- Water is essential for life but only a small fraction of Earth's water is readily available for human use. Humans currently use about 54% of available freshwater runoff.
- Water is used for agriculture, industry, domestic purposes, transportation, and more. However, water pollution from various sources threatens available water supplies and ecosystems. The lecture discusses different types of water pollutants including organic, inorganic, microbiological and thermal pollutants. It emphasizes the importance of addressing water pollution to protect water resources and public health.
This document discusses water pollution from an assignment submitted by Sidhartha Borah. It begins with background on water and its importance for life. It then discusses various sources of water pollution including industrial facilities, mines, sewage, agriculture, and more. The major types of water pollution covered are nutrient pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depletion, and groundwater pollution. Specific pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities are also outlined like metals, pesticides, bacteria and their health impacts.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Soil,Soil Pollution, Sources of Soil Pollution,
Effects Of Soil Pollution,
Control Of Soil Pollution,
Physically Control of Soil Pollution,
Chemically Control of Soil Pollution,
Thermally Control of Soil Pollution ,
Biologically Control of Soil Pollution
CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS (Mashooq hussain...Mashooq Hussain
The document discusses soil contamination from organic and inorganic pollutants. Some key causes of soil pollution include corrosion of underground storage tanks, application of fertilizers and pesticides, mining, oil dumping, landfill leachate, and direct industrial waste discharge. The most common contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead. Soil pollution adversely impacts humans, animals, agriculture, and urban environments. Control methods include restricting plastic waste, encouraging recycling, banning deforestation, and optimizing fertilizer and pesticide use.
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
The document discusses soil pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It notes that soil pollution is caused by excess fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, seepage and dumping of industrial wastes, and waste from urban areas. The main types are agricultural, industrial, and urban pollution, which can have effects like reduced soil fertility, contamination of water sources, and damage to ecosystems. The document recommends methods to control pollution like reducing chemical use, recycling, reusing materials, preventing erosion, and properly disposing of wastes.
This document discusses water pollution from an assignment submitted by Sidhartha Borah. It begins with background on water and its importance for life. It then discusses various sources of water pollution including industrial facilities, mines, sewage, agriculture, and more. The major types of water pollution covered are nutrient pollution, surface water pollution, oxygen depletion, and groundwater pollution. Specific pollutants from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities are also outlined like metals, pesticides, bacteria and their health impacts.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Sewage is generated from household and commercial waste water and includes waste from bathrooms, kitchens, and industry. Improper handling of sewage can spread diseases through water systems and increase biological oxygen demand, polluting the water. Sewage contains organic matter and pathogens that can transmit disease, cause odors, and make water unusable for drinking or agriculture.
Soil,Soil Pollution, Sources of Soil Pollution,
Effects Of Soil Pollution,
Control Of Soil Pollution,
Physically Control of Soil Pollution,
Chemically Control of Soil Pollution,
Thermally Control of Soil Pollution ,
Biologically Control of Soil Pollution
CONTAMINATION OF SOILS WITH ORGANIC AND INORGANIC POLLUTANTS (Mashooq hussain...Mashooq Hussain
The document discusses soil contamination from organic and inorganic pollutants. Some key causes of soil pollution include corrosion of underground storage tanks, application of fertilizers and pesticides, mining, oil dumping, landfill leachate, and direct industrial waste discharge. The most common contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, and heavy metals like lead. Soil pollution adversely impacts humans, animals, agriculture, and urban environments. Control methods include restricting plastic waste, encouraging recycling, banning deforestation, and optimizing fertilizer and pesticide use.
Biodegradation is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means.
biodegradable simply means to be consumed by microorganisms and return to compounds found in nature
The document discusses soil pollution, its causes, types, and effects. It notes that soil pollution is caused by excess fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, seepage and dumping of industrial wastes, and waste from urban areas. The main types are agricultural, industrial, and urban pollution, which can have effects like reduced soil fertility, contamination of water sources, and damage to ecosystems. The document recommends methods to control pollution like reducing chemical use, recycling, reusing materials, preventing erosion, and properly disposing of wastes.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. Case studies examine using water hyacinth and duckweed to remove heavy metals like cadmium and zinc from wastewater. While low-cost and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation has disadvantages like slow cleanup times and potential for contaminants to enter the food chain. Overall, phytoremediation can play a role in remediating contaminated sites in an ecological and sustainable manner.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Soil pollution occurs when undesirable materials are added to soil, damaging organisms and reducing land usability. Common pollutants include petroleum, heavy metals, pesticides, and excess fertilizers from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. Soil pollution affects agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. Methods to control soil pollution include reducing chemical use, recycling waste, reforestation, soil washing, and land farming to stimulate microbial breakdown of contaminants. Long-term effects of unchecked soil pollution include reduced soil fertility, crop yields, and ecosystem changes.
1) The document describes the key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze industrial wastewater quality.
2) It covers 4 categories - physical, chemical, microbiological, and radiological - and describes parameters like turbidity, temperature, pH, and toxic substances.
3) Measurement methods for parameters like BOD, COD, and solids are also outlined to analyze wastewater contaminants and inform treatment.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
The document discusses various causes of water pollution including sewage, garbage dumping, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. It notes that water pollution can come from point sources like sewage outflows or non-point sources like agricultural fields. It provides examples of industries like chemical plants and thermal power plants polluting water. It also discusses how both natural processes and human activities can introduce harmful chemicals into groundwater and surface water.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural runoff, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollution from factories and non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, proper disposal of household chemicals, minimizing fertilizer and pesticide use, and cleaning up litter.
