being more sensitive and requiring less time for scanning.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to infrared spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then discusses the range of infrared radiation, requirements for absorption, instrumentation including sources, monochromators, sampling techniques and detectors. It also covers molecular vibrations and the different regions of the infrared spectrum. Applications and limitations of infrared spectroscopy are mentioned. Finally, it provides a case study on how Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze plastic parts and determine the cause of failure for one part. References are listed at the end.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle that infrared spectroscopy involves absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. The instrumentation involves an infrared source, sample holder, and detector. Applications include identifying functional groups in organic molecules, determining drug formulations, and analyzing biological samples like urine.
This document discusses Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It begins by introducing NMR spectroscopy and its ability to provide chemical structure information. It then explains that FT-NMR uses a pulse of radiofrequency energy to simultaneously excite all nuclei, followed by a Fourier transform to separate the signal into frequencies. This allows the full spectrum to be obtained within seconds, offering advantages over continuous wave NMR in speed, sensitivity, and ability to average multiple signal acquisitions to improve resolution. The document outlines the components of an FT-NMR spectrometer and factors that influence sensitivity.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
1. 1D and 2D NMR techniques are described. 1D NMR involves applying a 90 degree pulse to a sample in a magnetic field and measuring the resulting signal. 2D NMR applies two 90 degree pulses separated by a short delay and measures two signals, which are Fourier transformed to provide frequency information in two dimensions.
2. 2D NMR was first proposed by Jean Jeener and provides more structural information than 1D NMR as it plots data on two frequency axes rather than one. It involves collecting a series of 1D NMR spectra with varying pulse delays and further Fourier transforming these signals.
3. The document provides details on the principles, pulse sequences, and names of 1D and 2D NMR techniques.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (PNMR) is described. PNMR involves absorbing radiofrequency radiation by proton nuclei in a strong magnetic field. It is used to determine the type and number of hydrogen atoms in a molecule. The chemical shift range is 0-14 ppm and splitting is seen between non-equivalent protons. PNMR provides information on molecular structure and hydrogen bonding. Applications include structure elucidation of organic compounds, polymers, and biomolecules. Differences between PNMR and carbon-13 NMR are also outlined.
Principle and working of Nmr spectroscopyArpitSuralkar
NMR spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency region by atomic nuclei. It is used to study nuclei such as hydrogen-1, carbon-13, and nitrogen-15. The principle involves atomic nuclei with spin precessing at their Larmor frequency when placed in an external magnetic field. The Larmor frequency depends on the magnetic field strength according to the Larmor equation. Fourier transform NMR provides advantages over continuous wave NMR by being more sensitive and requiring less time for scanning.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to infrared spectroscopy and electromagnetic radiation. It then discusses the range of infrared radiation, requirements for absorption, instrumentation including sources, monochromators, sampling techniques and detectors. It also covers molecular vibrations and the different regions of the infrared spectrum. Applications and limitations of infrared spectroscopy are mentioned. Finally, it provides a case study on how Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze plastic parts and determine the cause of failure for one part. References are listed at the end.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy involves subjecting atomic nuclei to magnetic fields and measuring the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted. Fourier transform NMR provides increased sensitivity by combining multiple free induction decay signals measured in the time domain. A Fourier transform converts these signals to an NMR spectrum in the frequency domain. The Michelson interferometer induces interference of light waves by splitting and recombining beams that traveled different path lengths, allowing observation of interference patterns related to the wavelength of light.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle that infrared spectroscopy involves absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. The instrumentation involves an infrared source, sample holder, and detector. Applications include identifying functional groups in organic molecules, determining drug formulations, and analyzing biological samples like urine.
This document discusses Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy. It begins by introducing NMR spectroscopy and its ability to provide chemical structure information. It then explains that FT-NMR uses a pulse of radiofrequency energy to simultaneously excite all nuclei, followed by a Fourier transform to separate the signal into frequencies. This allows the full spectrum to be obtained within seconds, offering advantages over continuous wave NMR in speed, sensitivity, and ability to average multiple signal acquisitions to improve resolution. The document outlines the components of an FT-NMR spectrometer and factors that influence sensitivity.
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes infrared light absorbed by a molecule to determine its structure. There are several types of molecular vibrations that can be observed, including stretching and bending vibrations. Samples can be analyzed in solid, liquid, or gas form using different sample handling methods. The main components of an IR spectrometer are the radiation source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. Dispersive and Fourier transform IR spectrometers are two common instrument types, with Fourier transform having advantages like faster scanning. Functional groups can be identified by their characteristic absorption bands. Factors like coupling, hydrogen bonding, and electronic effects can influence vibrational frequencies.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
This document discusses flame emission spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction stating that flame emission spectroscopy uses a flame to provide energy and excite atoms introduced into the flame. It then covers the history, principle, instrumentation, applications and potential interferences of flame emission spectroscopy. The principle involves desolvation, vaporization, atomization, excitation and emission of light at characteristic wavelengths. Common instrumentation components include burners, atomizers, monochromators, detectors and readouts. Applications include analysis of chemicals, soils, plants, waters and more. Potential issues include matrix, chemical, ionization and spectral interferences.
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
This document describes continuous wave (CW) NMR spectroscopy. It explains that CW-NMR uses a fixed magnetic field and varies the frequency coil current to achieve resonance signals. A typical CW spectrometer contains a sample tube spun between the poles of a powerful magnet. Radio frequency is broadcast into the sample while a receiver coil monitors the absorbed energy. By varying the magnetic field or radio frequency, an NMR spectrum is acquired showing signals from different proton types in the sample. While offering routine 1H NMR studies, CW spectroscopy has limitations such as low sensitivity, requirement for concentrated samples, and production of high noise.
