The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their effects on the environmentDipo Elegbs
The aim of this presentation is to review
contemporary information on PAH pollution,
PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated
with the presence of these compounds in the
environment and also to enlighten on some
well-known possible remediations.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their effects on the environmentDipo Elegbs
The aim of this presentation is to review
contemporary information on PAH pollution,
PAH degradation, the fate and risk associated
with the presence of these compounds in the
environment and also to enlighten on some
well-known possible remediations.
Introduction
Critical discussion on heavy metals.
Target organs by heavy metal pollutantsIndustrial uses and pollution sources of Mercury.
Ef mercury
Biochemical effects, toxicology and toxicity of mercury
Biomethylation of mercury
Control of mercury pollutants
Treatment on mercury poisoning.
Discussed about Sources of Heavy metals , Sources of Heavy metals , Bioremediation, Biosorption by Fungi, Algae, Bacteria , Factors affecting Biosorption , Heavy metals relation with human beings
Common Heavy Metal Contaminations and Its Hazard Sotheara Kong
This piece of education slide provide you a general information about 4 Common Heavy Metal Contamination and its Hazard in ground water. It consist of many information that may has advantage to the researcher especially someone who researching on removable of chemical contamination from ground water.
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits which forms the mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Ion Exchange Resin MBHPE-TKPijsrd.com
The aim of this study is to synthesis of TKP (MBHPE-TKP) resin for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. Ion exchange resins are polymers that are capable of exchanging particular ions within the polymer with ions in a solution that is passed through them. This ability is also seen in various natural systems such as soils and living cells. The synthetic resins are used primarily for purifying water, but also for various other applications including separating out some elements. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of above factors pH, time and sorbent used. The new synthesized resins i.e. MBHPE–TKP is hydrophilic and biodegradable, so after effluent treatment used resins can be disposed off without facing any environmental problem .This study focuses on synthesis of new cation exchange resin (MBHPE – TKP) and developing method for treatment of highly contaminated industrial effluents.
Similar to Heavy metal contamination of global environment (20)
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Vaccines provide protective immunity and immunological memory to individuals, families and communities against any infectious disease.
Vaccines are cheap, cost – effective , easily administered and adaptable to mass vaccination.
Viral diseases can be managed through vaccination.
A community is a complex group of individuals interacting and sharing an environment.
Communities can be characterized by their structure (the types and numbers of species present) and dynamics (how communities change over time).
All behavior patterns are co-ordinated sequences of neuromuscular activity. A rhythm is a periodically recurring event.
chronobiology is the study of science of life in relation with time.
The majority of organisms show daily and annual cycles of activity and development.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
Almost all chemical and biochemical processes are as a result of transformation of energy.
Laws can provide important insights into metabolism and bioenergetics.
The energy exchanges between the system and the surroundings balance each other.
There is a hierarchy of energetics among organisms
The active principles of the endocrine glands are called hormones.
Hormones are specific chemical substances discharged directly into the blood.
The blood distributes the hormones through out the body.
Water is one of the prime elements responsible for life on earth.
Water sustains life and maintains ecological balance.
Water is the essential component of global life support system.
The muscle are biological motors which convert chemical energy into force and mechanical work.
This biological machinery is composed of proteins – which is actomyosin and the fuel is ATP.
With the use of muscles we are able to act on our environment.
Nervous system forms an interconnecting fibers of communication network.
In the ‘hard-wiring’ of the nerves, the signals travel in the form of a flow of electrical current called nerve impulses.
The stimulus-response reactions afford internal constancy in the face of environmental changes.
Enzymes are dynamic proteins that accelerate biochemical reactions.
Each enzyme acts on a specific reactant, the substrate.
Enzymes are characterized by greater activity, specificity and susceptibility to the influence of pH, temperature and other environmental changes.
Enzymes act in the presence of non-peptide cofactors or coenzymes.
An enzyme lacking its cofactor is called apoenzyme and the active enzyme with its co-factor, the holoenzyme.
Global climate change Refers to changes in any aspects of the earth’s climate including temperature, precipitation and storm intensity and patterns.
