This document discusses various environmental issues including different types of pollution and their causes, effects, and methods of control. It addresses several major forms of pollution such as air, water, noise, soil, and light pollution. Industrial activities and lack of proper waste management are identified as significant contributors to pollution. The document also outlines various government initiatives in India to promote environmental protection and sustainability.

1. Presented By-
Niteesh Mittal

2. Other Environmental Issues
Conservation of resources
Energy Issue
Over population
Intensive farming and intensive agriculture
Land degradation
Environmental degradation
Ocean deoxygenation
Sustainable development
Environmental pollution

3. Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural
environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort
to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy,
such as noise, heat, or light.
Pollution is the introduction of a waste into the atmosphere
making it impossible for the life on earth possible to sustain
The dangerous effects of pollution are a result of undesirable
changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics
of air, land and water.
The agents or substances that causes pollution are known as
pollutants (biodegradable and non-biodegradable).

4. Contributors of Pollution
 Chemical and Nuclear Plants
 Industrial factories
 Oil refineries
 Human sewage
 Oil and antifreeze leaking
from cars
 Mining
 Over covered Landfills
 Deforestation
 Construction Debris
 High population density

5. Major forms of Pollution
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
Soil Pollution
Light Pollution
Radioactive
Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Visual Pollution
Littering

7. Air Pollution
Air pollution is the
introduction of
chemicals, particulate
matter, or biological
materials that cause
harm or discomfort to
humans or other living
organisms, or cause
damage to the natural
environment or built
environment, into the
atmosphere.

8. Sources & Effects of Air Pollution
 Tobacco smoke: heart atacks and cancer
 Decomposing garbage and open sewers: breeding ground for flies,
mosquitoes, germs and other haarmul bactereia.
 Piosonous gases: respiratory diseases
 Acid rain
 Mining activities: lung and respiratory diseases
 Carbon monoxide and lead: effects brain and organs like kidney
 Ozone depletion effect: skin cancer and effects plant life
 Burning fuel and oil rigs: cancer
 Green house effect: global warming, melt polar ice and submerge coastal
areas
 Automobile exhaust: harmful to human health
 Asthma, Asbestosis are also effects of air pollution

9.  Planting trees
 Checking automobile
emission
 Treatment of air
pollution in industries
 Pollution Control
Devices
Electrostatic precipitator
Wet Scrubber
Cyclone separator
Bag House

10. Water Pollution
 Water pollution is the contamination
of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers,
oceans and groundwater). Water
pollution occurs when pollutants are
discharged directly or indirectly into
water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful
compounds.
 Sources of Water Pollution
 Point Source: due to a single, well
identified starting place like oil
spill, drain, etc
 Non-point Source: if pollution
comes from many sources which
cannot be identified such as acid
rain, farmer’s field.

11. Contributors & causes of Water
Pollution
 Agriculture waste water
 Factories/Industrial
processes
 Natural factors effects
ground water
 Oil spills
 Refineries
 Mining
 Trash on common
roads/ground
 Silt from constuction sites

12. EFFECTS
Water pollution has
damaged the food chain
Contaminated drinking water
causes cholera, typhoid,
poor blood pressure,
vomiting, and damage to
nervous system
Pollution in water alter
overall chemistry of water,
causing a lot of changes in
temperature which adversely
effects the marine life and
destroys it.

13. Control
 Imposing laws to combat water pollution
 Care of existing trees and planting new
ones to promote penetration of water
into soil
 Supplementary nutrients in agriculture
 Domestic sewage
 Being conscious over selves and
educating younger ones
 Waste water treatment

14. Noise Pollution
 Noise is any
undesirable sound.
 Noise pollution is
excessive,
displeasing human,
animal or machine-created
environmental noise
that disrupts the
activity or balance of
human or animal life.

15. Effects
 Noise health effects are both
health and behavioral in nature.
The unwanted sound is called
noise. This unwanted sound can
damage physiological and
psychological health. Noise
pollution can cause annoyance
and aggression, hypertension,
high stress levels, hearing loss,
sleep disturbances, and other
harmful effects
 An impact of noise on animal life
is the reduction of usable habitat
that noisy areas may cause,
which in the case of endangered
species may be part of the path
to extinction

16. Control
• Source Control: Include
source modification such as
acoustic treatment to
machine surfaces, design
changes, limiting the
operational timings
• Transmission Path
Intervention: Containing the
sources inside a sound
insulating enclosure,
construction of noise barrier
• Receptor Control: protection
on receiver’s side.

17. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Solid Waste can be defined as-’Any
garbage, refuse, sludge from a
waste treatment plant, or air
pollution control facility and other
discarded material, including solid,
semi solid, liquid or contained
gaseous material resulting from
industrial, commercial, mining, and
agricultural operations.’
• Waste management is the
collection, transport, processing,
recycling or disposal and monitoring
of waste materials.