This document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) focusing on Carbon-13 (13C) NMR. It defines NMR and explains the principles of how atomic nuclei absorb energy from radiofrequency fields in a magnetic field. The summary discusses key aspects of 13C NMR including that 13C is difficult to detect due to its low natural abundance, advantages over 1H NMR, factors affecting chemical shifts, techniques to simplify spectra like decoupling, and applications like DEPT NMR to determine functional groups.
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
This document provides an overview of the key components and operating principles of mass spectrometry. It discusses the inlet system, ion sources, mass analyzers, detectors, and vacuum system. Common types of ion sources like electron impact and chemical ionization are described. Popular mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and double focusing are explained. The document also covers the theory behind how mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and discusses the need for high vacuum levels in mass spectrometers.
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
Mass spectrometry is a technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It can be used to determine molecular masses and elucidate molecular structures of organic compounds. There are several types of ions produced including molecular ions, fragment ions, and isotope ions. Compounds undergo various fragmentation modes like homolytic cleavage, heterolytic cleavage, retro-Diels-Alder reactions, hydrogen transfers and McLafferty rearrangements. Mass spectrometry has applications in fields like drug development, environmental analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It discusses:
1) How NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves and magnetic fields to determine the structure of organic molecules. The two most common types are 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
2) In an NMR experiment, nuclei such as 1H and 13C can absorb energy and "flip" their spin when radio waves match their energy difference in magnetic fields.
3) NMR spectra provide information on the number, position, intensity, and splitting of peaks which reveal details about a molecule's carbon-hydrogen framework.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Spectrofluorimetry is a technique that measures fluorescence emitted from molecules. It involves exciting molecules with UV or visible light which causes electrons to transition to an excited state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. Factors like concentration, quantum yield, path length, pH, temperature and presence of quenchers affect the intensity of fluorescence. Spectrofluorimeters are used to collect excitation and emission spectra of molecules to identify them.
There are four main techniques used to prepare solid samples for IR spectroscopy: dissolving solids in solution, solid films, mull technique, and pressed pellet technique. The mull technique involves grinding the solid sample with a mulling agent like mineral oil or nujol to form a paste between IR windows. The pressed pellet technique uses potassium bromide to form a compressed pellet, avoiding interference from a mulling agent. Liquids can be analyzed directly in liquid sample cells of appropriate thickness.
Uv spectroscopy instrumentation, by dr. umesh kumar sharma & amp; shyma m sDr. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA
This document describes the instrumentation of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the key components of UV-Visible spectrophotometers including radiation sources such as tungsten lamps and deuterium lamps, wavelength selectors like monochromators and filters, sample containers, and detectors. It provides detailed diagrams of the internal components and systematic design of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. Various parts of the instrument like the radiation source, sample cell, and detector are explained.
Spin-spin splitting is a term that describes the magnetic interactions between neighbouring, non-equivalent NMR-active nuclei which will cause splitting of NMR signal. This splitting occurs because of the interaction between neighboring hydrogen nuclei, and results in multiplets rather than single peaks in the NMR spectrum. The number of peaks in the multiplet is predicted by the "n+1" rule, where n is the number of neighboring equivalent protons. Common splitting patterns include doublets, triplets and quartets.
This document provides an overview of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It discusses the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the basic principles of IR spectroscopy, and factors that influence molecular vibrations. Requirements for IR absorption include an electric dipole moment and the radiation wavelength matching the natural vibration frequency. Molecular vibrations observed in IR spectroscopy include stretches, bends, and rotations. Instrumentation components like IR sources, wavelength selectors, detectors, and sample handling techniques are also outlined. Finally, applications of IR spectroscopy like structure elucidation and identification of functional groups are mentioned.
Infrared spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by molecules as they undergo transitions between different energy states. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where molecules absorb radiation based on the vibrational and rotational motions of their bonds. The positions and intensities of absorption bands in an infrared spectrum provide information about the types of bonds in a molecule and can be used to determine its structure.
1) FTIR was used to obtain spectra of organic solvents and oils to identify an unknown oil sample. PCA analysis was performed to reduce redundant data and produce PCA scores.
2) PCA plots of scores 1 vs 2 produced clear clusters for solvents and oils, allowing identification of the unknown oil as safflower oil. Key distinguishing wavenumber regions were below 1700 cm-1.
3) Higher wavenumber regions produced overlapping clusters, as solvents and oils shared common carbon-carbon bond features not distinguishable by FTIR.
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes infrared light absorbed by a molecule to determine its structure. There are several types of molecular vibrations that can be observed, including stretching and bending vibrations. Samples can be analyzed in solid, liquid, or gas form using different sample handling methods. The main components of an IR spectrometer are the radiation source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. Dispersive and Fourier transform IR spectrometers are two common instrument types, with Fourier transform having advantages like faster scanning. Functional groups can be identified by their characteristic absorption bands. Factors like coupling, hydrogen bonding, and electronic effects can influence vibrational frequencies.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopyVK VIKRAM VARMA
SPECTROSCOPY
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
HISTORY
THEORY
PRINCIPLE
INSTRUMENTATION
SOLVENTS USED IN NMR(PROTON NMR)
CHEMICAL SHIFT
FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL SHIFT
RELAXATION PROCESS
SPIN-SPIN COUPLING
푛+1 RULE
NMR SIGNALS IN VARIOUS COMPOUNDS
COUPLING CONSTANT
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC DOUBLE RESONANCE/ SPIN DECOUPLING
FT-NMR
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATIONS
REFERENCE
This document discusses flame emission spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction stating that flame emission spectroscopy uses a flame to provide energy and excite atoms introduced into the flame. It then covers the history, principle, instrumentation, applications and potential interferences of flame emission spectroscopy. The principle involves desolvation, vaporization, atomization, excitation and emission of light at characteristic wavelengths. Common instrumentation components include burners, atomizers, monochromators, detectors and readouts. Applications include analysis of chemicals, soils, plants, waters and more. Potential issues include matrix, chemical, ionization and spectral interferences.