Global warming is an increase in Earth’s average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases.
The oceans are enormous in their size, volume and depth.
Animal life in the sea is very varied and more diversified in terms shape, size, form and weight-right from microscopic plankton to the giant whale.
Marine pollution is the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in such deleterious effects as; harm to living resources: hazards to human health
A biochemical technique used in Molecular Biology to amplify a specific fragment of target DNA.
PCR is used in medical and biological research, including cloning, genetic analysis, genetic fingerprinting, diagnostics, pathogen detection and genetic fingerprinting
Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the movement of charged particles in an electric field.
Electrophoresis is an analytical method of separating charged particles based on their relative mobilities in an electric field
It is the preparation of tissues for microscopic examination.
It is an effective diagnostic tool in clinical pathology.
Histological preparations reveal normal tissue structure, tissue abnormalities and cancerous conditions.
Gene therapy refers to the insertion of genetic material to correct a genetic defect.
In gene therapy, a "normal" gene is inserted into the genome to replace an "abnormal," disease-causing gene
Soil is a biologically active, complex mixture of minerals, organic materials, living organisms, air and water.
Soil contamination is the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration to the natural soil environment.
Natural resources are the materials which are required for the survival and prosperity of human beings.
Life of resources can be prolonged by using them diligently
The resources can be useful for a longer period of time and for a larger number of people.
During consumptive use, prevent exploitation, destruction or neglect.
More from St.Xavier's College , Palayamkottai - 627 002 (20)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
1. Heavy metal Contamination
of Global Environment
Presented by
Dr. B. Victor., Ph. D
Email : bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com
Blog: bonvictor.blogspot.com
2. Environmental disasters –
Heavy metal contamination
1932-1952 Minamata
Sewage containing mercury is released by Chisso's chemicals works
into Minimata Bay in Japan. The mercury accumulates in sea foods.
In 1952, the consumption of fish polluted with mercury, caused nearly
1000 fatalities.
1986-11-01 Sandoz
Water used to extinguish a major fire carries fungicide containing
mercury into the Upper Rhine. Fish are killed over a stretch of 100
km.
1998-04 Disaster at Spanish nature reserve
Toxic metals in water from a burst dam of a mine waste containing
sulphur, lead, copper, zinc and cadmium flow down the Rio
Guadimar in southern Spain. Spanish nature reserve was
permanently damaged after this environmental disaster.
3. Definition, kinds and physical
properties
Bioactivity and target organ
toxicity
Presentation Sources and toxicologic
out line properties
Environmental fate of metals
Toxicologic diseases
Mercury, Cadmium, lead,
chromium, arsenic, cobalt, and
zinc contamination – sources,
fate and human health effects.
Conclusion
4. The term heavy metal refers to
any metallic chemical element
that has a relatively high
density and is toxic or
What is a poisonous at low
heavy metal ? concentrations.
Heavy metals are
conventionally defined as
elements with metallic
properties and an atomic
number >20.
The most common heavy metal
contaminants are Cd, Cr, Cu,
Hg, Pb, and Zn.
5. Physical properties of metals
Good
conductors
of heat and
High density electricity Non-
(heavy for
degradable
their size)
Malleable :
High
melting hammered
point into thin
sheets
Physical Ductile:
Lustre drawn out into
shininess Properties thin wires
of metals
6. Kinds of metals
• lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium
Alkali metals (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs).
Alkaline earth • beryllium (Be) magnesium (mg),
calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium
metals (Ba) and radium (Ra).
• boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic,
Metalloids antimony, tellurium, and polonium
• platinum, silver and gold. copper (Cu),
nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and iron
Heavy metals (Fe) cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), silver
(Ag) and mercury (Hg)
7. Heavy metals
Macro-nutrient • cobalt (Co), copper (Cu)
elements • zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe).
Micronutrient • copper (Cu), nickel (Ni),
elements • chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe)
Highly toxic • cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),
elements • silver (Ag) and mercury (Hg)
Precious
• platinum, silver and gold
elements
8. Definition
Heavy metal
• Refers to any metallic
chemical element that has a
high specific gravity and
high relative atomic mass.
