This document provides an overview of the nitrogen and carbon cycles. It describes the key steps in each cycle, including nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification for the nitrogen cycle. For the carbon cycle, it outlines how carbon is absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and released through respiration before being absorbed again in a repeating cycle. Various microorganisms and biochemical processes are involved at each step to transform nitrogen and carbon into different forms and recycle them in the environment.
Introduction,Definition, Cycling elements, Types of biogeochemical cycle- Gaseous cycle and sedimentary cycle Nitrogen cycle, steps of Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation Ammonification, and Denitrification and ecological function of nitrogen, use of nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle, steps of phosphorus cycle, biological functions of phosphorus cycle and other functions of phosphorus and conclusion
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
Introduction,Definition, Cycling elements, Types of biogeochemical cycle- Gaseous cycle and sedimentary cycle Nitrogen cycle, steps of Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification, Assimilation Ammonification, and Denitrification and ecological function of nitrogen, use of nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle, steps of phosphorus cycle, biological functions of phosphorus cycle and other functions of phosphorus and conclusion
Carbon cycle ppt
definition of Carbon cycle ppt
types of Carbon cycle ppt
discovery of Carbon cycle ppt
importance of Carbon cycle ppt
steps of Carbon cycle ppt
carbon cycle in water
harmful effect of Carbon cycle ppt
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
This is a comprehensive account of the nitrogen cycle in terrestrial environments. The nitrogen cycle is responsible for the circulation of nitrogen between inorganic and organic components of the environment.
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates among the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The conversion of nitrogen can be carried out through both biological and physical processes. Important processes in the nitrogen cycle include fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. The majority of Earth's atmosphere (78%) is nitrogen, making it the largest pool of nitrogen. However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems. The nitrogen cycle is of particular interest to ecologists because nitrogen availability can affect the rate of key ecosystem processes, including primary production and decomposition. Human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, use of artificial nitrogen fertilizers, and release of nitrogen in wastewater have dramatically altered the global nitrogen cycle.
you will learn about the primary and secondary productivity involved in ecosystem and about its types. it includes gross and net primary productivity also.
This is a comprehensive account of the nitrogen cycle in terrestrial environments. The nitrogen cycle is responsible for the circulation of nitrogen between inorganic and organic components of the environment.
how nitrogen play an very very important in our environment and how it occurs that is describe in this slid . i think it is helpful for your study. thank you.
Roles of microbes in nitrogen cycle aritriyaaritriyajana
There are many presentation on nitrogen cycle.but in my case i have to make a ppt on microbes role in nitrogen cycle.so i made it.and then upload it if anyone get help from it i will be pleased. Aritriya Jana(F.F.Sc)
The Nitrogen cycle is defined as the biogeochemical cycle process that involves transforming the inert nitrogen that is available in the atmosphere, into a more usable or conventional form, that can be actively used by plants, and various living organisms. Enroll now at Tutoroot.
La desnitrificación es un proceso metabólico que usa el nitrato como receptor terminal de electrones en condiciones anaerobias (ausencia de oxígeno) principalmente, conduciendo finalmente a nitrógeno molecular (gas, N2). La realizan exclusivamente ciertos microorganismos, entre los que destacan Alcaligenes, Paracoccus, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Rhizobium, Thiosphaera, entre otros.Algunas bacterias desnitrificantes son quimiolitoautótrofas y pueden oxidar compuestos inorgánicos de azufre como sulfhídrico (H2S), azufre elemental (S0), tiosulfato(S2O32-) o sulfito(SO32-) anaeróbicamente a expensas de la reducción del nitrato.7 Entre ellas, autótrofos obligados que crezcan a pHs neutros tan solo se conocen dos: Thiobacillus denitrificans y Thiomicrospira denitrificans8 y pueden llevar a cabo la sulfoxidación en condiciones aeróbicas o anóxicas. Recientemente se ha aislado Thioalkalivibrio denitrificans, un autótrofo, oxidador de azufre, capaz de crecer anaeróbicamente usando nitrito como aceptor de electrones a pH básico9
Las ventajas de este proceso respecto a la heterotrofía son varias. Para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, evita tener que añadir materia orgánica, reduciéndose así los costes, y para tratamiento de aguas potables, evita carbono residual en el efluente, ya que reduce el riesgo de sobrecrecimiento en los sistemas a tratar y de desinfección de la zona por los productos producidos debido a que los organismos autotrófos crecen más despacio y producen menos biomasa, con la consiguiente formación de menos productos celulares.10 Además los organismos autótrofos están mejor adaptados para el tratamiento de aguas subterráneas porque crecen a bajas concentraciones de compuestos orgánicos biodegradables. También posee un gran interés comercial y desde el punto de vista de la biotecnología ambiental puesto que es uno de los pocos ejemplos en los que puede oxidarse biológicamente compuestos reducidos del azufre (sulfoxidación) en ausencia de oxígeno elemental. Pero la principal ventaja de este proceso es la aparición de la desnitrificación acoplada a la oxidación de compuestos reducidos del azufre, combinando la eliminación simultánea de dos tipos de contaminantes, los nitratos y los compuestos reducidos del azufre (ecuación 2), teniendo así gran interés por sus aplicaciones biotecnológicas.
Principales parámetros que afectan la desnitrificación
Temperatura
De acuerdo con la literatura, los microorganismos desnitrificantes presentan actividad entre 5 y 75 °C.11 Se ha visto que no existe un cambio significativo en la actividad desnitrificante entre 20 y 30 °C con consorcios provenientes de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales.12
pH
El pH óptimo para la desnitrificación se encuentra entre 7 y 8.413 A valores de pH debajo de 6, se inhibe la enzima óxido nitroso reductasa y se acumula óxido nitroso.1411 En la revisión de Cervantes-Carrillo et al. (2000)13 se reporta que en cultivos continuos no se observa ninguna acumulación
Nitrogen is a universally occurring element in all the living beings.
Apart from water and mineral salts the next major substance in plant cell is protein (about 10-12% of the cell).
These proteins which are building blocks of the protoplasm are made up of nitrogenous substances called as the amino acids
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
4. CARBON CYCLE
Carbon >> is an element fundamental to all life.
Nature has devised a way to recycle this
elements, which is called the carbon cycle.
Plants take in carbon as CO2 through the
process of photosynthesis and convert it into
sugars, starches and other materials necessary
for plant's survival.
From the plants, carbon is passed up the food
chain to all the other organisms.
5. CARBON CYCLE
Both animals and plants release waste CO2.
This is due to the process called cell respiration
where the cells of an organisms breakdown
sugars to produce energy for the functions they
are required to perform.
This equation of cell respiration is as follows:
6.
7. CARBON CYCLE
CO2 is returned to the atmosphere when plants
and animals die and decompose. The
decomposers release CO2 back into the
atmosphere again by other plant during
photosynthesis.
In this way the cycle of CO2 being absorbed
from the atmosphere and being released again
is repeated over and over.
In the carbon cycle, the amount of carbon in the
environment always remains the same.
9. NITROGEN CYCLE
Nitrogen (N) >> is an essential nutrient used in
relatively large amounts by all living things.
The difficulty from a plant’s point of view is that
the N2 in the atmosphere is very non-reactive
and is not plant-available,
Plants obtain all the O2 and C they need from
the air but they get no N.
The conversion of N2 to N compound and from
N compound back to N2 is called the Nitrogen
Cycle.
13. 1) NITROGEN FIXATION
This is the first step in the N cycle.
Defined as the reduction of atmospheric N2 to
ammonia.
Can only be done biologically by a small and
highly specialized group of microorganisms in
the presence of the enzyme nitrogenase which
catalyzes the reduction of nitrogen gas (in atm)
to ammonia.
N2 + 8 H+ + 8 e− → 2 NH3 + H2
The ammonia is now combined with organic
acids to form amino acids and proteins.
14. 1) NITROGEN FIXATION
Nitrogen can be fixed from the atmosphere by:
a) Non Biological fixation (Fixation on N from
lightning)
b) Biological fixation
15. a) Non Biological Fixation
Nitrogen may be fixed by the electrical discharge of lightning in the
atmosphere.
Lightning + N2 + O2 ------- 2 NO
The nitrous oxide formed combines with oxygen to form NO 2
2 NO + O2 ------------------ 2 NO2
NO2 readily dissolves in water to produce nitroc and nitrous acids
2 NO2 +H2O ------------- HNO3 + HNO2
These acids readily release the hydrogen, forming nitrate and nitrite
ions.
The nitrate can be readily utilized by plants and microorganisms.
HNO3------------- H+ + NO3- (nitrate ions)
HNO2-------------H+ + NO2- (nitrite ions)
16. a) Biological fixation
Biological fixation may be symbiotic or non
symbiotic
>> Symbiotic N fixation (Symbiotic N Fixers)
refers to microorganism fixing N while growing in
association with a host plant.
Both the plant and microorganism benefits from
this relationship.
The most widely known example of such a
symbiotic association is between Rhizobium
bacteria and plants such as soybean, peanut
and alfafa.
17. a) Biological fixation
This bacteria infect the plant’s root and form
nodules
The bacteria within this nodule fix N2 and make
it available to the plant (70% of all N2 fixed in
world)
Symbiotic nitrogen fixers are associated with
plants and provide the plant with nitrogen in
exchange for the plants carbon (energy source)
and a protected home.
18. a)Biological fixation
>>> Non-symbiotic N fixation (free living N
fixers) is carried out by free living bacteria and
blue-green algae in the soil.
The amount of N fixed by these organisms is
much less than the amount fixed symbiotically.
Free living nitrogen fixers that generate
ammonia for their own use (e.g bacteria living in
soil but not associated with a root) include
bacteria, Azospirilium, Azotobacter spp. And
Clostridium spp. (30% of all N2 fixed in world)
19.
20. Factor affecting N Fixation
When soil nitrogen (NO3 or NH4) levels are high,
the formation of nodules is inhibited.
also, anything that impacts the carbohydrates
production will effect the amount of N fixed. In
order for the nitrogen to be used by succeeding
crops, the nodules and plant must be
incorporated into the soil, or no nitrogen will be
gained.
Harvesting for animal feed reduces the chances
for a net nitrogen gain, unless the manure is
returned to the soil.
22. 2) AMMONIFICATION
Second step in N cycle.
The biochemical process whereby ammoniacal
nitrogen is released from nitrogen- containing
organic compounds.
Soil bacteria decompose organic nitrogen forms
in soil to the ammonium form. This process is
referred to as ammonification.
The amounts of nitrogen released for plant
uptake by this process is most directly related to
the organic matter content.
The initial breakdown of a urea fertilizer may
also be termed as an ammonification process.
23. In the plant, fixed nitrogen that is locked up in
the protoplasm (organic nitrogen) of N2 fixing
microbes has to be released for other cells.
This is done by the process of ammonification
with the assistance of deaminating enzymes.
In the plant:
alanine (an amino acid) + deaminating enzyme > ammonia = pyruvic
acid
In the soil:
RNH2 (Organic N) = heterotropic (ammonifying) bacteria > NH3
(ammonia) + R
> In soils NH3 is rapidly converted to NH4 when hydrogen ions are
plentiful (pH < 7.5)
24. Fate of Ammonium
Ammonium has several divergent pathways
from this point forth.
Plants and algae can assimilate ammonia and
ammonium directly for the biosynthesis.
The remaining bulk of decomposed by products
is utilized by bacteria in a process called
nitrification.
Some are used by heterotroph for further
assimilation of organic carbon. Some are fixed
by clay particles and made unavailable or other
uses.
26. 3) NITRIFICATION
This is the third step in nitrogen cycle.
Conversion of ammonium to nitrate (NO3-)
Performed by several species of nitrifying
bacteria that live in the soil
NH4+ NO3- (Nitrate)
27. Organic N (protein amino
acids
most microb
AMMONIFICATION
NH4 +
O2
Nitrosomonas
4H+
NO2-
NITRIFICATION
O2
Nitrobacter
NO3-
29. >>> In the first step of nitrification:
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria oxidize ammonia to
nitrite according to equation (1).
NH3 + O2 ---- NO2- + 3H + 2e-
(1)
Nitrososomas is the most frequently identified
genus associated with this step, although other
genera,
including
Nitrosococcus
and
Nitrosospira.
Some
subgenera,
Nitrosolobus
and
Nitrosovibrio, can also autotrophically oxidize
ammonia. (Watson et al. 1981).
30. >>>> In the second step of the process:
nitrite-oxidizing bacteria oxidize nitrite to nitrate
according to equation (2)
NO2- + H2O ---- NO3- + 2H + 2e-
(2)
Nitrobacter is the most frequently identified
genus associated with this second step,
although other genera, including Nitrospina,
Nitrococcus
and
Nitrospira
can
also
autotrophically oxidize nitrite.
31. Environmental influences
Physical and chemical factors affect the rate of
ammonium oxidation.
Acidity : acid environmental rate slower, due to
effect on the responsible species. > enhanced
by liming
Oxygen : since it is oxidation process, oxygen is
necessary, effect the microorganisms involved.
Water level: waterlogging can create anaerobic
condition.
Temperature
32. Nitrate pollution
Excessive nitrification may lead to undesirable
conditions.
1) Eutrophication
2) Infant and animal methemoglobinemia
3) Formation of nitrosamines
34. Denitrification
Fourth and last step of N cycle
Involves conversion of NO3 to N2 gas in the
presence of low oxygen levels.
C6H12O6 +4NO3- --- 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2N2 (gas) + NO + NO2
Bacterial denitrification is the microbial reduction
of NO3 to NO2 or N.
E.g : Pseudomonas use NO3 instead of O2 as a
terminal electron acceptor.
35. Denitrification is accelerated under anaerobic
(flooded or compacted) conditions and high
nitrogen inputs.
Denitrification results in environmental pollution
(destroys ozone) and also contributes to global
warming since nitrous oxides do have a minor
effect as a greenhouse gas.
Through nitrification and denitrification 10-20%
of applied N is lost.