2-D NMR provides more information than 1-D NMR by collecting data in two frequency dimensions rather than one. It involves applying two pulses separated by a short evolution period to excite nuclei. This results in two free induction decay signals which are Fourier transformed to yield a spectrum with frequencies plotted on two axes. The different types of 2-D NMR experiments, such as COSY and HETCOR, provide information about connectivities between nuclei and help elucidate complex molecular structures.
This document describes continuous wave (CW) NMR spectroscopy. It explains that CW-NMR uses a fixed magnetic field and varies the frequency coil current to achieve resonance signals. A typical CW spectrometer contains a sample tube spun between the poles of a powerful magnet. Radio frequency is broadcast into the sample while a receiver coil monitors the absorbed energy. By varying the magnetic field or radio frequency, an NMR spectrum is acquired showing signals from different proton types in the sample. While offering routine 1H NMR studies, CW spectroscopy has limitations such as low sensitivity, requirement for concentrated samples, and production of high noise.
This document provides an overview of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) focusing on Carbon-13 (13C) NMR. It defines NMR and explains the principles of how atomic nuclei absorb energy from radiofrequency fields in a magnetic field. The summary discusses key aspects of 13C NMR including that 13C is difficult to detect due to its low natural abundance, advantages over 1H NMR, factors affecting chemical shifts, techniques to simplify spectra like decoupling, and applications like DEPT NMR to determine functional groups.
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
FT-NMR uses Fourier transforms to convert time domain signals from nuclear magnetic resonance into frequency domain spectra. The sample is placed in a strong magnet and exposed to pulses of radio frequency radiation, producing a free induction decay signal that is recorded over time. This time domain signal is then digitized and analyzed using a Fourier transform program on a computer to produce the frequency domain NMR spectrum. FT-NMR provides higher sensitivity than continuous wave NMR, allowing analysis of smaller sample sizes.
This document provides an overview of the key components and operating principles of mass spectrometry. It discusses the inlet system, ion sources, mass analyzers, detectors, and vacuum system. Common types of ion sources like electron impact and chemical ionization are described. Popular mass analyzers such as quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and double focusing are explained. The document also covers the theory behind how mass spectrometry separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio and discusses the need for high vacuum levels in mass spectrometers.
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
Mass spectrometry is a technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It can be used to determine molecular masses and elucidate molecular structures of organic compounds. There are several types of ions produced including molecular ions, fragment ions, and isotope ions. Compounds undergo various fragmentation modes like homolytic cleavage, heterolytic cleavage, retro-Diels-Alder reactions, hydrogen transfers and McLafferty rearrangements. Mass spectrometry has applications in fields like drug development, environmental analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
This document provides an introduction to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It discusses:
1) How NMR spectroscopy uses radio waves and magnetic fields to determine the structure of organic molecules. The two most common types are 1H NMR and 13C NMR.
2) In an NMR experiment, nuclei such as 1H and 13C can absorb energy and "flip" their spin when radio waves match their energy difference in magnetic fields.
3) NMR spectra provide information on the number, position, intensity, and splitting of peaks which reveal details about a molecule's carbon-hydrogen framework.
PRINCIPLES of FT-NMR & 13C NMR
Fourier Transform
FOURIER TRANSFORM NMR SPECTROSCOPY
THEORY OF FT-NMR
13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY
Principle
Why C13-NMR is required though we have H1-NMR?
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF 13 C NMR
Chemical Shifts
NUCLEAR OVERHAUSER ENHANCEMENT
Short-Comings of 13C-NMR Spectra
Spectrofluorimetry is a technique that measures fluorescence emitted from molecules. It involves exciting molecules with UV or visible light which causes electrons to transition to an excited state. The molecule then relaxes and emits light of a longer wavelength. Factors like concentration, quantum yield, path length, pH, temperature and presence of quenchers affect the intensity of fluorescence. Spectrofluorimeters are used to collect excitation and emission spectra of molecules to identify them.
There are four main techniques used to prepare solid samples for IR spectroscopy: dissolving solids in solution, solid films, mull technique, and pressed pellet technique. The mull technique involves grinding the solid sample with a mulling agent like mineral oil or nujol to form a paste between IR windows. The pressed pellet technique uses potassium bromide to form a compressed pellet, avoiding interference from a mulling agent. Liquids can be analyzed directly in liquid sample cells of appropriate thickness.
Uv spectroscopy instrumentation, by dr. umesh kumar sharma & amp; shyma m sDr. UMESH KUMAR SHARMA
This document describes the instrumentation of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the key components of UV-Visible spectrophotometers including radiation sources such as tungsten lamps and deuterium lamps, wavelength selectors like monochromators and filters, sample containers, and detectors. It provides detailed diagrams of the internal components and systematic design of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. Various parts of the instrument like the radiation source, sample cell, and detector are explained.