This document discusses key concepts related to waste water treatment including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD determines the oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds. DO refers to oxygen dissolved in water that aquatic life requires. The document outlines typical values and measurement methods for BOD, COD and DO in waste and natural waters. It also describes the nature of waste water pollutants and an overview of waste water treatment processes.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
Soil pollution is defined as changes to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil caused by human activity. It is caused by excessive use of chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, soil erosion, industrial and urban waste, radioactive waste, and acid rain. Effects include reduced soil fertility, loss of nutrients, and damage to microorganisms, plants, and human health. Prevention methods include reducing chemical use, proper waste disposal, recycling, afforestation, and enacting environmental laws. Individuals and industries must work together to control measures like using biodegradable waste and minimizing chemical usage to reduce soil pollution.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
This presentation discusses various types and sources of water pollution. It defines water pollution as any change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for use. Major sources of water pollution include agriculture, industry, mining, urban and suburban runoff. The presentation covers how water pollution is measured, the differences between point and nonpoint sources, and the effects of pollution on freshwater streams, lakes, groundwater, and oceans. Key impacts include eutrophication of lakes from excess nutrients, and biomagnification of toxins up the aquatic food chain. Developing countries face serious water pollution problems from lack of sewage treatment and enforcement of environmental laws.
BOD types include carbonaceous BOD (cBOD), nitrogenous BOD (nBOD), and total BOD (tBOD). cBOD measures oxygen depletion from biological organisms breaking down carbonaceous pollutants. nBOD measures oxygen used by autotrophic bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrates through nutrient enrichment. tBOD is the total oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds through microbial growth. Total organic carbon (TOC) has been standardized to assess organic pollution in water and can correlate to chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements through dichromate oxidation correlations defined for different substances.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
Presentation on wastewater treatment plantAmreetOjha
Presentation on Wastewater Treatment Plant. In which you will get Process Flow Diagram and about of Sewage Treatment Plant and Effluent Treatment Plant.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes, types, and effects. It defines pollution and describes when it occurs due to human activity introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances into natural bodies of water. The types of pollutants covered include pathogens, oxygen-depleting wastes, nutrients, chemicals, sediment, radioactive isotopes, heat, and oil. The document also examines nature's limited capacity for treating pollution and discusses water treatment methods like primary, secondary, and tertiary processes used to remove pollutants.
This document discusses various types of water pollution. It defines water pollution as any physical, chemical, or biological change to water quality that harms living things. Water pollution can be from point sources like factories that directly discharge pollutants, or nonpoint sources like urban runoff. Major pollutants include sewage, nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, and heavy metals. The document also covers causes of pollution like industrial and agricultural activities, sources of groundwater pollution, and solutions to prevent surface water pollution.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove contaminants from soil, water, or sediment. It describes various phytoremediation processes like phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, and phytotransformation. Case studies examine using water hyacinth and duckweed to remove heavy metals like cadmium and zinc from wastewater. While low-cost and environmentally friendly, phytoremediation has disadvantages like slow cleanup times and potential for contaminants to enter the food chain. Overall, phytoremediation can play a role in remediating contaminated sites in an ecological and sustainable manner.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Soil pollution occurs when undesirable materials are added to soil, damaging organisms and reducing land usability. Common pollutants include petroleum, heavy metals, pesticides, and excess fertilizers from industrial, agricultural, and urban activities. Soil pollution affects agriculture, ecosystems, and human health. Methods to control soil pollution include reducing chemical use, recycling waste, reforestation, soil washing, and land farming to stimulate microbial breakdown of contaminants. Long-term effects of unchecked soil pollution include reduced soil fertility, crop yields, and ecosystem changes.
1) The document describes the key physical, chemical, and biological characteristics used to analyze industrial wastewater quality.
2) It covers 4 categories - physical, chemical, microbiological, and radiological - and describes parameters like turbidity, temperature, pH, and toxic substances.
3) Measurement methods for parameters like BOD, COD, and solids are also outlined to analyze wastewater contaminants and inform treatment.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
The document discusses various causes of water pollution including sewage, garbage dumping, agricultural runoff, and industrial waste. It notes that water pollution can come from point sources like sewage outflows or non-point sources like agricultural fields. It provides examples of industries like chemical plants and thermal power plants polluting water. It also discusses how both natural processes and human activities can introduce harmful chemicals into groundwater and surface water.
This document discusses various types of water pollutants including pathogens from sewage, organic waste from industrial and agricultural runoff, chemical pollutants from industry and mining, excess sediments, and excess nutrients that can cause eutrophication. It provides examples of point source pollution from factories and non-point source pollution from agricultural runoff and urban areas. Prevention methods include reducing water usage, proper disposal of household chemicals, minimizing fertilizer and pesticide use, and cleaning up litter.
This document discusses key concepts related to waste water treatment including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD determines the oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds. DO refers to oxygen dissolved in water that aquatic life requires. The document outlines typical values and measurement methods for BOD, COD and DO in waste and natural waters. It also describes the nature of waste water pollutants and an overview of waste water treatment processes.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in various media like water, soil, and subsurface materials. There are three main types of bioremediation: biostimulation adds nutrients to stimulate microbial growth; bioaugmentation adds specialized microbes to sites where indigenous microbes cannot fully degrade contaminants; and intrinsic bioremediation relies on natural microbial attenuation in soils and waters. Bioremediation depends on microbial metabolism, where microbes use contaminants for energy and building cell materials through catabolic and anabolic processes.
