ABOUT EVS ENVIRONEMENTAL SCIENCE AND ITS USES AND WORKINGS ETC.

1. UNIT – 5
Environmental Pollution
Types, causes, effects and controls; Air, water, soil, chemical and noise
pollution • Nuclear hazards and human health risks • Solid waste
management: Control measures of urban and industrial waste.. • Pollution
case studies.

5. Types of Pollution
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
Soil Pollution
Chemical Pollution

7. Soil Pollution:
 Soil Pollution is the contamination of soil with
solid waste, acid rain, excess of fertilizers,
insecticides and herbicides.
 Soil contamination is caused by the presence of
xenobiotic (human made) chemicals or other
alteration in the natural soil environment.

9. Types of soil pollution:
 BIOLOGICAL AGENT:
Biological agents work inside the soil to introduce manures and digested sludge (coming from the
human, bird and animal excreta) into the soil.
 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
The soil of the crops is polluted to a large extent with pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry, debris,
and manure
 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS
Radioactive substances such as Radium, Thorium, Uranium, Nitrogen, etc. can infiltrate the soil and
create toxic effects.
 URBAN WASTE
Urban waste consists of garbage and rubbish materials, dried sludge and sewage from domestic and
commercial waste
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Steel, pesticides, textiles, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum, etc. are produced by paper mills, oil
refineries, sugar factories, petroleum industries and others as such.

10. Examples for Soil contamination:
There is a large variety of pollutants that could poison the soil.
Examples of the most common and problematic soil pollutants can
be found below.
 LEAD (PB)
Potential sources: lead paint, mining, foundry activities, vehicle exhaust,
construction activities, agriculture activities
 MERCURY (HG)
Potential sources: mining, incineration of coal, alkali and metal processing,
medical waste, volcanoes and geologic deposits, accumulation in plants &
vegetables grown on polluted soils
 ARSENIC (AS)
Potential sources: mining, coal-fired power plants, lumber facilities,
electronics industry, foundry activities, agriculture, natural accumulation

11.  ZINC (ZN)
Potential sources: mining; foundry activities; construction activities
 NICKEL (NI)
Potential sources: mining; foundry activities; construction activities
 COPPER (CU)
Potential sources: mining, foundry activities; construction activities
 PAHS (POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS)
Potential sources: coal burning, vehicle emissions, accumulation in plants &
vegetables grown on polluted soils; cigarette smoke; wildfires, agricultural
burning; wood burning, constructions
 HERBICIDES/INSECTICIDES
Potential sources: Agriculture activities, Gardening

12. Causes for soil pollution
 Deforestation
 Landfills
 Mining
 Over gazing
 Irrigation
 Toxic fertilizers and pesticides
 Soil erosion
 Acid rain
 Change in climate

13. Impact
Human health
Environment impact
Distraction for tourist
Inferior Crop Quality
Effect on wildlife
Global warming
Bio magnification.

15. Remedies
 Awareness among people
 Garbage disposal
 Say no to plastic
 Waste management
 Grow more trees
 Use of correct farming techniques
 Proper disposal method of household and industrial
waste
 Proper maintenance of sewage system

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cy6W5fHPBLg
soil pollution

18. Definition
 Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic
chemicals or compounds (including those of biological
origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk.
 In an even broader sense, air pollution means the
presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which are
usually not present and which lower the quality of the air
or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such
as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global
warming).

19. Causes
Air pollution is probably one of the most serious environmental problems
confronting our civilization today.
Most often, it is caused by human activities such as
 Mining
 Construction
 Transportation
 Industrial work
 Agriculture
 Smelting, etc.
However, natural processes such as
 Volcanic eruptions
 Wildfires may also pollute the air

20. Types of Air Pollutants
A large number of contaminants may pollute the air in a
large variety of forms.
 SULFUR OXIDES (SOX)
Toxic gases produced by the volcanic activity, industrial processes, and burning of
fossil fuels.
 NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)
Toxic gases.
 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
Extremely toxic, produced by incomplete combustion and vehicle exhaust.
 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
Not toxic, but may dislocate oxygen and produce death through asphyxiation.
Additionally, it is a greenhouse gas, emitted by combustion processes, microbial
activity, plant respiration.