10. Distinguishing properties of metals
Conservative
Pollutants : Chemical
Effectively time bombs
permanent
Globally
Immutable
distributed
pollutants
pollutants
Heavy
metals
11. Biological activity of metals
Inhibit enzymes
Inhibit synthesis of proteins
Cross membranes by
passive
diffusion/pinocytosis
Target /critical organ for
most metals-kidney
12. Target organ toxicity of metals
Zinc blood hemotoxicity
Arsenic liver hepatotoxicity
Mercury
brain neurotoxicity
Lead
cadmium Kidney
lungs
Nephrotoxicity
pulmonotoxicity
13. Sources of heavy metal pollutants
Mining
Agriculture
Smelting
& forestry
Sources
Fossil fuel Metallurgical
combustion industries
Waste
Corrosion
disposal
14. Toxicological properties of heavy metals
Persistence-long Acute Toxicity-
Soil residence
residual and half plants, animals,
time ->1000 years
life microorganisms
,
Bioaccumulation
Chronic and sub-
and
lethal effects at Synergistic effects
biomagnification-
low conc.
thro’ food chain
Teratogenic and
carcinogenic
properties
15. Fate of heavy metals
Anthropogenic and Industrial activities
Waste metal pollutants
(Volatilization, Leaching)
Environment-
ecological effects
Human system-
exposure via food intake, water consumption, ingestion, dermal
contact, inhalation.
Human health effects
16. Fate of metals in aquatic environment
more soluble
precipitate in
at high
hard water.
temperature.
Benthic
organisms
accumulate soluble in
thro. acidic water
Food chain
aquatic Insoluble
organisms take metals
up from water
or sediments deposit in the
via eating or river
respiration sediments
17. Toxic diseases of heavy metals
Aluminium has been
associated with Arsenic exposure can Cadmium exposure
Alzheimer's and cause cancer, produces kidney
Parkinson's disease, abdominal pain, and damage
senility, and presenile black foot disease. and hypertension
dementia.
Lead and mercury may
cause joint diseases
Nickel can cause Chromium can cause
and ailments of the
damage to lung, liver lung damage and
kidneys, circulatory
and kidney. cancer.
system, and nervous
system
18. Mercury contamination
All forms of mercury are
poisonous
Mercury is persistent and cycles
globally
Continues to be widely used
Can be toxic to CNS, lungs and
kidneys
19. Hg as Toxic contaminant
Most Potent
Oldest poison
neurotoxicant
Developmental
toxicant
fetotoxic
20. Sources of mercury contamination
Anthropogenic
Natural sources
inadvertent sources
Volcanic eruptions Mercury mining,
smelting and use.
Rock weathering
Burning fossil fuels
Natural fires Coal-fired power
plants
Anthropogenic intentional Municipal / medical
sources waste incineration
• Folk medicines Cement production
• Cosmetics Chlorine-alkali
• Dental amalgams production
• Vaccines
21. History of mercury poisonings
Minamata Bay, Japan
In the 1950’s, large amounts of organic mercury were dumped
into Minamata Bay in Japan.
Mercury-contaminated fish were consumed by pregnant
women.
many children that were born from these women had severe
nerve damage.
later referred as Fetal Minamata Disease.
Iraq
children born to mothers who consumed grain contaminated
with organic mercury, the effects showed the children walking
at a later age than non-exposed children.
Faroe Islands
Mercury exposure was caused by contaminated whale meat.
Children born to mothers with high body levels of mercury
scored lower on brain function tests than mothers with low
body levels.
23. The most dangerous form of
Methyl mercury.
mercury Hg bio-transformed in
sediments into methyl mercury
by aquatic microbes.
Bio-accumulate thro’ aquatic
food chain in larger predatory
fishes-tuna, mackerel, shark,
grouper
Bio-persistent, lipophilic,
crosses placenta and the
blood-brain barrier.,
concentrates in CNS.
