The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is a process used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater before it is discharged into surface or ground water.To control eutrophication in receiving water bodies, biological nutrient removal (BNR) of nitrogen and phosphorus has been widely used in wastewater treatment practice, both for the upgrade of existing wastewater treatment facilities and the design of new facilities.
Deals with the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, Nitrification-denitrification removal of nitrogen, and Phosphate accumulating organisms and poly-hydroxibutirate in the phosphorus removal.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
The document discusses various methods for removing nitrogen from wastewater, including biological, chemical, and physicochemical approaches. Biologically, nitrification and denitrification can convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas. Chemically, methods like breakpoint chlorination and struvite precipitation are used. Physicochemically, ammonia stripping releases nitrogen gas from wastewater. The preferred approach is nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification during secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge or other suspended growth systems.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) is a process used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater before it is discharged into surface or ground water.To control eutrophication in receiving water bodies, biological nutrient removal (BNR) of nitrogen and phosphorus has been widely used in wastewater treatment practice, both for the upgrade of existing wastewater treatment facilities and the design of new facilities.
Deals with the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, Nitrification-denitrification removal of nitrogen, and Phosphate accumulating organisms and poly-hydroxibutirate in the phosphorus removal.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
The document discusses various methods for removing nitrogen from wastewater, including biological, chemical, and physicochemical approaches. Biologically, nitrification and denitrification can convert nitrogenous wastes to nitrogen gas. Chemically, methods like breakpoint chlorination and struvite precipitation are used. Physicochemically, ammonia stripping releases nitrogen gas from wastewater. The preferred approach is nitrogen removal via nitrification and denitrification during secondary wastewater treatment using activated sludge or other suspended growth systems.
The document discusses various biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes used to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. It describes the main BNR processes as biological nitrogen removal, biological phosphorus removal, and compares several common BNR configurations including integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS), sequential batch reactor (SBR), oxidation ditch, membrane biological reactor (MBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and step feed processes. Each process is explained in terms of its treatment approach and advantages and disadvantages for nutrient removal.
The document summarizes several biological treatment processes used for waste water treatment including suspended growth processes like activated sludge and fixed film processes like trickling filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contractors, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. It describes the basic mechanisms and configurations of each process as well as their advantages and applications.
Primary and secondary wastewater treatment..snehalmenon92
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as applying technology to improve water quality. Primary treatment involves removing coarse solids and grit, while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to further break down organic matter. The document then describes various primary and secondary treatment units and processes in detail, such as grit chambers, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, and biological nutrient removal. It concludes by discussing tertiary/advanced treatment options for removing additional contaminants.
This document summarizes technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It discusses the problems caused by nutrient pollution in waterways and outlines biological and chemical solutions. Key points include: nitrification and denitrification can remove nitrogen through autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria; enhanced biological phosphorus removal uses phosphorus-accumulating organisms; and chemical precipitation uses metal salts like aluminum and iron to remove phosphorus by forming insoluble phosphates. The document also provides details on nitrogen and phosphorus levels in domestic sewage and the nitrogen transformation process in biological treatment systems.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
There are three major biological wastewater treatment techniques: attached growth processes, suspended growth processes, and combined processes. Attached growth processes involve microorganisms attached to an inert medium that convert wastewater organic matter into gases and cell tissue. Suspended growth processes involve microorganisms maintained in suspension within the wastewater reactor through mixing as they consume organic matter. Combined processes use both attached and suspended growth approaches.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged or sludge is land applied.
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
Urban wastewater is usually treated using conventional activated sludge processes, which involve bacteria breaking down pollutants. Membrane bioreactors improve on this by using a membrane to filter out bacteria instead of gravitational settling. This allows for higher concentrations of bacteria and produces very high quality treated water that can be reused. Membrane bioreactors have several advantages over conventional treatment, including more compact systems and better treatment, but also have higher costs and challenges with membrane fouling.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment systems. It provides details on:
- The multi-step anaerobic digestion process where bacteria break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
- Configurations for anaerobic digesters including batch vs continuous systems, mesophilic vs thermophilic temperatures, and single-stage vs multi-stage complexity.