18. Elements of Waste Management
1. Generation Rate: Used to evaluate reuse, recycle feasibility,
processing and disposal requirements.
2. On site handling, storage and processing: Onsite preparation
of waste for reuse, recycle, etc.
3. Collection: Physical gathering of waste.
4. Transfer and transport: Bulk transport to a processing, recovery
or disposal facility.
5. Processing and recovery: recovery of waste as raw material or
energy or preparation of waste for disposal.
6. Disposal: Ultimate fate of non-reusable and non-recyclable
waste.

19. Methods of Disposal
I. Recycling :
Recycling refers to the widespread
collection and reuse of everyday
waste materials such as empty
containers.
Recycling is processing used materials
(waste) into new products to prevent
waste of potentially useful materials,
reduce the consumption of fresh raw
materials, reduce energy usage,
reduce air pollution and water
pollution (from landfilling) by
reducing the need for "conventional"
waste disposal, and lower greenhouse
gas emission.

20. II. Landfill :
A landfill site (also known as dump
or rubbish dump), is a site for the
disposal of waste materials by
burial and is the oldest form of
waste treatment. Historically,
landfills have been the most
common methods of organized
waste disposal and remain so in
many places around the world.
Gases are produced in landfills
due to the anaerobic digestion by
microbes on any organic matter.
This gas can be collected and
flared off or used to generate
electricity in a gas fired power
plant.

21. II. Incineration:
Incineration is a waste
treatment process that
involves the combustion of
organic substances contained
in waste materials.
Incineration and other high
temperature waste treatment
systems are described as
"thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash,
flue gas, and heat and reduces
the volume of solid waste to
20-30 percent. Incineration
significantly reduces the
necessary volume for disposal
incineration plant in
Vienna

22. Land Pollution
• Land pollution is the degradation
of Earth's land surfaces often
caused by human activities and
their misuse of land resources. It
occurs when waste is not disposed
properly. Health hazard disposal of
urban and industrial wastes,
exploitation of minerals, and
improper use of soil by inadequate
agricultural practices are a few
factors.

23. • Causes :
 Haphazard use of fertilizers
 Use of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides
Damping of solid waste
Deforestation
 Mining
• Effects of soil pollutants:
 Synthetic fertilizer: destroys the microbial plant life in soil,
effecting nitrogen fixation
 Pesticides: take many years to degrade and remains as toxic in
soil, also enter marine environment
 Industrial effluents: increase toxicity level in the soil
 Urban waste: garbage, hospital waste, plastic bags

24. Waste Water Treatment
Natural Water when comes in contact with foreign matters during either
industrial process or domestic use, becomes polluted and is termed as waste
water.
The removal of excessively accumulated matters from the waste water is known
as treatment.
Waste water
Domestic
Industrial
Pollutants
Organic (diaries, distilleries, paper
manufacturing units, oil refineries)
Inorganic (Cement, steel, alkali manufacturing
units)

25. Types of Waste water treatment
1. Chemical Treatment
a) Primary Treatment
b) Secondary Treatment
c) Tertiary Treatment
2. Biological Treatment

26. Chemical Treatment
1. Primary Treatment: It involves screening out of large objects like cans,
rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream.
Suspended matter are allowed to settle in the primary sedimentation
tank. Some chemicals like alum and lime are often added to Industrial
waste for coagulation. The sedimented water is further led to another
joining chamber for secondary treatment.
2. Secondary Treatment: The whole contents are thoroughly aerated in
order to bring down the BOD(bio-chemical oxygen demand) load from
400ppm to 30ppm and then finally to 0ppm.
3. Tertiary Treatment: It involves the treatment of water containing
phosphate and nitrogen. It includes processes like:
 Coagulation
 Filtration
 Membrane separation process, etc

27.  Industries generate a lot of
wastes which spoil our
ecosystem.
 Industries causes all types of
pollution like soil pollution,
water pollution, air pollution,
etc.
 Industrial pollution control
mainly includes steps to
reduce present and future air
pollution control, product or
waste heat recovery by:

28.  Adhering to the government
regulations.
 Creating green zones in factories.
 Identify and select right type device
or system, it could be a stand alone
or fully engineered complete
packaged for pollution control.
 The best method for any type of
waste treatment is to recycle or to
recover the pollutants from the waste.
It ensures conservation of
environmental resources, reduces
the cost of production, creates
opportunity for employment, besides
considerable eliminating the load of
pollution.

29. Chemical Pollution
 Chemical Pollution is caused due to
contamination of the environment due to
chemicals byproduct.
 It may originate from industrial areas as well as
fromanywhere where there are people.
 Its major effect is on marine or soil composition.
 Various chemical waste are:
 Industrial Chemical waste
 Oil
 Sewage disposal in water

30. Government Initiatives for
Environment
• The government is not just the protector of the environment
but also has a major responsibility for sustaining
environmental conscience.
• In India, the Ministry of Environment and Forest is the
main nodal agency for generating environmental
consciousness and making and implementing schemes for
environmental protection.
• The government’s policy focuses to check land and water
degradation through waste land management and restoration
of river water quality programs.
• The policy also focuses to provide for conservation of natural
resources by declaration of reserved forests, biosphere reserve
and protection of endangered species.
• It also makes laws and acts for environment protection and
strictly implementing them.