Tightly bound to fish proteins.
Enter human body thro’ fish
consumption.
24. Human Breathing air containing
exposure to mercury vapors
mercury
Drinking water
contaminated with mercury.
Eating fish or shell fish
contaminated with mercury.
Touching liquid mercury in
the event of a spill.
25. Health effects of mercury
Disruption of the central nervous system
Damage to brain, lungs and kidneys
Damage to chromosomes and DNA.
Allergic reactions, resulting in skin rashes,
tiredness headaches and vision problems.
Negative reproductive effects, such as sperm
damage, birth defects and miscarriages
26. Cadmium contamination
Accumulates
in liver and
kidneys
Highly toxic Potent
Non- enzyme
essential inhibitor
Cadmium
27. Sources of cadmium contamination
Mining and metallurgical operations
Electroplating industry
Manufacturing PVC plastics
Ni-Cd batteries, paints , pigments and dyes
Fertilizers and pesticides
Anti-corrosive agent for steel, iron, copper,
brass and other alloys.
Photo voltaic devices and TV screens.
28. Human health effects
Cause diarrhoea, stomach pains and severe
vomiting
Itai- itai disease-bone fracture
Kidney dysfunction-chronic renal failure
Reproductive failure and even infertility
Damage to the central nervous system
Damage to the immune system
Psychological disorders
DNA damage or cancer development
29. Environmental effects of cadmium
Cadmium -rich sludge can pollute surface waters
as well as soils.
Cadmium strongly adsorbs to organic matter in
soils.
Soils that are acidified enhance the cadmium
uptake by plants.
Cadmium can accumulate in the plant eating
animals , especially when they eat multiple
plants.
In aquatic ecosystems, cadmium can
bioaccumulate in mussels, oysters, shrimps,
lobsters and fish.
30. Lead contamination
General
Metabolic
poison
Non-
Cumulative
essential
neurotoxin
element
Lead
31. Lead – Pb-contaminant
Atomic
Atomic weight
Number
207.19
82
Specific gravity Melting point
11.34 327.5 o C
Boiling point Bluish-grey
1740 0 C metal
32. Sources of lead contamination
Industrial discharges from smelters and
battery manufacturing units
Solders in electronics
Sewage effluent
Atmospheric fallouts from fossil fuel burning
building industry for roofing and flashing and
for soundproofing
Used in paints
Used in pipes, ceramics and dishware
Ammunition
Lead is used in batteries and sinkers in fishing
33. Human health effects
A general metabolic poison
Acute exposure –kidney damage
Chronic exposure – interstitial nephritis of kidney
Inhibits haemoglobin synthesis and cause anemia
Inhibits enzyme activity
Neurological and reproductive dysfunctions
Lead poisoning (also known as plumbism, colica
pictonium, saturnism, painter's colic) is a medical
condition.
Lead breaks the blood-brain barrier and interferes
with the normal development of brain in infants
34. Environmental contamination of Lead
Approx. 94% of the Pb in the atmosphere is derived
from heavy motor traffic in urban areas. The aerial
dispersion may lead to higher levels of Pb in rivers,
seas and soils.
Lead gets into soil through paint, dry and wet
depositions from the atmosphere and industrial
effluents and solid discharges.
Lead combine with colloidal particles found in
natural water.
Urban run off cause pollution of surface and ground
water. Consumption of such untreated water may
lead to Pb poisoning.
35. Chromium - Cr
Chromium is an abundant element of earth’s
crust.
The trivalent (III) and hexavalent
(VI)compounds of chromium are great
industrial importance.
Chromium(III) is an essential nutrient.
36. Human health effects of chromium
Acute chromium toxicity cause renal
tubular necrosis.
Chronic chromium toxicity cause cancers
of respiratory tract.
Upset stomachs and ulcers
Respiratory problems-lung cancer
Weakened immune system
Kidney and liver damage
Teratogenic and carcinogenic action
Death
37. Chromium in air will eventually
settle and end up in waters or
Environmental soils
effects of
chromium
Chromium in soils adsorbs to
soil particles and percolates to
ground water
Chromium may adsorb on
sediments and become immobile
in water .