- Aerobic treatment systems that use aerobic bacteria to further treat sewage after an initial anaerobic septic tank process.
- Types of aerated lagoons or basins used to promote biological oxidation of wastewaters, including suspension mixed and facultative lagoons with different
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentwwwtwastewater
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane filtration process with a suspended growth bioreactor. It is a very advanced technology and is now widely used
for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.
The document describes a trickling filter, which is a biological wastewater treatment process using attached growth of microorganisms on media to remove organic matter. Wastewater is distributed over the top of the media (such as gravel or plastic), where microbes grow as biofilms and degrade organics. The treated water exits through underdrains while air flow through the media supports the aerobic biofilms. Higher rate filters use recirculation and plastic media to achieve greater organic removal at smaller footprints. Proper design and operation are needed to control issues like ponding, flies, odors, and icing.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
The document discusses the activated sludge process for treating wastewater. It begins with an overview that activated sludge involves aerating wastewater in tanks containing microorganisms that break down organic matter. The microorganisms are separated from the treated water, with some returned to the aeration tank and excess removed. It then provides details on the key components of activated sludge plants, including aeration tanks, clarifiers, recycled sludge, and wasted sludge. Various process parameters are defined that are important for monitoring and controlling the activated sludge process.
Use of microorganisms in wastewater treatmentVAISHALI JAIN
Waste water treatment involves three main processes: primary treatment to remove solids, secondary biological treatment using microorganisms, and tertiary treatment for further polishing. Secondary treatment can occur through trickling filters, activated sludge, rotating biological contactors, and other methods. The treatment relies on beneficial microorganisms like bacteria and protozoa to break down organic waste, but must also remove harmful bacteria and viruses. A variety of microbes and treatment stages are needed to safely clean waste water.
First presentation of my whole life, That's i want to share with you people. I think this presentation (SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT) may fulfill your requirement.
Actually when my teacher told me about our assignment I was felling nervous because I've never done this type of thing. when she asked one of my classmate to upload his PPT in class common email-ID, then I felt very bad !!!! not on their success but because I COULDN'T. At that time i promised to myself and with the co-ordination of my group member MR. AYUSH GOVIL, MISS. VERSHA DABAS, MISS KRITI SINGHAL and myself RISHAW KUMAR (TIWARI). And finally i got not only me, we winzzzzz.
thanx to,
Dr. TANNU ALLEN (our prof.)
and special thanx to my group member and my classmate. and you guys also.
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document discusses membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). It begins by outlining the problems caused by excess phosphorus in water bodies. It then describes existing phosphorus removal technologies and focuses on EBPR. EBPR uses three zones - anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic - to release and take up phosphorus from wastewater. A membrane filter is used to separate the phosphorus-rich biomass from the treated effluent. The document presents the results of an experiment comparing a membrane bioreactor system to a conventional system, finding the membrane system achieved lower effluent phosphorus levels even at shorter retention times.
IRJET- Study on Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing phosphate levels in industrial and municipal wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The researchers used polyurethane foam as bio-carriers in a cylindrical tank equipped with an aerator. The MBBR was operated under aerobic conditions at an aeration rate of 1.6 LPM. Results showed the MBBR was able to remove 55.06% of phosphorus from the wastewater. The document provides background on the need to remove phosphorus from wastewater to prevent eutrophication, and describes different phosphorus removal methods including chemical, physical and biological approaches like the MBBR system tested in this study.
The document summarizes several biological treatment processes used for waste water treatment including suspended growth processes like activated sludge and fixed film processes like trickling filters, fluidized bed reactors, rotating biological contractors, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. It describes the basic mechanisms and configurations of each process as well as their advantages and applications.