Soil pollution is defined as changes to the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil caused by human activity. It is caused by excessive use of chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, soil erosion, industrial and urban waste, radioactive waste, and acid rain. Effects include reduced soil fertility, loss of nutrients, and damage to microorganisms, plants, and human health. Prevention methods include reducing chemical use, proper waste disposal, recycling, afforestation, and enacting environmental laws. Individuals and industries must work together to control measures like using biodegradable waste and minimizing chemical usage to reduce soil pollution.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
This presentation discusses various types and sources of water pollution. It defines water pollution as any change in water quality that harms living organisms or makes the water unsuitable for use. Major sources of water pollution include agriculture, industry, mining, urban and suburban runoff. The presentation covers how water pollution is measured, the differences between point and nonpoint sources, and the effects of pollution on freshwater streams, lakes, groundwater, and oceans. Key impacts include eutrophication of lakes from excess nutrients, and biomagnification of toxins up the aquatic food chain. Developing countries face serious water pollution problems from lack of sewage treatment and enforcement of environmental laws.
BOD types include carbonaceous BOD (cBOD), nitrogenous BOD (nBOD), and total BOD (tBOD). cBOD measures oxygen depletion from biological organisms breaking down carbonaceous pollutants. nBOD measures oxygen used by autotrophic bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrates through nutrient enrichment. tBOD is the total oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds through microbial growth. Total organic carbon (TOC) has been standardized to assess organic pollution in water and can correlate to chemical oxygen demand (COD) measurements through dichromate oxidation correlations defined for different substances.
This document summarizes several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and their effectiveness in treating wastewater. It discusses processes like Fenton, H2O2/UV, photocatalytic oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, ozone/UV, and ozone/H2O2/UV. It explains the chemical reactions involved in each process and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes biological wastewater treatment methods, focusing on suspended growth systems like sequencing batch reactors. The AOPs can mineralize toxic organic compounds, and combining them with biological treatment allows complete biodegradation.
Presentation on wastewater treatment plantAmreetOjha
Presentation on Wastewater Treatment Plant. In which you will get Process Flow Diagram and about of Sewage Treatment Plant and Effluent Treatment Plant.
This document discusses water pollution, including its causes, types, and effects. It defines pollution and describes when it occurs due to human activity introducing solid, liquid, or gaseous substances into natural bodies of water. The types of pollutants covered include pathogens, oxygen-depleting wastes, nutrients, chemicals, sediment, radioactive isotopes, heat, and oil. The document also examines nature's limited capacity for treating pollution and discusses water treatment methods like primary, secondary, and tertiary processes used to remove pollutants.
This document discusses various types of water pollution. It defines water pollution as any physical, chemical, or biological change to water quality that harms living things. Water pollution can be from point sources like factories that directly discharge pollutants, or nonpoint sources like urban runoff. Major pollutants include sewage, nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, and heavy metals. The document also covers causes of pollution like industrial and agricultural activities, sources of groundwater pollution, and solutions to prevent surface water pollution.
This document discusses various environmental issues including different types of pollution and their causes, effects, and methods of control. It addresses several major forms of pollution such as air, water, noise, soil, and light pollution. Industrial activities and lack of proper waste management are identified as significant contributors to pollution. The document also outlines various government initiatives in India to promote environmental protection and sustainability.
This document summarizes various environmental hazards and laws related to air and water pollution. It discusses the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. Major causes of air pollution are outlined such as industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust and agricultural burning. Effects of air pollution on human health, plants and materials are also mentioned. Common water pollutants and causes such as industrial, domestic and agricultural waste are summarized. Key environmental laws in India including the Environment Protection Act, Air and Water Pollution Control Acts are briefly described.
The document discusses solid waste management and classification of wastes. It defines solid waste as materials such as household garbage, food waste, yard waste, and construction debris that are not liquid or gaseous. The document classifies wastes according to their properties, effects on health and environment, and origin. Wastes are categorized as biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous, non-hazardous, nuclear, thermal, plastic, biomedical, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Improper management of wastes can negatively impact health, socio-economic conditions, coastal environments, climate, and groundwater.
This document discusses the causes and effects of soil pollution. It identifies various sources of soil pollution including industrial wastes, urban wastes, agricultural practices, radioactive pollutants, and biological agents. Industrial pollutants come from industries like paper mills, oil refineries, and fertilizer plants. Urban wastes include garbage and refuse from cities. Modern agriculture releases large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Radioactive substances from nuclear activities can also pollute soil. The pollutants affect the chemical and biological properties of soil. The document also outlines physical, chemical, biological, and thermal treatments that can be used to remediate contaminated soil.
This document provides information about various types of environmental pollution - air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, radioactive pollution and solid waste management. It defines each type of pollution, discusses their causes and effects, and outlines some control measures. Key points covered include major air pollutants and their health impacts, sources and effects of water pollution, causes of soil pollution, health issues from noise pollution, and challenges around solid waste management in India.
Industrial pollution can cause various types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise, thermal and radioactive pollution. The document discusses the causes and effects of each type of pollution. The major causes are emissions from industries, vehicles, mining, improper waste disposal, and agricultural activities. The effects include damage to the environment, health impacts like respiratory illnesses and hearing loss, as well as impacts on wildlife. Various control methods are mentioned like using cleaner energies, proper waste treatment, and increasing awareness.