21.  VOCS (VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS)
Toxic and carcinogenic, generated through many human activities such as
industrial processes and waste disposal.
 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
PM of volcanoes and wildfires, also produced by fossil fuels, mining, foundries,
etc.
 HG IN GASEOUS FORM
Results from industrial processes, mining, foundry activities, and other processes
 RADIOACTIVE POLLUTANTS
Produced through radioactive decay and nuclear explosions, war explosions, etc.
 AMMONIA (NH3)
Usually emitted from agricultural processes.

27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54J868a4iyo
Air pollution

29. DEFINITION
 Water pollution is defined as the presence in groundwater of toxic
chemicals and biological agents that exceed what is naturally found in
the water and may pose a threat to human health and/or the
environment.
 Additionally, water pollution may consist of chemicals introduced
into the water bodies as a result of various human activities. Any
amount of those chemicals pollutes the water, regardless of the harm
they may pose to human health and the environment.
 Water pollution affects plants and organisms living in these bodies of
water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual
species and populations, but also to the natural biological
communities.

32. Types of water pollution
 Point source pollution:
If pollution comes from a single
location, such as a discharge
pipe attached to a factory. An oil
spill from tanker, a discharge
from a smoke stack, or someone
pouring oil from their car down
a drain.
 Non point source pollution:
A great deal of water pollution
happens not from one single
source but from many different
scattered sources. This is called
non point source pollution.

34.  Crude oil and various petroleum products (including gasoline, diesel
fuel, kerosene, motor and lubricating oils, jet fuel). These compounds
are lighter than water and thus always sit on top of water forming
sheens of “free product”. However, part of these compounds dissolve in
water and, even in small amounts may be harmful and at the same time
may remain unnoticeable by the eye.
 Fertilizers (including nitrates and phosphates) – while small amounts
are useful to life, higher amounts of nitrates and phosphates in water are
only beneficial to algae and harmful microorganisms and are poisonous
to human and aquatic life. These contaminants cannot be seen
themselves in water (as they do not form sheens or color the water), but
their effects can. The typical effect of water pollution by fertilizers
(usually through agricultural runoff) is the fast and abundant water
growth.
Types of water contaminates

35.  Chlorinated solvents (including TCE, PCE, 1,1,1-TCA, carbon tetrachloride,
Freons) which sink in water (are denser than water) and are quite persistent and
toxic. These compounds thus, cannot be seen by the eye, in contrast with
petroleum products that are easily seen as sheens on top of water surface.
 Petroleum solvents (including benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene)
 Other organic solvents and chemicals (such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone,
alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol; or oxygenate compounds such as
MTBE)
 Antibiotics and other pharmaceutical products;
 Perchlorate – perchlorate salts are used in rocket fuels, as well as many other
applications such as fireworks, explosives, road flares, inflation bags, etc. This
contaminant is usually associated with military bases, construction sites (when
explosives are used). However, natural formation in arid areas may account for
perchlorate in water, too (e.g., in Chile, Texas or California where natural
formation of perchlorate has been observed)

36.  Trihalomethanes – these are usually byproducts of water
chlorination and may pollute groundwater and surface water via
leaking sewer lines and discharges. Examples of such
compounds are: chloroform, bromoform,
dichlorobromomethane;
 Metals and their compounds – of higher health risk are the
organo-metal compounds which may form when metals from
water react with organic compounds from water. Common
examples include Hg, As, and Cr poisoning of water. Thus, if
water is polluted with both metals and organic compounds the
health risk is higher. And so is the effect of water pollution on
aquatic life.
 Pesticides/insecticides/herbicides – comprise a large number
of individual chemicals that get into water due to agricultural
activities directly (by spraying over large areas) or indirectly
with agriculture runoff. The insecticide DDT is a typical
example of such type of water pollutant.