Spin-spin splitting is a term that describes the magnetic interactions between neighbouring, non-equivalent NMR-active nuclei which will cause splitting of NMR signal. This splitting occurs because of the interaction between neighboring hydrogen nuclei, and results in multiplets rather than single peaks in the NMR spectrum. The number of peaks in the multiplet is predicted by the "n+1" rule, where n is the number of neighboring equivalent protons. Common splitting patterns include doublets, triplets and quartets.
This document provides an overview of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It discusses the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the basic principles of IR spectroscopy, and factors that influence molecular vibrations. Requirements for IR absorption include an electric dipole moment and the radiation wavelength matching the natural vibration frequency. Molecular vibrations observed in IR spectroscopy include stretches, bends, and rotations. Instrumentation components like IR sources, wavelength selectors, detectors, and sample handling techniques are also outlined. Finally, applications of IR spectroscopy like structure elucidation and identification of functional groups are mentioned.
Infrared spectroscopy involves measuring the absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation by molecules as they undergo transitions between different energy states. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, where molecules absorb radiation based on the vibrational and rotational motions of their bonds. The positions and intensities of absorption bands in an infrared spectrum provide information about the types of bonds in a molecule and can be used to determine its structure.
1) FTIR was used to obtain spectra of organic solvents and oils to identify an unknown oil sample. PCA analysis was performed to reduce redundant data and produce PCA scores.
2) PCA plots of scores 1 vs 2 produced clear clusters for solvents and oils, allowing identification of the unknown oil as safflower oil. Key distinguishing wavenumber regions were below 1700 cm-1.
3) Higher wavenumber regions produced overlapping clusters, as solvents and oils shared common carbon-carbon bond features not distinguishable by FTIR.
The document summarizes a report on the installation and training of an Alpha FT-IR spectrometer at the Jimma Agricultural Research Center in Ethiopia. Key points include:
- The Alpha FT-IR was successfully installed and can be used to identify and quantify agricultural samples, though the battery needs replacing.
- FT-IR spectroscopy works by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample to produce a molecular "fingerprint" spectrum that can be used to identify materials.
- The Alpha FT-IR has advantages over older dispersive instruments like being smaller, faster, more sensitive, and requiring less maintenance. However, it needs skilled personnel for advanced analysis.
This document provides an introduction to ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. It discusses the instrumentation used, including dual beam spectrophotometers. It explains that UV-Vis spectroscopy examines electronic transitions in molecules that are induced by absorption of UV or visible light. Selection rules determine which electronic transitions are allowed. It also introduces the Beer-Lambert law, which states that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length.
Infrared Spectroscopy: Analyse the functional groups of benzoic acidHaydar Mohammad Salim
IR spectroscopy deals with the interaction of infrared radiation with matter.
It is a light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light.
Typical IR wavelengths range from 8x10-5 cm to 1x10-2 cm, and this corresponds to energies of around 1-10 kcal.
This energy is sufficient to make atoms vibrate, but not enough to cause electronic transitions.
This document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It provides information on the basic principles of IR spectroscopy, sample preparation techniques, instrumentation including dispersive and Fourier transform IR spectrometers, data analysis and interpretation. Key points covered include how IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups in molecules based on their characteristic absorption frequencies, and that each compound produces a unique IR spectrum that can be considered a "fingerprint" of its structure.
The document discusses infrared (IR) spectroscopy and how it can be used to identify functional groups in compounds based on their vibrational frequencies. IR radiation causes molecular vibrations that correspond to specific bonds such as C-H, C=O, N-H, etc. These vibrations can be observed in different regions of the IR spectrum and are characteristic of different functional groups, allowing compounds to be typed.
Introduction to electrochemistry 2 by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including:
1. Electrochemistry involves redox reactions where electrons are gained or lost at electrode interfaces.
2. Thermodynamics and kinetics control redox reactions based on potential differences and charge/mass transfer limitations.
3. The electric double layer forms at electrode interfaces and can be modeled by the Helmholtz and Stern models.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
Electrochemistry class 12 ( a continuation of redox reaction of grade 11)ritik
Electrochemistry involves the study of chemical reactions that produce electricity and chemical reactions produced by electricity. A galvanic (voltaic) cell converts the chemical energy of a spontaneous redox reaction into electrical energy. Daniell's cell uses the redox reaction of zinc oxidizing copper ions to produce a cell potential of 1.1 V. An electrolytic cell uses an applied voltage to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction in the opposite direction of the natural reaction in a galvanic cell. Standard reduction potentials allow prediction of the tendency of half-reactions to occur and their oxidizing or reducing power.
Includes a discussion of Voltaic and electrolytic cells, the Nernst equation and the relationship between electrochemical processes, chemical equilibrium and free energy.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry. It begins by defining electrochemistry as the study of chemical reactions at the interface of an electrode and electrolyte involving the interaction of electrical and chemical changes. The document then discusses the history and founders of electrochemistry, including Faraday's two laws of electrolysis. It explains key concepts such as oxidation-reduction reactions, balancing redox equations, and the Nernst equation. The document also covers applications including batteries, corrosion, electrolysis, and branches of electrochemistry like bioelectrochemistry and nanoelectrochemistry.
Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique that uses laser light to study vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. It relies on inelastic scattering, or Raman scattering, of monochromatic light, usually from a laser in the visible, near infrared, or near ultraviolet range. The laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations in the system, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy gives information about the vibrational modes in the system. Raman spectroscopy is commonly used in chemistry to provide a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. It has applications in fields such as physics, materials science, biology, medicine and
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that uses laser light to identify the chemical structure of materials. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, materials science, gemology, and forensics. The document outlines the principle of Raman spectroscopy, describes Raman instrumentation, discusses its strengths and limitations, and provides examples of its applications. It also discusses challenges like weak signals and spatial resolution that new techniques like surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are helping to address, broadening Raman spectroscopy's potential.