Primary and secondary wastewater treatment..snehalmenon92
This document provides an overview of primary and secondary wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as applying technology to improve water quality. Primary treatment involves removing coarse solids and grit, while secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge to further break down organic matter. The document then describes various primary and secondary treatment units and processes in detail, such as grit chambers, primary clarifiers, trickling filters, and biological nutrient removal. It concludes by discussing tertiary/advanced treatment options for removing additional contaminants.
This document summarizes technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. It discusses the problems caused by nutrient pollution in waterways and outlines biological and chemical solutions. Key points include: nitrification and denitrification can remove nitrogen through autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria; enhanced biological phosphorus removal uses phosphorus-accumulating organisms; and chemical precipitation uses metal salts like aluminum and iron to remove phosphorus by forming insoluble phosphates. The document also provides details on nitrogen and phosphorus levels in domestic sewage and the nitrogen transformation process in biological treatment systems.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
There are three major biological wastewater treatment techniques: attached growth processes, suspended growth processes, and combined processes. Attached growth processes involve microorganisms attached to an inert medium that convert wastewater organic matter into gases and cell tissue. Suspended growth processes involve microorganisms maintained in suspension within the wastewater reactor through mixing as they consume organic matter. Combined processes use both attached and suspended growth approaches.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce water pollution by decreasing levels of suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand through physical and biological processes before water is discharged or sludge is land applied.
The document describes the activated sludge process, which is the most common suspended growth process for municipal wastewater treatment. The process involves introducing air or oxygen into a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms to develop biological flocs that reduce organic content. Wastewater and microbes form mixed liquor that undergoes aeration and settling, with clarified effluent discharged and excess sludge wasted or returned. Common activated sludge process types include plug flow, complete mix, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Design considerations include wastewater characteristics, effluent quality goals, and sludge production.
Urban wastewater is usually treated using conventional activated sludge processes, which involve bacteria breaking down pollutants. Membrane bioreactors improve on this by using a membrane to filter out bacteria instead of gravitational settling. This allows for higher concentrations of bacteria and produces very high quality treated water that can be reused. Membrane bioreactors have several advantages over conventional treatment, including more compact systems and better treatment, but also have higher costs and challenges with membrane fouling.
The document discusses various aspects of anaerobic digestion and aerobic treatment systems. It provides details on:
- The multi-step anaerobic digestion process where bacteria break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
- Configurations for anaerobic digesters including batch vs continuous systems, mesophilic vs thermophilic temperatures, and single-stage vs multi-stage complexity.
- Aerobic treatment systems that use aerobic bacteria to further treat sewage after an initial anaerobic septic tank process.
- Types of aerated lagoons or basins used to promote biological oxidation of wastewaters, including suspension mixed and facultative lagoons with different
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentwwwtwastewater
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane filtration process with a suspended growth bioreactor. It is a very advanced technology and is now widely used
for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.
The document describes a trickling filter, which is a biological wastewater treatment process using attached growth of microorganisms on media to remove organic matter. Wastewater is distributed over the top of the media (such as gravel or plastic), where microbes grow as biofilms and degrade organics. The treated water exits through underdrains while air flow through the media supports the aerobic biofilms. Higher rate filters use recirculation and plastic media to achieve greater organic removal at smaller footprints. Proper design and operation are needed to control issues like ponding, flies, odors, and icing.
Nitrification is the biological process where ammonia is converted to nitrite then nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. Phosphates can be removed from wastewater through chemical precipitation, post precipitation of the final effluent, or co-precipitation during secondary biological treatment. Denitrification is the process where nitrates are biologically converted back to nitrogen gas by heterotrophic bacteria under anaerobic conditions using an organic carbon source.
The document discusses the activated sludge process for treating wastewater. It begins with an overview that activated sludge involves aerating wastewater in tanks containing microorganisms that break down organic matter. The microorganisms are separated from the treated water, with some returned to the aeration tank and excess removed. It then provides details on the key components of activated sludge plants, including aeration tanks, clarifiers, recycled sludge, and wasted sludge. Various process parameters are defined that are important for monitoring and controlling the activated sludge process.