37.  PCBs – in spite of their recent ban, their ubiquitous environmental presence
makes these contaminants usually associated with urban runoffs.
 II) Radiological – when radioactive materials are the water pollutant causes.
 III) Biological – when various microorganisms (e.g., bacterial species and
viruses), worms, and/or algae occurring in a large number are the water
pollution causes. This type of pollution is caused by decaying organic material
in water, animal wastes, as well as improper disposal of human wastes.

38. Causes for water pollution
 Marine dumping
 Industrial waste
 Sewage
 Households
 Nuclear waste
 Oil pollution
 Underground storage leaks

39. Impact of water pollution
 Death of aquatic animals
 Disruption of food chains pollution
 Diseases
 Destruction of ecosystem

40. Solution to water pollution
 Do not throw away waste in open field
 Use water wisely
 Do not throw chemicals, oils, paints, and medicines down the sink drain or
toilet.
 If you see chemicals and pesticides be mindful not overuse.
 Use of environment friendly liquids and other items
 Grow trees near a water source
 Develop awareness among people regarding the importance of water.

43. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBfupv8dXg8
water pollution

45. Definition
 Noise pollution, unwanted or excessive sound that can
have deleterious effects on human health and
environmental quality. Noise pollution is commonly
generated inside many industrial facilities and some
other workplaces, but it also comes from highway,
railway, and airplane traffic and from outdoor
construction activities.

47. Type of pollution
 street traffic sounds from cars, buses, pedestrians, ambulances etc.
 construction sounds like drilling or other heavy machinery in operation
 airports, with constant elevated sounds from air traffic, i.e. planes taking off or
landing
 workplace sounds, often common in open-space offices
 constant loud music in or near commercial venues
 industrial sounds like fans, generators, compressor, mills
 train stations traffic
 household sounds, from the television set to music playing on the stereo or
computer, vacuum cleaners, fans and coolers, washing machines, dishwashers,
lawnmowers etc.
 events involving fireworks, firecrackers, loudspeakers etc.
 conflicts generate noise pollution through explosions, gunfire etc. The
dysfunctions, in this case, are likely caused by the conflict and insecurity and less
by the noise pollution in itself, although that compounds stress levels too.

49. Human Diseases Caused by Noise Pollution
 Whether we realize we are subjected to it or not, noise pollution can be hazardous to our health in
various ways.
 Hypertension is, in this case, a direct result of noise pollution caused elevated blood levels for a
longer period of time.
 Hearing loss can be directly caused by noise pollution, whether listening to loud music in your
headphones or being exposed to loud drilling noises at work, heavy air or land traffic, or separate
incidents in which noise levels reach dangerous intervals, such as around140 dB for adult or 120
dB for children.
 Sleep disturbances are usually caused by constant air or land traffic at night, and they are a
serious condition in that they can affect everyday performance and lead to serious diseases.
 Child development. Children appear to be more sensitive to noise pollution, and a number of
noise-pollution-related diseases and dysfunctions are known to affect children, from hearing
impairment to psychological and physical effects. Also, children who regularly use music players
at high volumes are at risk of developing hearing dysfunctions. In 2001, it was estimated that
12.5% of American children between the ages of 6 to 19 years had impaired hearing in one or
both ears
 Various cardiovascular dysfunctions. Elevated blood pressure caused by noise pollution,
especially during the night, can lead to various cardiovascular diseases.
 Dementia isn’t necessarily caused by noise pollution, but its onset can be favored or compounded
by noise pollution.
 Psychological dysfunctions and noise annoyance. Noise annoyance is, in fact, a recognized name
for an emotional reaction that can have an immediate impact.

50. Effects of Noise Pollution on Wildlife and
Marine Life
 Our oceans are no longer quiet. Thousands of oil drills, sonars, seismic
survey devices, coastal recreational watercraft and shipping vessels
are now populating our waters, and that is a serious cause of noise
pollution for marine life.
 Whales are among the most affected, as their hearing helps them
orient themselves, feed and communicate. Noise pollution thus
interferes with cetaceans’ (whales and dolphins) feeding habits,
reproductive patterns and migration routes, and can even cause
hemorrhage and death.
 Other than marine life, land animals are also affected by noise
pollution in the form of traffic, firecrackers etc., and birds are
especially affected by the increased air traffic.