Mass spectrometry is a technique that converts a sample to gas-phase ions which are then separated by mass and charge. It involves ionization of the sample using electron bombardment or other methods, mass analysis using magnetic or electric fields to separate ions, and detection of ion abundances. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine molecular masses and obtain structural information through fragmentation patterns.
The document summarizes infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including its principle, instrumentation, applications, and interpretation of spectra. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrational and rotational absorption frequencies of molecules when exposed to IR radiation. The spectrum produced provides information on molecular structure and bonding. Key regions of the IR spectrum correspond to common functional groups like C=O, N-H, and O-H. Analysis of peak positions and relative intensities allows identification of compounds and detection of impurities.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the instrumentation used, including radiation sources, sample handling techniques for solids, liquids and gases, and various detectors. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is also introduced. Applications of infrared spectroscopy discussed include qualitative analysis for structure elucidation of organic compounds, and quantitative analysis using calibration curves and standard addition methods. Limitations and advantages of quantitative infrared methods are outlined.
IR SPECTROCOPY, Instrumentation of IR spectroscopy, Application of IR spectro...DipeshGamare
This document provides an overview of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. It discusses the basic principles of IR spectroscopy, including molecular vibrations and instrumentation. The major components of IR spectrometers are described, such as IR radiation sources, wavelength selectors, sample handling techniques, detectors, and recorders. Factors that can affect vibrational frequencies are outlined. Finally, applications of IR spectroscopy in fields like pharmaceutical analysis are mentioned.
IR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify chemical substances based on their absorption of infrared radiation. It provides information about molecular structure without decomposition. The IR region extends from 0.8-2.5 microns. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules when IR radiation is passed through a sample. The resulting absorption spectrum is unique to a compound's molecular structure and functional groups. Modern IR instruments contain an IR source, monochromator, sample cells, detectors, and recorders to produce IR spectra.
IR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to identify chemical substances based on their absorption of infrared radiation. It provides information about molecular structure without decomposition. The IR region extends from 0.8-2.5 microns. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the vibrational and rotational frequencies of molecules when IR radiation is passed through a sample. The resulting absorption spectrum is unique to a compound's molecular structure and functional groups. Common instrumentation includes an IR source, monochromator, sample cell, detector, and recorder. Applications include determining compound purity and structure, and detecting impurities in industrial samples.
Given:
A = Absorbance = 1
l = Path length = 2 cm
ε = Molar absorptivity = 2x10^4 L/mol.cm
Using the Beer-Lambert's law:
A = ε x c x l
1 = 2x10^4 x c x 2
c = 1 / (2x10^4 x 2)
c = 2.5x10^-5 mol/L
So, the concentration of the substance is 2.5x10^-5 mol/L.
This document discusses the application of infrared spectroscopy in research. It begins by introducing the electromagnetic spectrum and infrared region. It then covers the principles of IR spectroscopy, including how molecular vibrations can be observed in IR spectra. Factors that determine peak positions, intensities, and widths are explained. Common vibrational modes like stretching and bending are described. The document discusses interpreting IR spectra for organic compounds, including distinguishing functional groups and molecular structure. It also covers practical aspects, applications in various fields like pharmaceutical research and quality control, and limitations of IR analysis.
Infrared spectroscopy involves interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers absorption spectroscopy techniques and is conducted using an infrared spectrometer. The infrared region is divided into three regions based on wavelengths. Infrared spectroscopy follows Beer's law and analyzes the selective absorption bands in a sample's infrared spectrum to determine its molecular structure and identify functional groups, compounds, and impurities. It has applications in analyzing organic and inorganic compounds.
IR spectroscopy is a technique used to identify chemical substances based on the frequencies at which they absorb infrared radiation. When IR radiation is passed through a sample, some wavelengths are absorbed by the bonds between atoms in the molecules, exciting them to higher vibrational states. This absorption can be measured and plotted as an infrared spectrum, which is characteristic of the molecular structure. The spectrum is divided into functional group and fingerprint regions. The functional group region from 4000-1600 cm-1 shows clear peaks corresponding to bond stretching vibrations, while the fingerprint region from 1600-400 cm-1 contains complex patterns from stretching and bending vibrations that can be used to identify unknown substances.
Infrared spectroscopy involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It is based on absorption spectroscopy and deals with the absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. There are two main types of molecular vibrations observed in infrared spectroscopy - stretching vibrations which involve changes in bond lengths, and bending vibrations which involve changes in bond angles. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure of organic compounds and identify functional groups and impurities in pharmaceutical applications.
Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules to determine their structure. It works by exciting the vibrational modes of molecules, which correspond to characteristic absorption frequencies. The fingerprint region between 1500-500 cm-1 is especially useful for identifying functional groups and establishing molecular identity. Infrared spectrometers contain an infrared source, sample holder, detector, and recorder. Applications include identification of functional groups, structural elucidation of drugs and polymers, and quantitative analysis.
This document discusses the theory, instrumentation, and applications of dispersive and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It begins with an introduction to IR spectroscopy and the IR region. It then covers dispersive IR instrumentation, which uses prism or grating monochromators to separate wavelengths, and has limitations like slow scan speeds and limited resolution. The document introduces FTIR instrumentation, which uses an interferometer to simultaneously measure all wavelengths and overcomes the limitations of dispersive IR. It concludes that FTIR provides faster, more accurate and sensitive analysis compared to dispersive IR.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by explaining the basic principles of FTIR including how a Fourier transform is used to convert infrared absorption data into a spectrum. It then describes key components of an FTIR instrument and how it works. The document outlines advantages such as high resolution and speed of analysis. Applications including structure determination and identification of organic compounds are also mentioned.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principle of infra-red spectroscopy
3.3 Theory—Molecular Vibrations
3.4 Vibrational Frequency
3.5 Number of Fundamental Vibrations
3.6 Selection Rules (Active and Forbidden
Vibrations)
3.7 Factors Influencing Vibrational Frequencies
3.8 Scanning of Infra-red Spectrum (Instrumentation)
3.9 Sampling Techniques
3.10 Finger Print Region
3.11 Spectral Features of Some classes of organic
Compounds
3.11 A1 Alkanes and Alkyl residues
3.11 A2 Alkenes
3.11 A3 Alkynes
3.11 A4 Cycloalkanes
3.11 A5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.11 B Halogen Compounds
3.11 C Alcohols and Phenols
3.11 D Ethers
3.11 E Carbonyl compounds
3.11 E1 Aldehydes and Ketones
3.11 F Esters and Lactones
3.11 G Carboxylic Acids
3.11 H Acid Halides
3.11 I Acid Anhydrides
3.11 J Amides
3.11 K Lactams
3.11 L Amino Acids
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle, which is that IR radiation causes molecular vibrations when absorbed by bonds with a change in dipole moment. Factors affecting absorption frequencies and intensities are described. The instrumentation of an FTIR spectrometer is explained, including its source, interferometer, sample handling, and detectors. Various sample preparation techniques for analyzing solids, liquids, and gases are also outlined.
Molecular vibrations cause characteristic absorption bands in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. [FTIR] spectroscopy involves passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the wavelengths absorbed. This creates a molecular "fingerprint" that can be used to identify unknown chemicals and study molecular structure. FTIR has numerous applications including analysis of organic materials, biological samples, and industrial contaminants. It provides a simple, rapid and sensitive technique for analytical chemistry.
IR spectroscopy is the study of infrared spectra caused by vibrational transitions in molecules. It provides a valuable tool for probing molecular structure. IR spectroscopy works by detecting the frequencies at which molecules vibrate when absorbed infrared radiation. Different functional groups within molecules vibrate at characteristic frequencies, allowing IR spectroscopy to be used to determine a molecule's structure. It has various applications such as compositional analysis of organic compounds, detection of impurities, and analysis of aircraft exhausts and toxic gases.
Field ion microscopy uses a high electric field to ionize gas atoms on the tip of a sample, which are then detected to create an atomic-scale image of the sample surface. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared light by molecules to determine their structure. Raman spectroscopy analyzes the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light when it interacts with molecular vibrations, rotations, and other low frequency modes to provide molecular fingerprint information. Both techniques produce spectra that can be used to identify chemicals based on the frequencies of molecular vibrations they produce.
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The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can produce many copies of a specific segment of DNA. It works through a three-step cycle of heating, cooling, and replication that causes exponential growth in the number of DNA molecules matching the target sequence. PCR is a versatile technique for amplifying DNA sequences in vitro. It is sensitive, quick, easy to use, and robust.
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3. Mostly for qualitative analysis .
Absorption spectra is recorded as
transmittance .
Absorption in the infrared region arise from
molecular vibrational transitions
Absorption for every substance are at specific
wavelengths where IR spectra provides more
specific qualitative information.
IR spectra is called “fingerprints”
because no other chemical species will have
similar IR spectrum.
3
7. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy deals with
the interaction of infrared radiation with
matter.
IR spectrum provides…..
Important information about its chemical
nature and molecular structure
IR applicability for…..
Analysis of organic materials
Polyatomic inorganic molecules
Organometallic compounds
7
8. IR region subdivided into 3 sub-regions
A.Near
IR region (Nearest to the visible)
780 nm to 2.5 μm (12,800 to 4000 cm-1)
le
visi b N
B. Mid IR region E
A
2.5 to 50 μm (4000 – 200 cm-1) R
M
infrared
I
D
C. Far IR region
F
50 to 1000 μm (200 – 10cm-1) A
R
e
w av
cro
mi 8
9. 1. IR absorption only occurs when IR radiation
interacts with a molecule undergoing a
change in dipole moment as it vibrates
or rotates.
2. Infrared absorption only
occurs when
the incoming IR photon has
sufficient energy for the
transition to the next allowed
vibrational state.
No absorption can occur if both rules 9
10. Absorption of IR radiation corresponds to energy
changes on the order of 8 to 40 kJ/mole.
Radiation in this energy range corresponds to
stretching and bending vibrational
frequencies of the bonds in most covalent
molecules.
In the absorption process, those frequencies of
IR radiation which match the natural
vibrational frequencies of the molecule are
absorbed.
The energy absorbed will increase the
amplitude of the vibrational motions of the
bonds in the molecule. 10
11. NOT ALL bonds in a molecule are capable
of absorbing IR energy. Only those bonds
that have change in dipole moment are
capable to absorb IR radiation.
The larger the dipole change, the
stronger the intensity of the band in
an IR spectrum.
11
12. is a measure of the extent to which a
separation exists between the centers
of positive and negative charge within
a molecule.
δ-
O
δ+
H H
δ+
12
13. In heteronuclear diatomic molecule,
because of the difference in
electronegativities of the two atoms, one
atom acquires a small positive charge (δ+),
the other a negative charge (δ-).