The document discusses different types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, radioactive, and noise pollution. It outlines various causes and sources of pollution such as population growth, urbanization, industrial activities, and transportation. Some key effects of pollution mentioned are harm to human health, damage to ecosystems, and deterioration of materials. The document also proposes measures to control different types of pollution like using cleaner energy sources, reducing pollutant emissions, enacting laws, and increasing green cover.
The document discusses various sources and types of water pollution. It defines water pollution as a change in water's chemical, physical, or biological properties that harms its use. Pollution can come from point sources like factories or non-point sources like urban/farmland runoff. The types of pollutants include industrial/mining wastes, agricultural chemicals, sewage, debris, and persistent pollutants that don't degrade like heavy metals, radioactive materials, and plastic waste. Water pollution causes issues like toxic algal blooms, low oxygen levels, disease outbreaks that kill millions annually, and acid rain formation. Solutions proposed include better land management, banning phosphates, sewage treatment, extraction techniques, and reducing
The document discusses different types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, soil, radioactive, and noise pollution. It describes the causes and sources of each type of pollution as well as their effects on human health, plants, animals, and materials. The document also outlines some control measures that can be taken to reduce different forms of pollution, such as proper waste disposal, reducing emissions and pollutant usage, legal regulations, and increasing green spaces.
Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Known as a “universal solvent,” water is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid on earth. It’s the reason we have Kool-Aid and brilliant blue waterfalls. It’s also why water is so easily polluted. Toxic substances from farms, towns, and factories readily dissolve into and mix with it, causing water pollution.
Environmental Pollution, protective measures of pollutionpardeeprattan
This document discusses environmental pollution and protective measures. It defines environmental pollution and describes different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It then discusses various sources of these pollutions such as automobiles, thermal power stations, industrial and agricultural waste. The document outlines effects of pollution like respiratory diseases. Finally, it proposes protective measures for different types of pollution through technologies, public participation, and enforcement of environmental laws.
environmental pollution, water pollution , air pollution Naveen Prabhu
This document discusses various types of pollution including air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and nuclear pollution. It provides details on the sources and effects of different pollutants. For air pollution, key pollutants like sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead are explained in terms of their sources from industries and vehicles as well as their environmental and health impacts. Water pollution sources include domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, and control methods for water pollution like sewage treatment are outlined. The document also summarizes pollution control technologies for industries.
This document summarizes a study of waste water characteristics from paper industries. Samples were collected from the inlet and outlet of an effluent treatment plant at a paper mill. Parameters like pH, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand were analyzed. The untreated waste water had high levels of these parameters that exceeded standards. After treatment, the levels were significantly reduced and met regulatory standards, showing the treatment plant effectively treats the waste water.
overview on hazardous wastes and its managementArvind Kumar
The document provides an overview of hazardous wastes and their management. It discusses several key points:
1) Hazardous waste generation has become an international problem as industrialization has increased, with developing countries like India facing growing challenges in disposal.
2) Several landmark pollution episodes involving chemicals like DDT, mercury, and PCBs highlighted the health and environmental risks of hazardous wastes.
3) Hazardous wastes are defined based on their potential to harm human health or the environment. India generates around 7 million tons annually, with most disposed in landfills.
4) Major industrial sources of hazardous wastes include chemicals, metals, and other sectors. Rules and regulations aim to ensure
This document discusses different types of pollution including land, water, and air pollution. It provides details on the causes and sources of each type of pollution. The key points are:
- The three main types of pollution are land, water, and air pollution, which are caused by urbanization, industrialization, and other human activities.
- Major causes of land pollution include construction, agriculture, domestic waste, and industrial waste from activities like manufacturing.
- Water pollution stems from municipal and industrial waste, as well as inorganic and organic pollutants discharged by chemical plants, food processing facilities, and other industries.
- Air pollution is caused by emissions released into the atmosphere from sources like vehicle exhaust, industrial
UNIT – 5.pptx EVS ENVIROEMENTL STUDIES NOTESshindhe1098cv
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including soil, air, water, noise, and chemical pollution. It provides details on soil pollution, describing types of soil pollution such as biological agents, agricultural practices, radioactive pollutants, urban waste, and industrial waste. Examples of common soil contaminants like lead, mercury, arsenic, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons are given along with their potential sources. Causes of soil pollution include deforestation, landfills, mining, overgrazing, irrigation, and toxic fertilizers and pesticides. The impacts and remedies of soil pollution are also summarized.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. Plants can extract, detoxify, and remove pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, and organic chemicals from soil and water. This is done through the roots of plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere. Plants take up contaminants in their roots and translocate them within their tissues, concentrating the contaminants and removing them from the environment. Phytoremediation is an effective cleanup method for metal contaminated soils like lead and can help remediate pollution from cadmium, arsenic, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and formaldehyde. It is a sustainable approach to remediating
The document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution and management. It defines different types of pollution like air, water, land, noise, and plastic pollution. It outlines key causes and sources of each type of pollution such as vehicular emissions, industrial waste, fertilizers, construction etc. The document also discusses solutions to pollution like waste management, regulations, and public awareness campaigns. Air quality is measured using the Air Quality Index which categorizes levels based on certain pollutants that can impact human health.