38. Arsenic contamination
Cumulative
poison
carcinogen
Trivalent
A toxic, non-
arsenites are
essential, semi-
more toxic than
metallic
pentavalent
element
arsenates
Arsenic
39. Pesticides, herbicides
Combustion of coal
Mining, smelting of gold,
Sources of lead, copper and nickel
Arsenic
contamination Production of iron and steel
Leachate from abandoned
gold mines
A wood preservative
Tobacco smoke
40. Birth defects
Carcinogen: Lung cancer,
Skin and liver cancer,
Human health
cancers of the bladder and
effects kidneys
Gastrointestinal damage
Severe vomiting
Diarrhea
Death
41. Cobalt has a melting point of
Cobalt 1495oC, boiling point of 2870oC,
contamination
specific gravity of 8.2 g/cm3 at
20oC, atomic number of 27,
atomic weight of 58.933 g/mol.
Cobalt is hard, ductile and
lustrous bluish-grey in color.
Cobalt is an essential element. It
is an integral component of
vitamin B12. It is therefore
required for good health.
42. Manufacture of many alloys used in
gas turbine, aircraft engines,
corrosion resistant alloys, high speed
steels and cemented carbides.
As catalysts for the petroleum and
Uses of cobalt chemical industries
As drying agents for paints and inks
Used as pigment in porcelain,
pottery, glass, tiles, and enamel
jewellery.
Radioactive isotopes, cobalt-60, is
used in medical treatment and for
food preservation
Treatment of anemia
43. Mining and refining of cobalt
Production of alloys
Production of tungsten carbide
Sources of Jewellery producers
cobalt
Ceramics, porcelain producers
Metallurgical industries
44. Cobalt stimulates the production of
red blood cells, thus, used to treat
anemia. At high concentration may
Human
damage human health.
health effects
In soil, it may adsorb on soil
of cobalt
particles and is only mobilized
under acidic condition. Cobalt is
also adsorbed on sediments.
Cobalt may accumulate in plants
and in the bodies of animals that
eats these plants. Cobalt is not
known to bio-magnify up to the food
chain.
45. Zinc is a lustrous bluish-white metal
whose atomic number and atomic mass
are 30 and 65.37 g/mol respectively.
Zinc The density is 7-11 g/cm3 at 20oC with
contamination melting and boiling points at 420oC and
907oC respectively.
zinc is brittle and crystalline at room
temperature but becomes ductile and
malleable between 110oC and 150oC.
It is used for galvanizing steel and in
the preparation of alloys.
46. Uses of zinc
Zinc is used as the negative plates in batteries.
Zinc is utilized for roofing in building construction.
Zinc oxides is used as a white pigment in paints.
Zinc is used as pigment in plastic ,cosmetics,
photocopier paper, wallpaper, printing inks.
Zinc is utilized as a catalyst during rubber
production.
Zinc is used as drugs, as anti-oxidants and protect
against premature aging of the skin and muscle of
the body.
47. Occurrence of zinc
Zinc is the most abundant element in the earth crust.
It occurs naturally in air, water and soil.
Zinc is an essential trace element required for the
function of over 200 metallo-enzymes.
Zinc is also important in the regulation of DNA and
RNA synthesis via interaction with DNA binding
protein.
It also plays a critical role in hormone-receptor
interaction
48. Loss of appetite and fatigue
Human health Decreased sense of taste and smell
effects of zinc
Slow wound healing
Skin sores
Stomach cramps
Nausea and vomiting
Anemia
Respiratory disease
Eye irritation
High exposure damage the pancreas
Birth defect
49. Environmental effect of zinc
Zinc in water (from wastewater of industrial plants)
increases the acidity of waters.
Some fish can bio-accumulate Zn in their bodies.
Zinc in fish can bio-magnify and enter human food
chain.
Insoluble zinc in soils can contaminate groundwater.
50. Dr.B.Victor is a highly experienced
professor, recently retired from the reputed
educational institution- St. