The document summarizes a report on the installation and training of an Alpha FT-IR spectrometer at the Jimma Agricultural Research Center in Ethiopia. Key points include:
- The Alpha FT-IR was successfully installed and can be used to identify and quantify agricultural samples, though the battery needs replacing.
- FT-IR spectroscopy works by measuring the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample to produce a molecular "fingerprint" spectrum that can be used to identify materials.
- The Alpha FT-IR has advantages over older dispersive instruments like being smaller, faster, more sensitive, and requiring less maintenance. However, it needs skilled personnel for advanced analysis.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy) involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that helps diagnose various medical conditions.
The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements in digital technology.
Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many clinical settings.
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in all its forms with the matter. The interaction might give rise to electronic excitations, (e.g. UV), molecular vibrations (e.g. IR) or nuclear spin orientations (e.g. NMR). Thus Spectroscopy is the science of the interaction of energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), acoustic waves, or particle beams, with the matter.
Here in this article, the matter is studied in further detail.
The Wonderful World of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)InsideScientific
To watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/the-wonderful-world-of-scanning-electrochemical-microscopy-secm/
In this webinar, Dr. Janine Mauzeroll discusses the fundamentals, critical experimental parameters and recent applications for scanning electrochemical Microscopy (SECM).
In its simplest form, SECM is a scanning probe technique in which a small-scale electrode is scanned across an immersed substrate while recording the current response. This response is dependent on both the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of the substrate. Consequently, using an array of operational modes, a wide variety of substrates and experimental systems can be characterized. The strength of SECM lies in its ability to quantify material flux from a surface with a high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been used in a variety of applications fields.
Dr. Janine Mauzeroll describes the fundamentals of SECM, including the required instrumentation and the principles of the most frequently used operational modes. Following this basic understanding of SECM principles, she then moves towards a comprehensive summary of the critical parameters for any SECM experiment. Specifically, she discusses in detail redox mediators, probes, and solvent systems that are used in SECM experiments. Finally, she presents recent applications of SECM with an emphasis on her work in the last five years related to material characterization, corrosion and batteries.
Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that helps diagnose various medical conditions.
The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements in digital technology.
Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many clinical settings.
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation in all its forms with the matter. The interaction might give rise to electronic excitations, (e.g. UV), molecular vibrations (e.g. IR) or nuclear spin orientations (e.g. NMR). Thus Spectroscopy is the science of the interaction of energy, in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), acoustic waves, or particle beams, with the matter.
Here in this article, the matter is studied in further detail.
The Wonderful World of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)InsideScientific
To watch the webinar, go to:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/the-wonderful-world-of-scanning-electrochemical-microscopy-secm/
In this webinar, Dr. Janine Mauzeroll discusses the fundamentals, critical experimental parameters and recent applications for scanning electrochemical Microscopy (SECM).
In its simplest form, SECM is a scanning probe technique in which a small-scale electrode is scanned across an immersed substrate while recording the current response. This response is dependent on both the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of the substrate. Consequently, using an array of operational modes, a wide variety of substrates and experimental systems can be characterized. The strength of SECM lies in its ability to quantify material flux from a surface with a high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been used in a variety of applications fields.
Dr. Janine Mauzeroll describes the fundamentals of SECM, including the required instrumentation and the principles of the most frequently used operational modes. Following this basic understanding of SECM principles, she then moves towards a comprehensive summary of the critical parameters for any SECM experiment. Specifically, she discusses in detail redox mediators, probes, and solvent systems that are used in SECM experiments. Finally, she presents recent applications of SECM with an emphasis on her work in the last five years related to material characterization, corrosion and batteries.
Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and TextileAzmir Latif Beg
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid or gas. FTIR offers quantitative and qualitative analysis for organic and inorganic samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in fiber. By FTIR we only know the name of fiber is identified. By this technique we can identify the exact composition of fiber like 80 % polyester 20 % cotton.
Resveratrol, Caloric Restriction and Longevity in Human Mitochondrial Dysfunc...Ayetenew Abita Desa
Caloric restriction and the phytoalexin resveratrol found to increase longevity and decrease aging. This is the summary I have made after extensive review. everybody is invited to comment on it.
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
This ppt describes the overview of enzyme regulation and Allosterism. Presented since October 23,2017GC at Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Department of medical biochemistry.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Ftir tarininng report pdf
1. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 1
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
NUTRITIONAL AND AGRICULTURAL LABORATORIES DIRACTORATE
AGRICULTURAL QUALITY RESEARCH LABORATORY
REPORT ON FTIR INSTALATION TRAINING WHICH HELD AT JIMMA
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER
AYETENEW ABITA (BSc In Chemistry)
Introduction
Spectrophotometer is an instrument which measure the amount of light absorbed, emitted and
reflected by the sample which is going to be analysis. The instruments are designed depending
on the wavelength of the light with different characteristics of energy such as x-ray, UV, visible,
IR, microwave, radio wave and the like. And when the sample is exposed to the electromagnetic
radiation, the sample will have different characteristics depending on the energy they exposed
i.e. when a sample absorbs an electromagnetic radiation it will cause for the electronic excitation,
nuclear excitation, molecular vibration, molecular rotation and etc depending on the energy
applied to the sample.