The document outlines the principles of environmental impact assessment (EIA) best practices according to the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA). It is divided into two parts. Part 1 describes the purpose and aims of developing EIA principles, which is to provide guidance to IAIA members and others applying EIA processes. It utilized results from previous EIA studies and expertise from IAIA members. Part 2 presents the definition of EIA, its objectives, and basic and operating principles for EIA. The basic principles include transparency, certainty, participation, practicality, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, credibility and accountability. The operating principles provide guidance on applying EIA at various stages such as screening, scoping and reporting.
This document outlines the principles of environmental impact assessment (EIA) best practices. It is organized into two main parts. Part 1 describes the purpose, aims, and approach used to develop the principles. The principles are intended to provide guidance to those involved in applying EIA processes. Part 2 presents the definition of EIA as identifying, predicting, evaluating, and mitigating environmental effects prior to major decisions. It lists the objectives of EIA and introduces the basic and operating principles, which include transparency, participation, practicality, and applying EIA early in decision making.
This document discusses ethics, morals, values, and character. It provides definitions for ethics as a system of moral principles and values that define what is good for individuals and society. Morals are described as principles about what is right and wrong. Values are defined as the importance and worth placed on something or someone. The document then discusses different types of values like universal, intrinsic, and operative values. It also outlines key moral principles like trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship. Overall, the document provides an overview of ethics, morals, and values through definitions and examples in under 3 sentences.
Wastewater treatment involves four main processes: preliminary treatment to remove large debris; primary treatment to allow solids to settle; secondary biological treatment using microorganisms to break down organic matter; and sometimes tertiary treatment for advanced removal of nutrients or contaminants. Preliminary treatment uses bar screens and grit chambers. Primary treatment uses sedimentation tanks to separate solids from liquid. Secondary treatment uses either fixed film systems like trickling filters or suspended growth systems like activated sludge.
Air Pollution-
Sources of Air Pollutants,
Classification of Air Pollutants,
Effect of Air Pollutants,
Photo-chemical Smog,
Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming
The Ozone Layer: Formation and Depletion
This document discusses biodiversity and its conservation. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. It notes that scientists have identified over 1.4 million species so far, but many more remain unknown. Biodiversity provides many benefits to humans, such as food, medicine, and ecosystem services. However, biodiversity is threatened by habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, and other human impacts. The document discusses strategies for conserving biodiversity, including protecting habitats through systems of protected areas (in situ conservation) and off-site conservation methods like seed banks and zoos (ex situ conservation).
The document discusses the global environment and its four main segments: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It provides details on the composition and structure of the atmosphere, including the four main layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere). It describes the hydrosphere as the water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. It also discusses the water cycle. It defines the lithosphere as the solid outer layer of the Earth, including the continents and ocean floors, and notes its role in plate tectonics and geological events.
The document discusses various renewable energy sources and solar energy technologies. It provides details about six different applications of solar energy: solar water heating, solar space heating, air conditioning, solar refrigeration, solar drying, and solar cooking. For each application, it describes the basic process and components involved. It also includes diagrams to illustrate how some of the solar energy technologies work, such as solar water heating systems and solar air conditioning.
This document summarizes an energy presentation by Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur. It discusses the different forms of energy including mechanical, chemical, nuclear, thermal, light, electrical, and sound energy. It explains concepts like the conservation and conversion of energy. It provides details on India's energy scenario, including its reliance on coal for electricity generation and its status as a major coal and oil producer. However, India also imports coal and oil to meet domestic demand. The document outlines challenges around meeting rising energy needs to support economic growth.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
4. Humans directly or indirectly use about 54% of
reliable runoff
Withdraw 34% of reliable runoff for:
Agriculture – 70%
Industry – 20%
Domestic – 10%
Leave 20% of runoff in streams for human use:
transport goods, dilute pollution, sustain fisheries
Could use up to 70-90% of the reliable runoff by
2025
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 4
5. Generally speaking, water pollution is a state deviation from the pure condition, whereby
its normal properties and function are affected .
The presence of some foreign substances or impurities in water in such quantity.
So constitute a health hazards by lowering the water quality and making it unfit for
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 5
use.
Water pollution are offensive odours from rivers, streams, lakes and ocean beaches,
oily and greasy material floating on surfaces of water bodies.
Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds .
Bad taste of drinking water , decrease of aquatic life (fish) in fresh water bodies
and many more.
7. 1. Natural Pollution –
Aerial contaminants entering the water body due to rainfall or melting
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 7
of ice.
Plants, animals and organic matters- leachates from animal excreta
will introduce micro-organism in water.
2. Agricultural Pollution -
Soil and silt washing from land surface,
Fertilizers
Insecticides
Pesticides and
Weed killings
8. 3. Mining Pollution –
Fines and tailings from washing,
Inert suspended solids,
Soluble toxic materials and acid drainage.
4. Municipal Pollution –
Sewage obtained from domestic premise, institutions, commercial and
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 8
industrial building.
5. Industrial Pollution –
Effluent from food and drugs, chemicals, materials, energy etc.
6. Accidental spillage -
Chemicals during loading and transit, accidental leakage from
industrial storages tanks, oil refineries etc.
9. Point source = pollution comes from single, fixed, often large identifiable sources
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 9
Industries
Municipal
Sewage and combine overflow
Treatment plant
Raw sewage discharge
Discharge drains
Tanker spills
Non-point (Diffused ) source = pollution comes from dispersed sources
Agricultural runoff
Forestry
Mining
Construction
Street runoff
10. NONPOINT SOURCES
Animal feedlot
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 10
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
POINT
SOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
11. Water used as various purpose
Bathing,
Excretion,
Washing,
Food preparation,
Cleaning of floors and
Industrial operations,
Agriculture need and many more.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 11
12. The main food stuff – fats, proteins and
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 12
carbohydrates
Materials and substances necessary e.g.
cotton, petroleum, rubber, plastic, antibiotics,
etc.
13. Natural Organic Pollutants –
Breakdown of occurring organic material e.g. decays of leaves, plants, dead
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 13
animals etc.
Various types of algae and vegetation.
Sewage and Industrial Effluent –
Municipal sewage and industrial effluents – food processing units, paper
mills, tanneries, slaughter etc.
Synthetic Organic Pollutant – man made (anthropogenic)- sewage & other
waste
Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) -from industrial solvent,
Carbon tetrachloride (used fire extinguisher, cleaning agent ) and
Tetrachloroethelene (used solvent and raw material )
Synthetic organic chemicals (SOCs)-
Pesticides & Herbicides
Industrial process
Ethylene, benzene & styrene.
Polychlorinated Biphenyl's (PCBs) & dioxins-
toxic to plant, animals and human being cause cancer at low
concentration.
14. Micro-biological Pollutants –
Different organism & micro-organism e.g. Bacteria, viruses,
protozoa, algae & helminthes .
Water born disease for responsible.
Human waste from- point sources (sewage outfall)
Non- point sources (over the ground failed septic system)
Oil – mixture of thousand of different HC compound.
Through originate from waste deposit of plants
Animal material buried & compressed by deep layer
Carbon, Hydrogen
Hydrogen may content O2, S, N2, Ve, Ni, & other atoms
Crud oil- paraffin's, cycloparafins, aromatic, neptheno-aromatic
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 14
etc.
Transportation by tanker accidental in sea
Sewage
16. Geological formation contact
Industrial & agriculture runoff
Inorganic salts
Mineral or metal compound
Trace element
Complex of metals with organics
Organo-metalic compound
May be highly or middy toxic
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 16
18. In natural sources
Industrial & medical process
Responsible for man activities-
Power plant
Nuclear weapons
Isotopes in medical, industrial & research application
Mining process and ore to produced
Carcinogenic effect on all- radium, uranium, radon and
thorium
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 18
20. Soil, sand and other solid mix in water
Soil erosion (naturally, mining, agriculture & construction
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 20
activities)
Disposal of sewage & industrial effluent
Organic or inorganic radical
Oil & grease causes-
Turbidity in water
Reducing the photosynthesis of plant
Suffocation of aquatic habitats
Erosion of pumping equipment
Power turbines
22. From power plant & industries
Harmful effect-
Increases temp. of water reduces amount of DO, increases
biological activities
Create anaerobic condition
Toxicity of chemical pollutant increases with increases
temperature.
Rise in the temperature of water (and air) to a harmful level
due to heat from power plants and industries is called
“Thermal Pollution”.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 22
23. Water is vital resource essential for sustaining
life
Contamination has immediate
Effect on the health and environment of living
being
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 23
24. Suspended par ticle solids
Cooling water from power station
Oily surface of film
Solid may be inert material wastes or insoluble finally divided
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 24
organic solids
Accumulate on vegetation foliage
Deposited on river bed
Effects will cause a disturbance of balance ecosystem-
Turbidity causes reduce light penetration than effect on plant synthesis and growth
Turbidity causes reduce food gathering and respiratory efficiency of animals
Organic solids will be biodegraded and will cause reduction of the DO in water
Waste oil, fats and grease cause effects on oxygen saturation decrease from
atmosphere
Spillage from oil tanker in sea level cause marine pollution
25. Oxidation by the action of bacteria upon organic pollutant
Chemical oxidation of other pollutant
Depend on DO
Increases BOD than deficiency of oxygen in water
Bacterial oxidation-
Sulphides Sulphates
Ammonia Nitrte Nitrate
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 25
Chemical oxidation-
Ferrous salt Ferric salt
26. It may be Organic And Inorganic chemicals
Toxic to plants, animals and humans
Absorbed in tissues from water cause death of living organism
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 26
Effects depend upon –
Concentration
Period of action
Metabolism of organism
Toxic chemicals-
Metal and salts
Pesticides,
Acid and alkalis
Organic compound-
Phenol, cyanide etc.
Very small/trace of metals required for human
growth and metabolism in limiting value for-
Physiological poisoning,
Respiration deficiency,
Reduce photosynthesis,
Growth
27. Metallic toxicity- feeding on polluted marine (bony & fish)
Cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium etc. cause damage to liver, kidneys & brain.
Pesticides pollution- leachate from agriculture & horticulture land
Acid and alkalis- change in pH value may affect physiological process and action of
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 27
toxins.
Polychlorinated biphenyls – stable, insoluble in water and soluble in oil, and
harmful to fishes, predatory birds, marine & shore birds
By products of plastic
Lubricant
Rubber & paper industries
Cyanides-
Toxic to biological life
Enzyme action & immobilized in nervous system in animal & humans.
29. Required for plants and animal for maintaining growth & metabolism.
Nitrates & phosphates occur in small quantity,
Balanced biological growth
Decreases level cause biodegradation of dead organic material
Increases level called “Ageing or Eutrophication”
Phosphorous - for photosynthetic process in plant, respiration and
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 29
production of DNA
Nitrogen – essential constituent of protein
Effects-
Unicellular green and blue green algae and blanket weed reduce light penetration and
restrict re-oxidation of water.
