Energy

EENNEERRGGYY
PPrreesseennttaattiioonn bbyy::
DDrr.. RRaajjeennddrraa SSiinngghh TThhaakkuurr
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ Energy 1

Energy and its uses ?
• Like space, time and information energy is one of
the fundamental quantity.
• Energy is the physical ability to do work.
• All activities in the universe, including human
activities involves energy changes.
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ E2nergy

• Energy in SI system units is Joule (J).
• Work done when a force of 1 Newton moves through
1 Meter.
• Energy/unit of Time = Power.
• SI units of Power = Watt (W)
• Power = Watt (W) = 1 Joule/Sec.
• All the physical processes can be transition from one
form of energy to another.
• All living being are operated by mean of energy
which is derived from the environment.

Energy is everywhere

Forms of energy
In everyday life, energy
exists in eight forms:
• Mechanical (kinetic and
potential)
• Chemical
• Nuclear
• Thermal or Heat
• Light
• Electrical
• Sound

More details about the eight
forms of energy
• Mechanical energy is
• The energy of motion (kinetic) and the energy of
position (potential)
• Elastic potential energy is stored in a stretched
spring or a bowstring
• When an object is lifted above the ground, it has
gravitational potential energy

• Chemical energy is
• The energy that bonds molecules together.

• Nuclear energy
• Energy locked in the nuclei of atoms.
• Thermal (heat) energy
• Energy of moving and vibrating molecules
• A specific kind of kinetic energy.

Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ E1n0ergy
• Light energy
• Hot objects like a filament lamp or a gas
mantle give off light
• Light is a form of electromagnetic
radiation.

• Electrical energy
• Energy of moving electrons
• Electrical appliances use it
to operate
• Sound energy
• Vibrating objects produce
sound
• A form of energy detected
by the ear. Music and noise
are sound.

Conservation of energy
• Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed
(first law of
thermodynamics)
• Amount of energy in
the universe remains
the same.

Energy conversion
• When energy is used, it is being
transformed from one form into
other less useful form (s) (second
law of thermodynamics)
• e.g. When running up a mountain
chemical energy in food (a useful
form) is converted to mechanical
energy, then dissipated as heat in
lukewarm air (less useful form)

Test: When you rub your hands together,
what is the energy conversion?
Answer: From mechanical energy to heat
energy.
Can you think of other examples in your
daily lives?

• For thousands of years, every human being using up
about 2000 cal./day.
• Today inhabitants of industrialization nations consumed
about 200000 cal./person/day.
• To sustain life biologically consumed for other purposes
100 times.
• Energy is not only the pre-requisite for all life form but
important factor in Economic growth and Technical
changes.

Energy is used in following purpose
• Cooking, heating, lighting & other facilities.
• Transporting people and goods.
• Manufacturing consumer goods and capital equipments.
• Production and conversion of primary fuels conversion
chemical by dry cell battery electrical energy.

Energy and development
• Energy is of key input in economic growth and
closed link between
Availability of energy
Future growth and
Development of nation.
• To understand Energy and development and
Economic development of society.

Energy and development:
Present perspective and issue
• Relationship between
economic growth and
increase energy
demand is not always
linear.
• Ex. Present 6% increase
INDIAS GDP need 9%
increase energy demand.
• The major causes of High
energy intensity and High
energy demand in developing
countries. Causes are-
• Technological
• Managerial
• Economical
• Structural
• Lack of awareness
• Volatility of international energy prices.

History of energy use
• Date back several thousand years ago. Sun is
probably the first source of energy known to
mankind.
• Animals learn "energy" and its "power" when
getting warmth under sun and when facing the
danger of a forest fire due to lightning.

How do we use Energy?
To human, its main function can be grouped
into five main categories:
• Energy allows us to see
• Energy give us warmth
• Energy produces growth
• Energy produces motion
• Energy powers technology
Dr. Rajendra Singh Thakur/ E2ne0rgy

Classification of
Sources of Energy
Commercial Fuels-
• Coal
• Lignite
• Petroleum products
• Natural gas
• electricity
Non-Commercial Fuels-
• Fuel wood
• Caw dung
• Agriculture waste

• Primary Energy
Resources- which are
mined or otherwise obtained
from environment,
Include-
• Fossil fuel-Coal, Lignite, Crude
oil, Natural gas
• Nuclear fuel
• Water (Hydro energy)
• Solar
• Wind
• Ocean and
• Geothermal energy.
• Secondary Energy
Resources- which do
not occurs in nature, they are
derived from primary
resources.
Include-
• Petrol & diesel
• Electricity (Coal, Diesel or
gas) etc.

• Conventional
Energy
Resources-
• Fossil fuel-
 Coal,
 Petroleum,
 Natural gas
• Water-
 Hydel/Hydro Power
• Non-conventional
Energy Resources-
• (called Alternate
or Unconventional)
• Solar
• Wind
• Geothermal
• Ocean (thermal and wave)
• Biomass
• Hydrogen and
• Nuclear energy

• Non-renewable
energy resources-
• Natural resources which are
exhaustible and can’t be
replaced once they used
• Available in limited amount and
develop over a long period
• Fossil fuel-
 Coal,
 Petroleum (Oil),
 Natural gas
 Nuclear power
• Renewable energy
resources-
• Natural resources which are
inexhaustible and can be replaced
as we use. Can be used to produce
energy again and again
• Available in unlimited amount and
develop in a relatively short period
of time.
• Solar
• Wind
• Water
• Geothermal
• Ocean (thermal and wave)
• Biomass
• Hydrogen and
• Nuclear energy (consider as inexhaustible
sources if atomic mineral are used in fast
breeder reactor technology.)