Depending on the intended use spectrophotometer may flame atomic absorption
spectrophotometer (FAAS), Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer
(ICP-AES), Microwave plasma Atomic emission spectrophotometer (MP-AES), Flam atomic
emission spectrophotometer (FAES), near infrared reflectance spectrophotometer (NIRS),
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance
spectrophotometer (NMR), Raman spectrophotometer and etc.
What is FT-IR? FT-IR stands for Fourier Transform Infra Red, the preferred method of infrared
spectroscopy. In infrared spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through a sample. Some of the
infrared radiation is absorbed by the sample and some of it is passed through (transmitted). The
2. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 2
resulting spectrum represents the molecular absorption and transmission, creating a molecular
fingerprint of the sample. Like a fingerprint no two unique molecular structures produce the
same infrared spectrum. This makes infrared spectroscopy useful for several types of analysis.
What information can FT-IR provide?
• It can identify unknown materials
• It can determine the quality or consistency of a sample
• It can determine the amount of components in a mixture
Why Infrared Spectroscopy?
Infrared spectroscopy has been a workhorse technique for materials analysis in the laboratory for
over seventy years. An infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption
peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making
up the material. Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two
compounds produce the exact same infrared spectrum. Therefore, infrared spectroscopy can
result in a positive identification (qualitative analysis) of every different kind of material. In
addition, the size of the peaks in the spectrum is a direct indication of the amount of material
present. With modern software algorithms, infrared is an excellent tool for quantitative analysis.
Older Technology
The original infrared instruments were of the dispersive type. These instruments separated the
individual frequencies of energy emitted from the infrared source. This was accomplished by the
use of a prism or grating. An infrared prism works exactly the same as a visible prism which
separates visible light into its colors (frequencies). A grating is a more modern dispersive
element which better separates the frequencies of infrared energy. The detector measures the
amount of energy at each frequency which has passed through the sample. This results in a
spectrum which is a plot of intensity vs. frequency.
3. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is preferred over dispersive or filter methods of
infrared spectral analysis for several reasons:
• It is a non-destructive technique.
• It provides a precise measurement method which requires no external calibration.
• It can increase speed, collecting a scan every second.
• It can increase sensitivity – one second scans can be co-added together to ratio out random
noise.
• It has greater optical throughput.
• It is mechanically simple with only one moving part.
Why FT-IR?
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry was developed in order to overcome the
limitations encountered with dispersive instruments. The main difficulty was the slow scanning
process. A method for measuring all of the infrared frequencies simultaneously, rather than
individually, was needed. A solution was developed which employed a very simple optical
device called an interferometer. The interferometer produces a unique type of signal which has
all of the infrared frequencies “encoded” into it. The signal can be measured very quickly,
usually on the order of one second or so. Thus, the time element per sample is reduced to a
matter of a few seconds rather than several minutes.
Most interferometers employ a beam splitter which takes the incoming infrared beam and
divides it into two optical beams. One beam reflects off of a flat mirror which is fixed in place.
The other beam reflects off of a flat mirror which is on a mechanism which allows this mirror to
move a very short distance (typically a few millimeters) away from the beam splitter. The two
beams reflect off of their respective mirrors and are recombined when they meet back at the
beam splitter. Because the path that one beam travels is a fixed length and the other is constantly
changing as its mirror moves, the signal which exits the interferometer is the result of these two
beams “interfering” with each other. The resulting signal is called an interferogram which has
the unique property that every data point (a function of the moving mirror position) which makes
up the signal has information about every infrared frequency which comes from the source.
4. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 4
This means that as the interferogram is measured; all frequencies are being measured
simultaneously. Thus, the use of the interferometer results in extremely fast measurements.
Because the analyst requires a frequency spectrum (a plot of the intensity at each individual
frequency) in order to make identification, the measured interferogram signal cannot be
interpreted directly. A means of “decoding” the individual frequencies is required. This can be
accomplished via a well-known mathematical technique called the Fourier transformation.
This transformation is performed by the computer which then presents the user with the desired
spectral information for analysis.
The Sample Analysis Process
The normal instrumental process is as follows:
1. The Source: Infrared energy is emitted from a glowing black-body source. This beam passes
through an aperture which controls the amount of energy presented to the sample (and,
ultimately,to the detector).