Nitrates- cause blood diseases and gastric cancer
32. Radio nucleoside effect on human body through dust & aerosols absorbed
by plant and animals
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 32
33. Eutrophication refers to an excessive amount of nutrients in a body of
water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (mainly phosphorous in
freshwater and nitrogen in saltwater) from the land, which causes
a dense growth of plant life, leading to a decrease in oxygen supply, which
causes the death of animals.
Eutrophic – well-fed, high nutrient levels present in a lake or river
Oligotrophic – poorly-fed, low nutrient levels
Water bodies can be naturally eutrophic or oligotrophic, but can also be
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 33
human-caused
36. 1. Input control
2. Output control
3. Development of proper sewage and industrial
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 36
effluent system
4. Extensive afforestation
5. Domestic and industrial waste water should be
disposed of after treatment
6. Strict enforcement of pollution control laws
37. i. No intermixing of solid and effluent in water source
ii. Treatment plant for domestic sewage
iii. Prevention of waste entry in sources of water e.g. pond, river, lakes etc.
iv. Bathing , washing etc. should be prohibited in sources.
v. Treated effluent from the industries discharged into sources.
vi. Excess use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides should be discourage.
vii. Pond, lakes etc. should be cleaned of auaitic weeds and plants.
viii. Special type of fish breeding
ix. Public awarness
x. Legislation control should be punitive.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 37
38. Domestic waste water or sewage is liquid
Sanitary convenience of residential
Commercial
Institutional
Industrial and
Public areas
Sewage-
Water = 99.9%
Solid = 0.01% (organic and inorganic matters may be suspended,
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 38
colloidal, dissolved state)
39. Inorganic matters- ash, cinder, sand, grit, mineral, salts,
mud etc.
Industrial effluent- toxic substances e.g. Pb, As, Hg, CN etc.
Organic matter s – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, urea,
amines, amino acid and products of decomposition.
Nitrogenous – urea and protein
Nitrogen-free – carbohydrates, fats, and soap
Addition of solid – sewage contains living organism such as
algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, virus, rotifer etc.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 39
40. The composition or constitution of sewage
mainly depends upon the sources from where it’s
formed
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 40
Classification-
Strong
Medium
Week
41. The principal elements- Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur,
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 41
Phosphorous
The principal organic substance- Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats, Urea,
Amines, Amino acids, Products of decomposition.
Organic substance in waste water are unstable and decompose thought
combine chemical and biological action
Organic matters Bacteria Decompose
(Biological action)
Called “Biological organic matter”
42. 1. Aerobic Bacteria-
Flourish in present of DO Consume organic matter as food
Oxidizing it to stable end products
2. Anaerobic Bacteria-
Flourish in absence of DO Bounded molecular oxygen (Nitrates,
Sulphates etc) Stable end products foul gases e.g. Methane, H2S
etc
3. Facultative Bacteria- (Aerobic or Anaerobic)
Flourish and carry out decomposition, in present and absence of DO
anaerobic decomposition Can be oxidized
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 42
43. Air or O2 is freely available in dissolved form
Aerobic decomposition
Biodegradable organic matters
if Unstable organic matters
Aerobic & facultative bacteria
Stable and harmless inorganic matter
Organic matter decomposed presence Aerobic Bacteria when-
Carbonaceous + OCO--
2 2
Nitrogenous + O2 NO3
--
Sulphurous + O2 SO4
--
Phosphorous + O2 PO4
--
Stable and
inoffensive
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 43
45. Water, heat and additional bacteria will also
produce in aerobic decomposition.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 45
Aeration thanks
Trickling filters
Oxidation ponds
Oxidation ditches
Contact bed etc
46. Aerobic decomposition
Facultative bacteria Free DO is exhausted
(An aerobically)
Anaerobic decomposition begins in absence of DO and light
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 46
Hydrolysis process-
Hydrogen and oxygen in water molecule
Separated and combine
Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulphur
End product
Methane, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen sulphide,
Organic acids etc.
47. Organic matter decomposed in of presence Anaerobic
Bacteria when-
Carbonaceous CO2
Nitrogenous N2 + NH+ Organic acids
3
Organic acids CH4
+ CO2
Sulphurous H2S
First phase decompose large complex - Amino acids, Fatty
acids, Sugar and Glycerol
End products- odour and toxic to organism themselves
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 47
51. Most of impurities and microscopic in nature
Waste analysis in laboratory
Main objectives or need of analysis -
Evaluate the quality (type of impurities & harmful)
Pollution effects and harmful effect?
Required treatment unit, size and capacity?
Optimum chemical dose?
Standard waste reached or not?
Operational efficiency
Effective and economical waste management
To prevent pollution of natural water bodies and lands
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 51
52. I. Colour and odour – fresh state or septic
Fresh sewage is slightly soapy or oily odour and
cloudily appearance
Biological and chemical characteristics
Odour of H2S and dark gray colour
Change state in 2 – 6 hrs at 20C (depend on
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 52
concentration)
54. Slightly higher than the water
It is influence-
Solubility of oxygen
Oxygen transfer
Capacity of aeration
Viscosity
Rate of biological activity
Influence the efficiency of sedimentation
Sludge digestion
Average temperature (INDIA)= 20C (near about biological activities)
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 54
55. Present of suspended solid and colloidal solids e.g.
faecel matter, fruit, vegetable waste, oil, grease, soap,
paper, pieces etc.
Measured by Turbidity Rod
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 55
56. Contain about 0.05 to 0.1%
I Suspended Solids – <1.0 mm remain flouting
II Dissolved Solids – >10-3mm remain dissolved
III Colloidal Solids - 1.0 to 10-3mm solution or suspension
IV Settable Solids - 10mm settle out in 2 hrs
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 56
Sub divided-
Organic – Volatile i.g. Carbohydrates (cellulose, starch, sugar, file), Fats and
oil, Nitrogenous compound (protein, animal waste, urea, fatty acids)
Inorganic – Fixed solid i.g. Minerals (sand, gravel) and Salts (chloride,
sulphites), not harmful
57. Selection and operation of various types of treatment-
I. pH value-
Know the degree of acidity and alkalinity?
Fresh sewage pH 7.3 to 7.5
(Bacterial action) Time
Acid formation
Efficiency of treatment, availability at suitable pH, calculate
of the coagulation and disinfection of dose for control
corrosive.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 57
59. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 59
II. Chlorides-
Mineral salts.
Not affected by biological action of sewage.
A person discharged 8gm of chloride – urine, night soil,
sweating.
Average sewage flow of 150 lpcd in chloride content of 50
mg/L
Main sources- ice cream plants, meat salting works, etc.
61. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 61
III. Nitrogen-
Indicates the presence of organic matter
Nitrogen compound – Protein, amines, amino acids and urea
Types (depend upon waste water)- Ammonium nitrogen, Organic nitrogen,
Nitrites and Nitrates.
Ammonium nitrogen Ammonium hydroxide and Ammonium salts
presence
Organic matter decompose when organic nitrogen and nitrogenous matter
(Ammonium, Nitrogen, Nitrites, Nitrates and Ammonia) in An aerobically
Nitrite/Nitrate in Aerobically
63. Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 63
IV. Hydrogen Sulphide –
Indicates anaerobic decomposition
Large amount of corrosion of concrete and bad odours.
V. Fats, Grease and oil – from kitchen, garage and industries
Clog sewer –
Trapped or remove the sources
Treatment units – skimming tank to biological
Heavy sewer –
Sedimentation tank & streams
Clog the filter media and aeration in activated sludge.
65. 1 Atmospheric Pressure
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 65
VI. Dissolve Oxygen-
Dissolved gases in water
Support for fish and other aquatic life
Naturally - enter directly from atmosphere
Algae through photosynthesis
Mechanical equipment (aerators)
Solubility of atmospheric oxygen in fresh water –
14.6 mg/L at 0°C
7 mg/L at 35°C
Oxidation reduction process by Winkler's Method
67. VII. Biological oxygen demand (BOD)-
BOD: Oxygen is removed from water when organic matter is consumed by
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 67
bacteria.
Low oxygen conditions may kill fish and other organisms.
Sources of organic matter
Natural inputs-- bogs, swamps, leaf fall, and vegetation aligning
waterways.
Human inputs-- pulp and paper mills, meat-packing plants, food
processing industries, and wastewater treatment plants.
Nonpoint inputs-- runoff from urban areas, agricultural areas, and
feedlots.
68. BOD measures- the oxygen uptake by bacteria in a water sample at a temperature of
20°C over a period of 5d in the dark. The sample is diluted with oxygen saturated de-ionized
water, inoculating it with a fixed aliquot of microbial seed, measuring the
(DO) and then sealing the sample to prevent further oxygen addition. The sample is
kept at 20 °C for five days, in the dark to prevent addition of oxygen by photo-synthesis,
and the dissolved oxygen is measured again.
The difference between the final DO and initial DO is the BOD or, BOD5.
Once we have a BOD5 value, it is treated as just a concentration in mg/L
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 68
BOD can be calculated by:
Diluted: (Initial DO - Final DO + BOD of Seed) x Dilution Factor
BOD of seed (diluted activated sludge) is measured in a control: just deionized water
without wastewater sample.
Significance: BOD is a measure of organic content and gives an indication on how
much oxygen would be required for microbial degradation.
69. BBOODD EEffffeeccttss oonn WWaatteerr QQuuaalliittyy
All streams have some capability to degrade organic waste. Problems occur
when stream is overloaded with biochemical oxygen-demanding waste.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 69
http://www.lcusd.net/lchs/mewoldsen/Water_Pollution_LCHS.ppt
72. VIII. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)-
Amt. of O2 that certain organisms & chemicals will consume
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 72
Interferences
[Cl-] > 1000 mg/l
VOCs might be lost prior to oxidation
Method Summary
Most organics & oxidative inorganic are oxidized by addition of
K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4
xs. (Cr2O7)-2 is titrated w/Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O
COD (mg/L) = 8000 (mL blank – mL sample) [Fe2+]
mL sample
74. The environmental engineer must have considerable knowledge of the biological
of waste water because it is a very important characteristics factor in wastewater
treatment.
The Engineer should know:-
1. The principal groups of micro-organisms found in wastewater.
2. The pathogenic organisms.
3. Indicator organisms (indicate the –presence of pathogens).
4. The methods used to amount the micro-organisms.
5. The methods to evaluate the toxicity of treated wastewater
The main micro-organisms of concern in wastewater treatment are Bacteria,
Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Viruses, rotifers and pathogenic micro-organisms groups.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur 74