51. Social and Economic Costs of Noise
Pollution
 The World Health Organization estimates that one out of three people in
Europe is harmed by traffic noise.
 More than the purely medical effects of noise pollution on the individual,
there is a significant social and economic impact.
 Since noise pollution leads to sleep disturbance, it affects the individual’s
work performance during the day, it leads to hypertension and cardiovascular
disease and costs the health system additional time and money, and it
negatively affects school performance in children.

52. Solution

54. Small note on Decibles (dB)
 We measure sound intensity (also referred to as sound power or
sound pressure) in units called decibels. Decibels (dB) are named
in honor of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of both the
telephone and the audiometer. An audiometer is a device that
measures how well a person can hear certain sounds. A modern
version of it is still used today to diagnose hearing loss.

55. How loud are some common sounds in
decibel measurements?
ear-total silence - 0 dB
•A whisper - 15 dB
•A library - 45 dB
•A normal conversation - 60 dB
•A toilet flushing 75-85 dB
•A noisy restaurant - 90 dB
•Peak noise on a hospital ward - 100dB
•A baby crying - 110 dB
•A jet engine - 120 dB
•A Porsche 911 Carrera RSR Turbo 2.1 - 138 dB
(see YouTube video of Porsche car noise tests using
the Pulsar Nova Sound Level Meter)
•A balloon popping - 157 dB

56. Even small increases in dBA level can have a big impact on your hearing health. As dBA rises, your hearing is
more likely to be damaged, and more quickly than you might expect. Sound is more likely to damage your
hearing if it is:
•85 dBA and you are exposed to it for at least 8 hours.
•100 dBA and you are exposed to it for at least 14 minutes.
•110 dBA and you are exposed to it for at least 2 minutes.
You can measure sounds in dBA yourself with a sound level meter, such as this app made by the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The app can measure sounds from 0 dBA (sounds so quiet you
can barely hear them) to whispering (30 dBA), normal conversation (60-70 dBA), and even a jet taking off
(140 dBA). Just remember to turn down the volume, move away from the noise, or wear hearing protectors,
especially when the sound level is at or about 85 dBA!

57. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQ4BakagMvM
noise pollution

58. DEFINITION
 Chemical pollution is defined as the presence or increase in our
environment of chemical pollutants that are not naturally present
there or are found in amounts higher than their natural
background values. Most of the chemicals that pollute the
environment are man-made, resulted from the various activities in
which toxic chemicals are used for various purposes.

59. The Effects of Chemical Pollution
Chemical pollution can be caused by a variety of chemicals from a variety of sources and can involve a
variety of health effects from simple digestive problems to chemical intoxication and sudden death by
poisoning. The effects are usually related to the exposure to high amounts of chemicals. Chemical
pollution leads to various serious diseases, generally by consuming poisonous food, drinking highly
contaminated water, or breathing highly contaminated air.
Chemical intoxication can have severe health effects that may trigger immediate symptoms and diseases
or delayed effects which may appear after weeks or months since the exposure occurred. This is based
on the type of pollutants and on the amounts to which you are exposed. CAUTION, never assume that
all is OK if no health effects appear immediately!
Various chemical pollutants may accumulate in the aquatic sediments over longer periods of time. This
means that, if no tests are performed, chemical pollution in the ocean water could pose serious health
risks to the ecosystem and ultimately could cause mild or deadly chemical intoxication in humans after
the consumption of contaminated fish or seafood. However, there are prevention tips you can follow to
minimize exposure to chemical pollution.

60. Remedies
 Recycle, reuse or donate liquids from automobiles. Do
not pour them down the drain or throw them away in the
regular trash.
 Limit the use of your cars and motor vehicles. Riding a
bike or taking public transportation will help reduce the
amount of chemicals put into the air.