2. The Interferometer: The beam enters the interferometer where the “spectral encoding” takes
place. The resulting interferogram signal then exits the interferometer.
3. The Sample: The beam enters the sample compartment where it is transmitted through or
reflected off of the surface of the sample, depending on the type of analysis being accomplished.
This is where specific frequencies of energy, which are uniquely characteristic of the sample, are
absorbed.
4. The Detector: The beam finally passes to the detector for final measurement. The detectors
used are specially designed to measure the special interferogram signal.
5. The Computer: The measured signal is digitized and sent to the computer where the Fourier
transformation takes place. The final infrared spectrum is then presented to the user for
interpretation and any further manipulation.
Because there needs to be a relative scale for the absorption intensity, a background spectrum
must also be measured. This is normally a measurement with no sample in the beam. This can be
compared to the measurement with the sample in the beam to determine the “percent
transmittance.”This technique results in a spectrum which has all of the instrumental
5. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 5
characteristics removed. Thus, all spectral features which are present are strictly due to the
sample. A single background measurement can be used for many sample measurements because
this spectrum is characteristic of the instrument itself.
Advantages of FT-IR
Some of the major advantages of FT-IR over the dispersive technique include:
• Speed: Because all of the frequencies are measured simultaneously, most measurements by
FT-IR are made in a matter of seconds rather than several minutes. This is sometimes referred to
as the Felgett Advantage.
• Sensitivity: Sensitivity is dramatically improved with FT-IR for many reasons. The detectors
employed are much more sensitive, the optical throughput is much higher (referred to as the
Jacquinot Advantage) which results in much lower noise levels, and the fast scans enable the
coaddition of several scans in order to reduce the random measurement noise to any desired level
(referred to as signal averaging).
• Mechanical Simplicity: The moving mirror in the interferometer is the only continuously
moving part in the instrument. Thus, there is very little possibility of mechanical breakdown.
• Internally Calibrated: These instruments employ a HeNe laser as an internal wavelength
calibration standard (referred to as the Connes Advantage). These instruments are self-
calibrating and never need to be calibrated by the user.
These advantages, along with several others, make measurements made by FT-IR extremely
accurate and reproducible. Thus, it is a very reliable technique for positive identification of
virtually any sample. The sensitivity benefits enable identification of even the smallest of
contaminants. This makes FT-IR an invaluable tool for quality control or quality assurance
applications whether it be batch-to-batch comparisons to quality standards or analysis of an
unknown contaminant. In addition, the sensitivity and accuracy of FT-IR detectors, along with a
wide variety of software algorithms, have dramatically increased the practical use of infrared for
quantitative analysis. Quantitative methods can be easily developed and calibrated and can be
incorporated into simple procedures for routine analysis.
6. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 6
Thus, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) technique has brought significant practical
advantages to infrared spectroscopy. It has made possible the development of many new
sampling techniques which were designed to tackle challenging problems which were impossible
by older technology. It has made the use of infrared analysis virtually limitless.
Alpha FT-IR
Alpha FT-IR is installed at Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research spastically at Jima
Agricultural research center which is ideal for the identification and quantification of agricultural
samples physicochemical analysis. The instrument is the world smallest FT-IR which is
extraordinary for small bench having battery accommodating a power for 8 hours running.
The training for the installation and acquaintance of the instrument was held from 31 December
to 01 January 2015 at Jima Agricultural research center.
The instrument has installed successfully even though the battery is not functional and pending
for replacement for Brucker Company, which is the owner of the instrument.
The FT-IR spectrometer ALPHA is a perfect fit for classrooms and teaching laboratories: It
combines a high performance optic delivering excellent sensitivity, measurement stability and x-
axis accuracy at an affordable price. Due to its small size, the ALPHA can be placed almost
everywhere. Being robust and generating reliable high quality data the ALPHA is suitable for
educational and research applications alike. The ALPHA´s smart hard and software design
makes FT-IR analysis simpler than it has ever been before.
7. FT-IR training report, January, 2015
Page | 7
Unlike other instruments Alpha FT-IR is lots advantages’ such as;
Simplicity of sample preparation
Safety
Multiple component analysis with one running
For both qualification and quantification.
for analysis of multiple sample matrices
The alpha FT-IR needs grinding and loading of the sample which is extremely easy sample
preparation requiring very small amount of sample for scanning as shown in the figure below.
The sample preparation is as easy as shown in the figure above such as grinding the sample,
loading it, putting it in to the sample cabinet and inserting to the instrument for scanning. But the
instrument needs highly skilled personnel for the development of model for sophisticated
chemometrics knowledge. The quantification of the analyte is also very much dependent on the
wet chemistry information which is preliminarily feed to the Instrument.
The instrument has sophisticated software for both the interpretation of the spectral data and
operation of the system such as the R and OPUS software.