This molecule is then said to have a dipole
moment whose magnitude, μ = qd
distance of separation of the charge
13
14. A. Compound absorb in IR region
Organic compounds, carbon
monoxide
B. Compounds DO NOT absorb in
IR region
O2, H2, N2, Cl2
14
15. Molecular vibration
divided into
back & forth involves change
movement in bond angles
stretching bending
wagging
scissoring
symmetrical asymmetrical rocking twisting
out of
in-plane plane
vibration vibration
15
20. a drop of the pure (neat) liquid is squeezed
between two rock-salt plates to give a layer
that has thickness 0.01mm or less.
2 plates held together by capillary mounted
in the beam path.
20
21. What is meant by “neat” liquid?
Neat liquid is a pure liquid that do not contain
any solvent or water.
Neat liquid method is applied when the amount
of liquid is small or when a suitable solvent is
unavailable.
21
22. There are 2 ways to prepare solid
sample for IR spectroscopy.
1. Solid that is soluble in solvent . The
most commonly IR solvent is carbon
tetrachloride, CCl4.
2. Solid that is insoluble in CCl 4 or any
other IR solvents can be prepared
either by KBr pellet or Mulls.
22
23. KBr PELLET
The finely ground solid sample is mixed with
potassium bromide (KBr). The mixture is
pressed under high pressure (10,000 –
15,000 psi) in special die to form a pellet.
KBr pellet then can be inserted into a holder
in the IR spectrometer.
23
24. MULLS
2-5 mg finely powdered sample is ground
(grind) together with the presence 1 or 2
drops of a heavy hydrocarbon oil called
Nujol to form a Mull.
Mull is then examined as a film between flat
salt plates.
Mulls method is applied when solid not
soluble in an IR transparent solvent
and solid is not convenient to be
pelleted with KBr.
24
25. What is Mull
A thick paste formed by grinding an
insoluble solid with an inert liquid and used
for studying spectra of the solid.
What is Nujol
A trade name for a heavy medicinal liquid
paraffin. Extensively used as a mulling agent
in spectroscopy.
25
29. Generate a beam with sufficient
power in the λ region of interest to
permit ready detection & measurement.
Provide continuous radiation which
made up of all λ’s with the region
(continuum source).
Provide stable output for the period
needed to measure both P 0 and P.
29
32. Why FTIR is developed?
To overcome limitations
encountered with the
dispersive instruments.
Dispersive IR
spectrophotometer has slow
scanning speed due to
measurement of individual
molecules/atom.
It utilize the use of an 32
35. Interferometer
Special instrument which can read IR
frequencies simultaneously.
Faster method than dispersive instrument.
Interferograms are transformed into
frequency spectrums by using
mathematical technique called Fourier
Transformation.
FT
Calculations
interferograms IR spectrum
35
36. Majority of commercially available FTIR instruments
are based upon Michelson interferometer.
3
4
1
5 2
6
36
37. Advantages FTIR
High sensitivity.
High resolution.
Quick data acquisition ( data for an
entire spectrum can be obtained in 1
s or less).
37
39. IR spectrum is due to specific structural
features, a specific bond, within the
molecule, since the vibrational states
of individual bonds represent 1
vibrational transition.
From IR spectrum we could predict
the present of atoms or group of
atoms or functional groups such as the
present of an O-H bond or a C=O or an
aromatic ring.
39
42. How to analyze IR spectra
1. Begin by looking in the region from
4000-1300. Look at the C–H stretching
bands around 3000.
Indicates
Are any or all to the right alkyl groups (present in
of 3000? most organic molecules)
Are any or all to the left of a C=C bond or aromatic
3000? group in the molecule
42
43. 2. Look for a carbonyl in the region
1760-1690. If there is such a band:
Indicates
a carboxylic acid
Is an O–H band also present?
group
Is a C–O band also present? an ester
Is an aldehyde C–H band also
an aldehyde
present?
Is an N–H band also present? an amide
Are none of the above present? a ketone
(also check the exact position of the carbonyl band for clues as to
the type of carbonyl compound it is)
43
44. 3. Look for a broad O–H band in the
region 3500-3200 cm -1 . If there is
such a band:
Indicates
Is an O–H band present? an alcohol or phenol
4. Look for a single or double sharp N–H
band in the region 3400-3250 cm -1 . If
there is such a band:
Indicates
Are there two bands? a primary amine
Is there only one band? a secondary amine
44
45. 5. Other structural features to check for
Indicates
an ether (or an ester if there
Are there C–O stretches?
is a carbonyl band too)
Is there a C=C stretching
an alkene
band?
Are there aromatic
an aromatic
stretching bands?
Is there a C≡C band? an alkyne
Are there -NO2 bands? a nitro compound
45
46. How to analyze IR
spectra
If there is an absence of major functional
group bands in the region 4000-1300 cm -1
(other than C–H stretches), the compound is
probably a strict hydrocarbon.
Also check the region from 900-650 cm -1 .
Aromatics, alkyl halides, carboxylic acids, amines,
and amides show moderate or strong absorption
bands (bending vibrations) in this region.
As a beginning student, you should not try to
assign or interpret every peak in the
spectrum. Concentrate on learning the
major bands and recognizing their
presence and absence in any given
46
spectrum.
50. CH Stretch for sp3 C-H around 3000 – 2840 cm-1.
CH 2 Methylene groups have a characteristic bending absorption
at approximate 1465 cm-1
CH 3 Methyl groups have a characteristic bending absorption at
approximate 1375 cm-1
CH 2 The bending (rocking) motion associated with four or more
CH2 groups in an open chain occurs at about 720 cm -1
50
52. ALKENE
=C-H Stretch for sp2 C-H occurs at values greater than 3000 cm -1.