Use of microorganisms in wastewater treatmentVAISHALI JAIN
Waste water treatment involves three main processes: primary treatment to remove solids, secondary biological treatment using microorganisms, and tertiary treatment for further polishing. Secondary treatment can occur through trickling filters, activated sludge, rotating biological contactors, and other methods. The treatment relies on beneficial microorganisms like bacteria and protozoa to break down organic waste, but must also remove harmful bacteria and viruses. A variety of microbes and treatment stages are needed to safely clean waste water.
First presentation of my whole life, That's i want to share with you people. I think this presentation (SECONDARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT) may fulfill your requirement.
Actually when my teacher told me about our assignment I was felling nervous because I've never done this type of thing. when she asked one of my classmate to upload his PPT in class common email-ID, then I felt very bad !!!! not on their success but because I COULDN'T. At that time i promised to myself and with the co-ordination of my group member MR. AYUSH GOVIL, MISS. VERSHA DABAS, MISS KRITI SINGHAL and myself RISHAW KUMAR (TIWARI). And finally i got not only me, we winzzzzz.
thanx to,
Dr. TANNU ALLEN (our prof.)
and special thanx to my group member and my classmate. and you guys also.
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document discusses membrane enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). It begins by outlining the problems caused by excess phosphorus in water bodies. It then describes existing phosphorus removal technologies and focuses on EBPR. EBPR uses three zones - anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic - to release and take up phosphorus from wastewater. A membrane filter is used to separate the phosphorus-rich biomass from the treated effluent. The document presents the results of an experiment comparing a membrane bioreactor system to a conventional system, finding the membrane system achieved lower effluent phosphorus levels even at shorter retention times.
IRJET- Study on Reduction of Phosphate from Industrial Cum Municipal Wastewat...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on reducing phosphate levels in industrial and municipal wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). The researchers used polyurethane foam as bio-carriers in a cylindrical tank equipped with an aerator. The MBBR was operated under aerobic conditions at an aeration rate of 1.6 LPM. Results showed the MBBR was able to remove 55.06% of phosphorus from the wastewater. The document provides background on the need to remove phosphorus from wastewater to prevent eutrophication, and describes different phosphorus removal methods including chemical, physical and biological approaches like the MBBR system tested in this study.
Bioplastics are organic, biomass-based alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics. There are several types of bioplastics including PHA, PHB, Biopol, and PLA. PHB is produced naturally by bacteria as a carbon storage material and can be synthesized through bacterial fermentation. It is biodegradable and has applications in packaging and medical devices.
This document discusses glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) which play an important role in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment. GAOs, like polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), can uptake volatile fatty acids anaerobically and convert them to polyhydroxyalkanoates. However, unlike PAOs, GAOs do not release or take up phosphorus. While GAOs do not contribute directly to phosphorus removal, they can support the anoxic activity of PAOs by reducing nitrate to nitrite. The document also provides information on common types of GAOs and optimal operating conditions for EBPR.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes three papers related to biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The first paper evaluates two red yeast species for their ability to assimilate sugars and aromatics from engineered Arabidopsis plants and successfully converts these products into biofuel precursors. The second paper identifies small drug resistance pumps in Bacillus bacteria that confer tolerance to ionic liquids used in biomass pretreatment and characterizes riboswitches that regulate these pumps. The third paper finds that engineered Pseudomonas putida produces more methyl ketones, a promising diesel blendstock, when grown on plant hydrolysates compared to sugars, due to plant-derived amino acids.
