An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the material-Because each different material is a unique combination of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum, therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different kind of material!
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
In this slides contains principle and instrumentation of Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC).
Presented by: N Poojitha. (Department of pharmaceutics),
RIPER, anantapur.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
Detectors are the brain of any chromatograhic system. It help us to record the chromatogram based on certain characteristics of the analyte and help us in identifying that compound both qualitatively and quantitatively.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
In this slide contains Interference In Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and applications.
Presented by: Shaik Gouse ul azam. ( department of pharmaceutical analysis.)
RIPER, anantpur.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
Infrared Spectroscopy-Principles, Instrumentation and Applicationsuriyachem27
In this presentation, I mentioned Principles, Vibration, Potential energy diagram , Harmonic Oscillator, Vibration mode, instrumentation and application of IR spectroscopy . I referred Principles of Instrumental analysis, Seventh edition, Skoog, Holler and crouch. Once you read this Presentation you will get clear point about IR spectroscopy.
IR SPECTROSCOPY-INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, TYPE OF VIBRATIONS, INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION{ FOR the m.pharm 1st year 2019
Presented by DIPSANKAR BERA(M.PHARM STUDENT)
FTIR SPECTROSCOPY,
Principle, Theory, Instrumentation and Application in Pharmaceutical Industry
IR Spectroscopy- Absorption Theory
Type of Vibrations & Vibration Energy level
FTIR Spectrophotometer-Instrumentation
Operation of the Spectrophotometer
Qualification & Calibration
IR Absorption by Organic compounds
Application
FDA citation in FTIR Analysis-Pharmaceutical Industries
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Content
Introduction of Infrared Spectroscopy
Difference between Infrared and Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy
Introduction of FTIR
Sample preparation
Instrumentation
Michelson interferometer
Interferogram
Advantages
Disadvantage
References
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 2
3. Why Infrared Spectroscopy ?
An Infrared spectrum represents a fingerprint of a sample with
absorption peaks which correspond to the frequencies of
vibrations between the bonds of the atoms making up the
material-Because each different material is a unique combination
of atoms, no two compounds produce the exact same spectrum,
therefore IR can result in a unique identification of every different
kind of material!
FingerPrint
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 3
4. What is Infrared?
Infrared waves have wavelengths longer than visible but shorter than
microwaves.
The Infrared region is divided into 3 regions :
Near IR : 0.8 to 2.5 u
Infrared region : 2.5 to 15 u
Far IR : 15u to 200 u
Infrared radiation stimulates molecular vibrations.
Infrared spectra are traditionally displayed as %T versus wave number.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 4
5. Stretching: Change in inter-atomic distance along bond axis
Bending: Change in angle between two bonds.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 5
6. To separate IR light, a grating is used.
Grating
Light source
Detector
Sample
Slit
To select the specified IR
light,
A slit is used.
Dispersion
Spectrometer
In order to measure an IR spectrum
the dispersion Spectrometer takes
several minutes.
Also the detector receives only
a few % of the energy of
original light source.
Fixed mirror
B.S.
Moving mirror
IR Light source
Sample
detector
An interferogram is first made
by the interferometer using IR
light.
The interferogram is calculated
and transformed
into a spectrum using a Fourier
Transform (FT).
FTIR
In order to measure an IR
spectrum,
FTIR takes only a few seconds.
Moreover, the detector receives
up to 50% of the energy of
original light source.
(much larger than the dispersion
spectrometer) .
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 6
7. • Difference between FTIR and dispersive IR:
Sr.no. Dispersive IR Fourier Transform IR
1 There are many moving parts resulting in
mechanical slippage and wear. Only the mirror moves during an experiment
2 Calibration against reference spectra is
required to measure frequency .
Use of a laser provides high frequency (to 0.01
cm-1).
3 Slow scanning speed. Rapid scan speeds permit monitoring sample
undergoing rapid change.
4 In order to improve resolution only a small
amount of the IR beam may be allowed to
pass through the slits.
A much larger beam may be used at all times.
Data collection is easier .
5 Only radiation of a narrow frequency range
falls on the detector at any one time .
All frequencies of radiation fall on the detector
simultaniously .
6 The samples is subject to thermal effect
from the focused beam .
The sample is not subject to thermal effects.
7 Less sensitive, time consuming. High sensitivity ,precision & faster .
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 7
8. FTIR
FTIR is a powerful tool for identifying the type of chemical bond present in
a molecule.
FTIR have greatly extended the capabilities of IR and applied to many areas
that are difficult to analyze by dispersive instrument.
In dispersive IR , IR light is separated into it’s individual frequency by
dispersion using a grating monochromatic
All frequencies and intensities can be simultaneously determined.
FTIR gives a plot of intensity v/s frequency.
The instrument used for FTIR is Scanning Michelson interferometer.
FTIR frequencies are allowed to intersect to produce an interference pattern
and this pattern is analyzed mathematically using “FOURIER
TRANSFORM”, to determine the individual frequencies and their
intensities.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 8
9. FTIR Instrumentation
The Michelson interferometer consist of following parts:
1) A moving mirror.
2) A fixed mirror.
3) A beam splitter.
4) A radiation source.
5) FTIR Detector.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 9
12. •To obtain an spectrum, the sample must be
placed in a “container” or cell that is transparent
in the IR region of the spectrum.
•Sodium chloride or salt plates are a common
means of placing the sample in the light beam of
the instrument.
Sample Cell
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 12
14. Sources
Nernst Glower
Hollow rod about 2mm in diameter & 30 mm in length,composed
of rare earth oxide.
Externally heated (1000-1800 C).
Radiation over wide wavelength range.
Globar source
Rod of sintered silicon carbide,50mm in length & 4-8mm in diameter,
Self starting.
Heated to temp.between 1300-1700 C.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 14
15. Tungsten Incandescent Lamp
Black body source
Used in near IR instrument.
Nichrome/Rhodium wire
Coiled , heated
Emits in Mid-IR
Black oxide layer formation.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 15
16. FTIR DETECTOR
A)Thermal Detector
1) Thermocouple-
Two junctions of dissimilar metals connected together.
Electricity directly propotional to energy difference between 2
connections.
2)Bolometer-
One arm of Wheastone bridge & similar strip of metal is used as balancing
arm of bridge which is not expose to radiation.
Amount of current flowing is directly prop. to amount of radiation falling
on the detector.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 16
17. B)Photon detector
Interaction between incident photon and semiconductor.
Energy from photon stricking electron in detector and raises them
from non-conducting to conductance state.
E.g. MCT detector.
C) Pyroelectric Detector
DTGS Detector
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 17
19. δ = nλ Constructive Interference will take place for any value of δ
when the two beams are in phase
n=0,1,2,3,…..
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 19
20. Destructive Interference
Fixed Mirror
Moving Mirror
δ = ( n + 1/2 ) λ Totally destructive interference takes place when optical path
difference is 1/2 λ or some multiple of it-beams are completely out of phase
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 20
21. Advantages
• Fellgette advantage- High speed.
• Jacquinot advantage-High sensitivity.
• Slitless system.
• All of the energy of the source is utilized in FTIR.
• Rapid scan time with high sensitivity.
• Connes advantage.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 21
22. Disadvantages
FTIR instruments have a single beam, whereas dispersive
instruments usually have a double beam.
Interferograms are difficult to interpret without first
performing a Fouriertransform to produce a spectrum.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 22
23. References
William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, Published by Palgrave,
Third edition.
Gurdeep R.Chatwal, Sham K.Anand,Instrumental method of
Chemical analysis, Himalaya Publishing house,fifth edition.
Silverstein, A Spectroscopic Identification of Organic
compound,sixth edition.
Skoog wele Hollers, Analytical chemistry Introduction ,
Saunderls college publishing house ,eight edition.
B.K Sharma, Instrumental method of chemical analysis, Goel
publication, second edition.
Y.R Sharma, Elementary Organic Spectroscopy,Principles and
Chemical applications, S.Chand Publication, sixth edition.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 23
24. HabartH .Willard,Lynne L. Merritt,Johan A. Dean,
Frank A.Settle,Instrumental method of Analysis, CBS
Publisher and Distributors, New Delhi.
Dyer R John, Application of Absorption Spectroscopy
of unknown Organic compound, PHT, pvt. Ltd. New
Delhi.
06/04/16 SAGAR SAVALE 24