61. Nuclear hazards and human
health risks

62. Nuclear hazards and human health risks
 According to International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), a nuclear and radiation accidents/ hazards is an
event that has led to significant consequences to people,
the environment or the facility.
 Nuclear hazards. Risk or danger to human health or
the environment exposed by the radiation emanating
from the atomic nuclei is called as nuclear hazard.
Nuclear hazard is an actual or potential release of
radioactive material at a commercial nuclear power
plant or a transportation accident

63.  Radiations are the waves of energy that travels and spread all
around in our environment.
 These radiations are useful as well harmful for us.
 Examples include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared
and ultraviolet lights, X-rays, and gamma-rays, etc.
 Radionuclides are elements (uranium 235, uranium 283, thorium
232, potassium 40, radium 226, carbon 14 etc) with unstable
atomic nuclei and on decomposition release ionizing radiations in
the form of alpha, beta and gamma rays. Out of the known 45O
radioisotopes only some are of environmental concern like
strontium 90, tritium, plutonium 239, argon 41, cobalt 60, cesium
137, iodine 131, krypton 85 etc.

64. What is alpha, beta and gamma?
 The alpha particles are fast moving positively charged particles
whereas beta particles are high speed negatively charged
electrons.
 These ionization radiations have variable penetration power.
 Alpha particles can be interrupted by a sheet of paper while beta
particles can be blocked by a piece of wood or a few millimeters
of aluminum sheet.
 The gamma rays can pass through paper and wood but can be
stopped by concrete wall, lead slabs or water.
 alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ)

65. Sources of Radioactivity
Various sources of radioactivity can be grouped into two broad
categories
 Natural sources : Sources of natural radioactivity include cosmic
rays from outer space, radioactive radon-222, soil, rocks, air,
water and food, which contain one or more radioactive
substances.
 Anthropogenic sources: These sources are nuclear power plants,
nuclear accidents, X-rays, diagnostic kits, test laboratories etc.
where radioactive substances are used

66. RADIATIONS THAT CAUSE POLLUTION
1. Electromagnetic radiations:
 UV rays
 X-rays
 Gamma rays
 Infrared rays
 Radio waves
2. Particulate radiations
Beta, alpha particles etc

67. Impacts of Nuclear Radiation
 SHORT TERM RECOVERABLE EFFECTS
Short term affect on skin, hair loss, lungs and on reproductive organs
 LONG TERM IRRECOVERABLE EFFECTS
Radiation sickness A person's risk of getting sick depends on how much radiation the body
absorbs. Radiation sickness is often fatal and can produce such symptoms as bleeding and
shedding of the lining on the gastrointestinal tract.
Bone marrow death is caused by a dose of radiation between 2 and 10 Gray and is
characterized by the part of the bone marrow that makes the blood being broken down.
Therefore, production of red and white blood cells and platelets is stopped due to loss of the
blood-making stem cells
Cataract induction
Cancer induction
Infectious diseases resulting from nuclear attack such as dysentery, tuberculosis, cholera,
pneumonia etc.
GENETIC
The effect is suffered by the offspring of the individual exposed. Mutations of these
reproductive cells are passed to the offspring of the individual exposed.

68. Control of Radiation/Nuclear Pollution
a. Siting of nuclear power plants should be carefully done after
studying long term and short term effects.
b. Proper disposal of wastes from laboratory involving the use of
radioisotopes should be done.
c. Workers in nuclear plants should be provided with nuclear gadgets
and safety measures against accidents.
d. Leakage of radioactive elements from nuclear reactors,
laboratories, transport, careless handling and use of radioactive fuels
should be checked.
e. Level of radiation pollution should be monitored regularly in risk
areas.
f. Disposal of radioactive wastes should be done with special
attention.

70. What is waste
 Waste is also referred to as rubbish, trash,
garbage, or junk depending upon the type of
material and the regional terminology.
 In living organisms, waste relates to unwanted
substances or toxins that are expelled from them.

71. What is Solid Waste Management?
 Solid waste management is a term that is used to refer to
the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It
also offers solutions for recycling items that do not
belong to garbage or trash. As long as people have been
living in settlements and residential areas, garbage or
solid waste has been an issue. Waste management is all
about how solid waste can be changed and used as a
valuable resource.