This document summarizes a research study that used an anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system to treat high-strength wastewater containing 1000 mg/L of nitrate and 4000 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The SBR was able to simultaneously remove 98% of nitrate, 86% of phosphate, and 72% of COD after 180 days of operation. Pyrosequencing analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae, and Paracoccous were the dominant taxa present. The surplus electron donors and acceptors in the anoxic phase helped enrich denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms, while
This document discusses biosolubilization of insoluble phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized microorganisms. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi were entrapped in calcium alginate and polyacrylamide gels and used to solubilize mineral phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor. This allows for reusability of the biocatalyst and control of reactions without contamination. The longevity of solubilization activity was tested through repeated batch experiments. Bioconversion using these immobilized microorganisms occurs at low temperatures and provides a sustainable way to extract and solubilize phosphates compared to conventional processes.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates as an example of natural biodegredable polymers .
PHAs are biodegredable biopolyesters produced by a variety of gram negative and gram positive bacteria.
They have a variety of applications in the industrial and medical fields .
This document describes a student project to isolate, purify, and characterize the enzyme RuBisCO (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) at different stages of spinach leaf development. The project involves preparing spinach leaf extracts, precipitating proteins using ammonium sulfate, dialysis, size exclusion chromatography using Sephadex G25 and Sepharose 6B, a Lowry protein assay, and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to analyze RuBisCO at different leaf developmental stages.
Upon the evolution brought about in the fermentation technology resulted out into various methodologies for optimization of the product yield by economical consumption of the substrates. Eventually, these ventures led for the development of technologies classified into as Submerged and Solid State technologies and the latter one being the concept of interest whose detailed view will be provided in the following presentation
The document discusses biofertilizers, which are preparations containing living microorganisms that help crop plants uptake nutrients. It describes various types of biofertilizers like nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizers, potassium solubilizers, mycorrhizal fungi, and their mechanisms and benefits. The document also discusses mass production and application of biofertilizers for organic farming to ensure food security while protecting the environment.
This document discusses the use of microbes to help crops manage abiotic stress. It introduces beneficial microbes like plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and describes their classification. These microbes can fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus and potassium to make them available to plants. They also produce phytohormones and organic acids that help plants tolerate stresses like drought and salinity. The document discusses various nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing and potassium solubilizing microbes and their mechanisms of action. It also covers mycorrhizal fungi that help plants uptake nutrients and water.
Microbial food web manipulation in pond water for healthy shrimpIbnu Sahidhir
1) The document discusses manipulating the microbial food web in shrimp ponds to maintain healthy pond conditions. It focuses on bacteria and microalgae as the base of the food chain and important for nutrient cycles.
2) Two key aspects of the microbial food web that can be manipulated are the bacterial food web and microalgal food web. For bacteria, probiotics and postbiotics can help support beneficial bacteria and control pathogens. For microalgae, grazing can prevent population booms that disrupt the food chain.
3) Maintaining optimal environmental conditions like dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and water flow is important for the microbial food web to flourish. Regular harvesting of microbes also helps control the system
Role of Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment by Usama YounasUSAMAYOUNAS11
This presentation will help to understand the various microbes involved in the sewage treatment, also included the data regarding some sewage treatment plants present in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Biodegradable polymers are derived from biological sources such as plants and microorganisms. They include natural polymers like starch, cellulose, and proteins as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that are biodegradable. PLA is commonly used for packaging and is produced from corn via fermentation. PHAs can be produced by microorganisms and have applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. While biodegradable polymers address issues with conventional plastics, their production and properties need further improvement for widespread adoption. Continued research aims to enhance production efficiency and material properties.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of biodegrading them. It describes how certain microorganisms like bacteria and fungi can break down polymers using extracellular enzymes. Polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol have been shown to be biodegradable by specific microbes. However, high density polyethylene and polycarbonate are more resistant to biodegradation without additives like starch that make them more accessible to microbes. The document provides many examples of studies on biodegrading different synthetic polymers.