World Energy Scenario
• Coal,
• Oil,
• Natural Gas and
• Nuclear Energy
are major sources
of primary energy
Followed by-
Renewable Sources
• Combustible waste
 Biomass,
 Animal Products,
 Municipal Waste,
 Industrial Waste
• Hydro Power and
• Other sources

Exploration for new energy sources and resources is
ongoing and will continue in future
• Total energy supply
in 2010= 1150Mtoe
• Expected to reach
2020= 13700Mtoe
20 Richest countries of
world consume-
• 80%=Natural Gas
• 65% = Oil
• 50%=Coal produced
Support 1/5 = (20%) of world population=
consume 2/3 = (66%) of world
commercial energy supply
USA & Canada 5% of world population=
consume 1/4 = (25)
Each person/year 300GJ=(60Barrels of Oil)
Less than 1GJ/Year in Developing Countries

1. Level of
industrialization-
Developed countries are highly
industrialized.
Due to industrial requirement
and better quality of life.
Per/capita energy required
more than developing
countries.
2. Policies,
Attitude and
Traditions-
USA consums about twice as
much energy per person
as Switzerland.

Indian Energy Scenario
• In India's energy consumed variety of
form.
• Traditional sources (Non-Commercial
Fuel): Support energy requirement from
Rural area=40% Ex.
 Fuel wood
 Animal Waste and
 Agriculture Waste
• Commercial Fuel: Support energy
requirement =60% Ex.
 Coal
 Lignite
 Petroleum products
 Natural gas
 Electricity
• Total commercial energy
produced in the form of
power/electricity
 Thermal power =69.9%
 Hydel/hydro power =26%
 Nuclear power =2.6%
 Non- conventional sources =1.5%
e.i.
o Solar
o Wind
o Ocean
o Biomass etc.

• Power generation in India
began more than a century
ago in 1898 when first hydro
power unit was set up at
Darjeeling.
• When India’s achieved freedom
in 1947, the country had an
installed power generation
capacity of just 1,360MW.
• Increased to April 2006
(MoP,GoI) 1,24,287MW.
• National Electricity Policy
elimination of power shortage by 2012
through addition 100000MW during
10th and 11th plan periods.

Non-renewable energy
resources

FOSSILE FUELS
• COAL
• CRUDE OIL (PETROLIUM)
• NATURAL GAS

COAL
• World scenario
COAL RECOVERABLE RESERVES BY REGION
• Middle East & North Africa (0.1%)
• North America (27.5%)
• Latin America & The Caribbean (1.6%)
• South & Central Asia (11.2%)
• Africa (3.5%)
• Southeast Asia & Pacific (12%)
• East Asia (13.2%)
• Europe (30.8%)
TOP COAL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
China 2.48 thousand Mtoe
per year
United States of
America
764 Mtoe per year
India 361 Mtoe per year
Australia 278 Mtoe per year
Indonesia 247 Mtoe per year
Russia 229 Mtoe per year
South Africa 176 Mtoe per year
Germany 133 Mtoe per year
Poland 91.4 Mtoe per year
Kazakhstan 87.3 Mtoe per year

Indian scenario • RECOVERABLE RESERVES = 28.8 THOUSAND MTOE
• PRODUCTION = 361 MTOE PER YEAR
• Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel resource in India, which is the world’s third largest coal
producer.
• The principal deposits of hard coal are in the eastern half of the country, ranging from Andhra
Pradesh, bordering the Indian Ocean, to Arunachal Pradesh in the extreme northeast: the
eastern States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal together account for
about 77% of reserves.
• The Ministry of Coal (quoting the Geological Survey of India) states that at 1 April 2009,
India’s geological resources of bituminous coal comprised 105.8 billion tonnes of ‘proved
resources’, 123.5 billion tonnes of ‘indicated resources’ and 37.9 billion tonnes of ‘inferred
resources’.
• All-India resources of lignite are quoted in the 11th Five Year Plan as 38.27 billion tonnes as
at 1 April 2006, with proved reserves put at 4.5 billion tonnes. About 2.4 billion tonnes in
the Neyveli area of Tamil Nadu have been stated to be regarded as ‘mineable under the
presently adopted mining parameters’.
• Annual production of lignite is currently in the region of 32 million tonnes, almost all of which is
used for electricity generation.
• Although India’s coal reserves cover all ranks from lignite to bituminous, they tend to have a
high ash content and a low calorific value.
• The low quality of much of its coal prevents India from being anything but a small exporter of
coal (traditionally to the neighbouring countries of Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan) and
conversely, is responsible for sizeable imports., mainly from Australia, China, Indonesia and
South Africa.
• Coal is the most important source of energy for electricity generation in India: about three-quarters
of electricity is generated by coal-fired power stations.
• In addition, the steel, cement, fertiliser, chemical, paper and many other medium and
small-scale industries are also major coal users.