72. Categories of Waste
 Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers,
leaves, fruits, and market places.
 Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are highly
organic and having low moisture content.
 Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
 Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
 Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
 Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
 Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
 Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste.
 Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
 Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
 Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.

75. The types of litter and their approximate
degeneration time
Type of litter
Approximate time taken to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc.
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and metal cans 100–500 years
Plastic bags One million years?
Glass bottles undetermined

76. Objectives
 Public hygiene and health
 Reuse, reduce and recycle
 Energy generation
 Sustainable development
 Aesthetics

77. Various Sources of Solid Waste
 Every day, tonnes of solid waste are disposed of at various
landfill sites. This waste comes from homes, offices, industries
and various other agricultural related activities.
 These landfill sites produce foul smell if waste is not stored and
treated properly. It can pollute the surrounding air and can
seriously affect the health of humans, wildlife and our
environment. The following are major sources of solid waste:

78. 1. Residential
 Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid waste.
The garbage from these places includes food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather,
cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky household items
such as electronics, tires, batteries, old mattresses and used oil.
 Most homes have garbage bins where they can throw away their solid wastes in and
later, the bin is emptied by a garbage collecting firm or person for treatment.
2. Industrial
 Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors to solid waste. They include
light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning
plants, power and chemical plants.
 These industries produce solid waste in the form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes,
packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical
wastes as well as other hazardous wastes.
3. Commercial
 Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today.
Commercial buildings and facilities, in this case, refer to hotels, markets, restaurants,
godowns, stores and office buildings.
 Some of the solid wastes generated from these places include plastics, food wastes,
metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other hazardous
wastes.

79. 4. Institutional
 The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other
government centers also produce solid waste. Some of the common solid wastes
obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood,
paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes.
5. Construction and Demolition Areas
 Construction and demolition sites also contribute to the solid waste problem.
Construction sites include new construction sites for buildings and roads, road repair
sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites.
 Some of the solid wastes produced in these places include steel materials, concrete,
wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.
6. Municipal Services
 The urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries
today. Some of the solid waste brought about by the municipal services include street
cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping
wastes and wastes from recreational areas, including sludge.

80. 7. Treatment Plants and Sites
 Heavy and light manufacturing plants also produce solid waste. They
include refineries, power plants, processing plants, mineral extraction
plants and chemical plants.
 Among the wastes produced by these plants, there are industrial process
wastes, unwanted specification products, plastics, metal parts, just to
mention a few.
8. Agriculture
 Crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of
solid wastes. Among the wastes they produce are agricultural wastes,
spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials.
9. Biomedical
 This refers to hospitals and biomedical equipment and chemical
manufacturing firms. In hospitals, there are different types of solid
wastes produced.
 Some of these solid wastes include syringes, bandages, used gloves,
drugs, paper, plastics, food wastes and chemicals. All these require
proper disposal or else they will cause a huge problem for the
environment and the people in these facilities.

81. Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
 Litter Surroundings
 Impact on human health
 Disease-causing pests
 Environmental problem
 Soil and groundwater pollution
 Emission of toxic gases
 Impact on land and aquatic animals

82. Methods of Solid Waste Management
There are different methods of solid waste management.
The following are some of the recognized methods:
 Sanitary landfill
 Incineration
 Recovery and recycling
 Composting
 Pyrolysis

88. Waste Management Policies
 Environment protection act, 1986
 Hazardous waste rule, 1989
 Bio-medical waste rule, 1998
 Municipal solid waste rule, 2000
 Waste management act, 1996
 Solid waste policy in India, 2006

89. https://www.slideshare.net/pallabipriyadarsini25/solid-
waste-management-ppt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XHi7kV-ZMT0
Waste management

90. References:
 https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/soil/
 https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/air/
 https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/water/
 https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/noise-pollution/
 https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/chemical/
 http://www.aurobindo.du.ac.in/uploads/pdf/1587784576_EVS_Nuclear_hazar
ds_and_human_health_risks.pdf
 https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-
waste-management.php
 https://www.slideshare.net/amitnakli/final-ppt-36453248?next_slideshow=1