=C-H out-of-plane (oop) bending occurs in the range 1000 – 650 cm -1
C=C stretch occurs at 1660 – 1600 cm-1;
often conjugation moves C=C stretch to lower frequencies
and increases the intensity.
52
54. ALKYNE
CH Stretch for sp C - H occurs near 3300 cm-1.
C C Stretch occurs near 2150 cm-1; conjugation moves stretch to
lower frequency.
54
55. AROMATIC
RINGS
C H Stretch for sp2 C-H occurs at values greater than 3000 cm-1.
Ring stretch absorptions occur in pairs at 1600 cm-1 and
C C 1475 cm-1.
C H Bending occurs at 900 - 690cm-1.
55
57. C-H Bending ( for Aromatic
Ring)
The out-of-plane (oop) C-H bending is useful in order to assign the
positions of substituents on the aromatic ring.
Monosubstituted rings
•this substitution pattern always gives a strong absorption near 690
cm-1. If this band is absent, no monosubstituted ring is present. A
second strong band usually appears near 750 cm -1.
Ortho-Disubstituted rings
•one strong band near 750 cm-1.
Meta- Disubstituted rings
•gives one absorption band near 690 cm-1 plus one near 780 cm-1. A
third band of medium intensity is often found near 880 cm -1.
Para- Disubstituted rings 57
- one strong band appears in the region from 800 to 850 cm -1.
59. Meta- Disubstituted rings
- gives one absorption band near 690 cm-1 plus one near 780
C H cm-1. A third band of medium intensity is often found near 880
cm-1.
59
61. ALCOHOL
H H
H OH H
H C C OH
H C C C H
H H
H H H
Primary alcohol 10
Secondary alcohol 20
CH3
H3C C OH
CH3 Tertiary alcohol 30
61
62. ALCOHOL
O-H The hydrogen-bonded O-H band is a broad peak at 3400 – 3300 cm -1.
This band is usually the only one present in an alcohol that
has not been dissolved in a solvent (neat liquid).
C-O-H Bending appears as a broad and weak peak at 1440 – 1220 cm-1
often obscured by the CH3 bendings.
C-O Stretching vibration usually occurs in the range 1260 – 1000 cm-1.
This band can be used to assign a primary, secondary or tertiary
structure to an alcohol.
62
66. ETHER
R O R'
C-O The most prominent band is that due to C-O stretch,
1300 – 1000 cm -1 .
Absence of C=O and O-H is required to ensure that C-O stretch
is not due to an ester or an alcohol.
Phenyl alkyl ethers give two strong bands at about
1250 – 1040 cm-1,
while aliphatic ethers give one strong band at about 1120 cm -1.
66
68. CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
cm-1
1810 1800 1760 1735 1725 1715 1710 1690
Anhydride Acid Chloride Anhydride Ester Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic acid
Amide
(band 1) (band 2)
Normal base values for the C=O stretching vibrations for
carbonyl groups.
68
69. ALDEHYDE
R C H
O
R C H C=O stretch appear in range 1740-1725 cm-1 for
O normal aliphatic aldehydes
Ar C H Conjugation of C=O with phenyl; 1700 – 1660 cm-1 for C=O
O and 1600 – 1450 cm-1 for ring (C=C)
C-H Stretch, aldehyde hydrogen (---CHO), consists of weak
bands, one at 2860 - 2800 cm-1 and
the other at 2760 – 2700 cm-1.
69
71. KETONE
R C R'
O
R C R' C=O stretch appear in range 1720-1708
O cm-1 for normal aliphatic ketones
Ar C R' Conjugation of C=O with phenyl at 1700 –
O 1680 cm-1 for C=O
and 1600 – 1450 cm-1 for ring (C=C)
71
75. ESTER
R C O R
O
R C O R C=O stretch appear in range 1750-1735 cm-1 for
O normal aliphatic esters
Ar C O R Conjugation of C=O with phenyl; 1740 – 1715 cm -1
O for C=O
and 1600 – 1450 cm-1 for ring (C=C)
C – O Stretch in two or more bands, one stronger and
one broader than the other,
occurs in the range 1300 – 1000 cm-1
75
79. O
R C Cl
Stretch appear in range 1810 -1775 cm-1 in
C O conjugated chlorides. Conjugation lowers the
frequency to 1780 – 1760 cm-1
C Cl Stretch occurs in the range 730 -550 cm -1
Acid chloride show a very strong band for the C=O group.
79
80. O O
R C O C R
C O Stretch always has two bands, 1830 -1800 cm -1 and 1775 –
1740 cm-1, with variable relative intensity.
Conjugation moves the absorption to a lower frequency.
Ring strain (cyclic anhydride) moves absorptions to a
higher frequency.
C O Stretch (multiple bands) occurs in the range 1300 -900 cm -1
80
81. H
R N R
Secondary amine , 20
H R N R
R N
H R
Primary amine, 10 Tertiary amine, 30
81
82. N–H
Stretching occurs in the range 3500 – 3300 cm -1.
Primary amines have two bands.
Secondary amines have one band, a vanishingly
weak one for aliphatic compounds and a stronger one
for aromatic secondary amines.
Tertiary amines have no N – H stretch.
N–H Bending in primary amines results in a broad band in the
range 1640 – 1560 cm-1.
Secondary amines absorb near 1500 cm-1
N–H Out-of-plane bending absorption can sometimes be
observed near 800 cm-1
C–N Stretch occurs in the range 1350 – 1000 cm-1
82