CRUDE OIL
(PETROLIUM)
• World scenario
OIL RECOVERABLE RESERVES BY REGION
Middle East & North Africa (52.4%)
North America (12.8%)
Latin America & The Caribbean (19.9%)
South & Central Asia (2.2%)
Africa (4.2%)
Southeast Asia & Pacific (1.2%)
East Asia (1.1%)
Europe (6.3%)
TOP OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Saudi Arabia 526 million tonnes per year
Russia 509 million tonnes per year
United States of
352 million tonnes per year
America
Iran 222 million tonnes per year
China 204 million tonnes per year
Venezuela 155 million tonnes per year
Canada 148 million tonnes per year
United Arab Emirates 138 million tonnes per year
Kuwait 134 million tonnes per year
Iraq 134 million tonnes per year

Indian scenario • RECOVERABLE RESERVES = 800 MILLION TONNES
• PRODUCTION = 38.2 MILLION TONNES PER YEAR
• PRODUCTION RATIO = 21 YEARS
• Total production of oil (including gas-plant liquids) has fluctuated in recent years
within a range of 36-38 million tonnes per annum. In 2008, India produced 34.0
million tonnes of crude oil, plus about 2 million tonnes of natural gasoline and a
similar tonnage of gas-plant LPGs, all of which was used internally.
• Cairn Energy has made 25 discoveries in Rajasthan (in India’s northwest). Initial
attention is being concentrated on the Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya (MBA) oil
fields. An eventual peak rate of 240 000 b/d is envisaged, subject to Government
approval and additional investment.
• India was the fourth largest consumer of oil and petroleum products after the
United States, China, and Japan in 2011. It was also the fourth largest importer of
oil and petroleum products. The high degree of dependence on imported crude oil
has led Indian energy companies to attempt to diversify their supply sources. To
this end, Indian national oil companies (NOCs) have purchased equity stakes in
overseas oil and gas fields in South America, Africa, and the Caspian Sea region to
acquire reserves and production capability. However, the majority of imports
continue to come from the Middle East, where Indian companies have little direct
access to investment.
• According to the Oil & Gas Journal, India had 5.5 billion barrels of proved oil
reserves at the end of 2012. About 53 percent of reserves are from onshore
resources, while 47 percent are offshore reserves. Most reserves are found in the
western part of India, particularly western offshore, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The
Assam-Arakan basin in the northeast part of the country is also an important oil-producing
region and contains more than 10 percent of the country’s reserves

NATURAL GAS
• World scenario
• PROVED AMOUNT IN PLACE = 219 THOUSAND MTOE
• Natural gas is the cleanest and most efficient of the fossil
fuels. For electricity generation, it has low investment costs
and offers flexibility. But it is one of the less exploited
fossil fuels, and could yet provide a significant contribution
to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Over 100 countries hold reserves of natural gas, and it is
estimated that the global total of known reserves is 186
trillion cubic metres. The largest reserves are situated in the
Russian Federation, Islamic Republic of Iran and Qatar
respectively.
• Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons, and often contains
a small amount of non-hydrocarbons. It can exist either as a
gas or in solution with crude oil, where producers can then
separate the two in the production process.
• All data represented in the graphs and charts on this website
represents natural gas data only.
• GAS RECOVERABLE RESERVES BY REGION
• Middle East & North Africa (42.1%)
• North America (4.9%)
• Latin America & The Caribbean (3.6%)
• South & Central Asia (15.5%)
• Africa (2.9%)
• Southeast Asia & Pacific (4.3%)
• East Asia (1.5%)Europe (25.3%)
TOP GAS PRODUCING COUNTRIES
Russia = 576 Mtoe per year
United States of
558 Mtoe per year
America =
Canada = 162 Mtoe per year
Iran = 129 Mtoe per year
Qatar = 100 Mtoe per year
Norway = 88.7 Mtoe per year
China = 88.3 Mtoe per year
Saudi Arabia = 85.3 Mtoe per year
Indonesia = 73.6 Mtoe per year
Algeria = 72.7 Mtoe per year

Indian scenario
• RECOVERABLE RESERVES = 992MTOE
• PRODUCTION = 39.6MTOE PER YEAR
• PRODUCTION RATIO = 25YEARS
• The Indian gas market is expected to be one of the fastest growing in the world
over the next two decades.
• IEA envisages gas demand to increase by 5.4% per annum over 2007-30 (IEA,
2009) reaching 132 bcm by 2030.
• India’s primary energy supply is currently dominated by coal (37%), biomass and
waste (27%) and oil (26%) while the share of natural gas is only 6%.
• Production has been almost flat since 2002, at 30-32 bcm per year, but jumped to
46 bcm in 2009-2010.
• Around three quarters of the gas production came from the Western offshore
area.
• Fields located in Gujarat, Assam and Andhra Pradesh are the major sources of
onshore gas.
• Smaller quantities of gas are also produced in Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Rajasthan.

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