The document discusses various polymers and methods of enhancing their biodegradability. It describes how certain polymers like polyesters, polyhydroxyalkanoates, and polyvinyl alcohol can be degraded by microorganisms and enzymes. Methods to promote the biodegradation of less biodegradable polymers like polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polyimide are also examined, such as the use of blends and additives to make them more accessible to microbial degradation.
Biological and chemical methods for recovery of nutrients from liquid ...Avijit Pramanik
This document discusses various technologies for nutrient recovery from waste streams. It describes three main steps in the nutrient recovery process: nutrient accumulation, nutrient release, and nutrient extraction. For accumulation, it outlines biological, chemical, and physical approaches like bacterial accumulation, chemical precipitation, adsorption, and algal and plant uptake. For release, it discusses biological digestion, thermochemical, and chemical/bioleaching methods. Finally, it examines extraction techniques such as precipitation, gas membranes, stripping and electrodialysis that produce fertilizer products from accumulated and released nutrients. The goal of these recovery technologies is to sustainably reuse nutrients from wastes.
The document discusses xenobiotics, which are foreign compounds found within an organism that are not naturally produced or expected to be present. It describes how xenobiotics are produced artificially for industrial purposes and how natural substances can also become xenobiotics. It then discusses the origins of different types of xenobiotic compounds from various industries. It notes hazards posed by xenobiotics like resistance to degradation and toxicity. Methods for remediating xenobiotics are explored, including photodegradation, bioremediation, phytoremediation, and genetic engineering of plants for remediation.
Similar to Biological phosphorus removal for waste water treatment (20)
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
2. INTRODUCTION
Presence of nutrients like nitrogen & phosphorus in waste water effluents
and their impacts on natural water bodies are of major concern.
With the recent evidence that the anthropogenic phosphorus addition in
microorganisms in milligram per litre level can trigger algal growth.
Chemical & biological means are adopted to remove them.
Biological phosphorus removal process is popular over chemical means, for
it’s simplicity, economy & various environmental benefits.
This process relies on enhancing ability of organisms to uptake more
phosphorus into their cell.
3. These processes are often referred to as “ Enhanced Biological
Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) process.
It is considered to be a cost effective and environmentally
sustainable alternative to chemical treatment.
It also have limited space and multi-functioning systems.
There is a growing understanding of the biochemical mechanisms
associated with luxury phosphorus uptake, Which early upon
Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms( PAO) for EBPR.
There are some operating conditions like;
Prerequisites for metabolism such as C, Glucose & electron acceptor
are being adjusted to promote the growth and proliferation of PAOs.
4. Identification of PAO
Biological P-removal primarily occurs via the accumulation of P
by microbes (Luxury uptake).
P- accumulation is as Polyphosphate as an energy reserve for
maintenance or to provide a competitive advantage over ordinary
heterotrophs.
Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (Accumulibacter) is the
widely used PAO.
Acinetobacter species, were reported to be the organisms
primarily responsible for EBPR.
10. BIOLOGICAL P-REMOVAL
Soluble & Particulate phosphorus.
The treatment process can be designed to promote the
growth of PAOs.
PAOs convert available organic matter to PHAs.
PHAs: Polyhydroxy alkanoates are linear polyesters
produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or
lipids.
13. The IFAS process is a combination of the fixed-film and the
suspended activated sludge processes.
In general, the addition of media to the aeration basins makes
it possible for nitrifying sludge ages to be attained in
considerably smaller basin volume than required for a comparable
single-stage activated sludge nitrification process.
The added media provides surface area for the growth of
microbes, and, in combination with the MLSS, the desired
nitrification.
The result is an equivalent MLSS concentration upwards of
6,000 mg/L.
The attached growth, however, does not impose excessive solids
loadings on the final clarifiers, since the growth remains in the
aeration basin.
16. STEP FEED PROCESS
Continuous flow process.
Influent flow is split to several feed locations.
Recycle sludge stream is sent to the beginning.
Higher solid retention time is achieved providing enhanced treatment.
Phosphorus removal is limited.
17. MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTOR PROCESS
(MBBR)
Direct derivative of fixed film
activated sludge process.
HDPE carrier elements are used.
Provides sites for bacteria
attachment.
Allows higher concentration of
active biomass.
More treatment capacity.
Phosphorus removal requires
additional stages.
19. MEMBRANE BIOLOGICAL REACTOR PROCESS
(MBR)
Consists of separate aeration tanks
and membrane filtration tanks.
The membrane elements separate
solids from the treated effluent.
Excess solids are wasted directly
from the aeration tanks.
Membranes vary from hollow tube
filters to flat panels.
Require several cleaning cycles.
22. MECHANISM IN P- REMOVAL
The phosphorus in the waste water is merged into cell biomass,
which is later removed as an end product of sludge wasting.
The reactor configuration consist of an anaerobic tank and an
activated sludge tank.
Retention time in the anaerobic tank is about 0.50 to 1.00 hrs.
23. UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS
PAO blend in fermentation products into storage products within
the cells with the associated release of phosphorus from stored
phosphates.
Acetate is produced by fermentation.
Which is dissolved degradable organic material that can be easily
integrated by the biomass.
Energy available from stored polyphosphate, the PAO adapt
acetate & produce intracellular poly hydroxy butyrate(PHB) storage
products.
The PHB content in the PAO increases as the polyphosphate
decreases.
24.
25. IN THE AEROBIC ZONE
Energy is produced by the oxidation of storage products &
polyphosphate storage within the cell increases.
Stored PHB is processed , providing energy from oxidation & C
for new cell growth.
The energy released from PHB oxidation is used to form
polyphosphate bonds in the cell storage.
26. The soluble orthophosphate is removed from the solution &
combined into polyphosphate within the bacterial cell.
PHB utilization also enhances cell growth and this new
biomass with high polyphosphate storage accounts for P
removal.
As a portion of the biomass is wasted the stored phosphorus
is removed from the bio-treatment reactor for ultimate
disposal with the waste sludge.
27.
28. TRADITIONAL EBPR SYSTEMS & RECENT ENHANCEMENTS
EBPR has traditionally been applied with in conventional activated
sludge (CAS) systems.
The level of biological P-removal is directly proportional to the number
of PAO present in the system.
Recent applications of EBPR include incorporation in membrane
bioreactors (MBR), Granular Sludge Reactors & Sequencing Batch
Biofilm Reactor (SBRs).
29. Inclusion of EBPR in MBRS, whether SBRs or continuous- flow,
has proven successful in achieving high levels of P- removal from
MWW.
Novel technologies offer potential for high levels of P-removal with
some even achieving efficient P-removal over sustained periods of
time at various scales.
ALGAE-BASED & HYBRID TREATMENT OPTIONS
The use of microalgae systems for the treatment of wastewater is
now well established.
But it’s full-scale applications for nutrient removal is more limited.
30. MECHANISMS OF ALGAL P-REMOVAL
P is an essential nutrient for algal growth.
Under some circumstances, P is taken up as polyphosphate granules for
use as a growth reserve for when there is a lack of P in the environment.
Where, inorganic orthophosphate is unavailable, algae will uptake
organic P, converting to orthophosphate at the cell surface via the
enzyme phosphatase.
Algal treatment solutions are typically either closed or open suspended
systems, or biofilm systems, most commonly using flat-bed or tubular
orientation.
31.
32. APPLICATION OF ALGAL P- SYSTEMS
The green microalga Scenedesmus sp. and Chlorella sp. are known to
carry out consequential luxury P uptake in the natural environment.
high levels (up to 90%) of P-removal has been achieved by the
immobilization of these microalgae on synthetic substrate, either sheets
or as beads.
Micro-algal biofilm photo-bioreactors have also shown effective removal
(97% Total P-removal).
An osmotic membrane photo-bioreactor is a further enhancement of
the membrane photo-bioreactor, developed with the specific intention of
reducing membrane fouling.