3. Harmful
*microorganism in perianal area enter the urinary
tract (UT) causing infection in internal UT
Can prevent infection by:
Medical asepsis – personnel and hospital
environment should be clean from pathogens
Surgical asepsis – instrument used should be sterile
and including the surgical room
What did you implement in daily life?
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
6. Oils production
Different area consist of different microflora. Example
armpits vs forehead.
Moisture area will support larger populations; nutrients
from oils and sweat
Those normal flora might have capability to produce oils
that known as fatty acid providing an acidic condition of
particular area
Initiating host defense against infection in the 1st line
stage
But, excess of oils production might resulting an odour of
unpleasant smell to the body
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
7. Sweating
Beside oils, the 2nd line of host defends is the sweat
that are salty
However, in opposite situation, there are bacteria
that able to live in salty area such as Staphylococcus
sp.
Majority of the skin flora – Gram +ve : Staphylococcus,
Micrococcus and Corynebacterium
Hair follicles inhabitants – mite Demodex folliculorum
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
8. Skin shedding
3rd line defends is regarding the keratin-degrading
fungi
It helps in rapid and continuous shedding of skin
cells replacing layer by layer
Removing of skin cell together with group of m/org
on the skin
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
9. Closing the loop
Producing fatty acids that prevent growth of other
m/org
Excretion of lysozyme by sweat glands
Desquamation of epithelial
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
12. Anatomy of the oral
cavity
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
13. Mouth
Basically the 1st area expose to m/org – the m/org
more than people on earth
Affect the anatomy of mouth – teeth, tongue
Contain saliva use to flush down food and bacteria
to the digestive systems below
Level of efficacy of bacteria vary interms of
individual capability – physically and chemically
Resulting a tooth decay which are differ between
individual
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
14. Ecology of m/org
Currently, there are 400 species indentified
colonizing human mouth
There are a lots more unknown m/org that need to
be discovered
Colonization of m/org on cell lining cheek, tongue,
palate and floor of the mouth resulting bad breath
Major effects on tooth appearance
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
16. GI tract
In esophagus – no normal flora – pH of stomach
inhibit the colonization
Until the 2/3 of small intestine rarely contain normal
flora – except lactobacili and streptococci (transient
microbes)
The last 1/3 small intestine, the movement become
slower and leads to increasing of microbes
colonization
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
17. 1/3 small intestine
The main flora in 1/3 last small intestine –
Gram-negative
Facultitative anaerobe such as enterobacteriaceae
(E.coli)
obligate anaerobes (Bacteroides and Clostridium)
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
18. Large intestine
Food remain as long as 60 hrs – long period leads to
high microbes colonization and replication
50% of feces = microbes
Mostly Bacteroides
Eating foods of raw material derived from small
intestine
By-product = vit K for clotting of blood
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
22. Urogenital
All parts are sterile except urogenital opening
Urine collection should have ‘clean catch’ technique
E.coli and Lactobacillus are common flora = 100,000
bact/ml of urine
Collection during direct puncture (suprapubic) = sterile
sample
Acid pH, high salt and urea concentration leads to high
m/org growth
Urine sample should be refrigerated during
transportation if delay – high multiplication if stir in RT
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
23. Cont.
Mycobacterium smegmatis (acid fast staining bacili)
live in external genitalia of female and male
Esp under penis of uncircumsized male – smegma
If included in the sample, might leads to confusion
wt the tuberculosis patient which actually having M.
tuberculosis
In male, 1/3 of deep are for genital area don’t have
normal flora
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
24. In female..
Due to hormonal changes..
Child-bearing – lactobacili numerous in vagina
(eating glycogen)
Glycogen in vaginal cell will be fermented become
lactic acid and pH decrease to 4.7
Childhood and after menopause, lactobacili absent
coz no glycogen –replaced by streptococci and
staphylococci due to alkaline pH in vagina
MIC341 - Miss Rashidah Hj Iberahim
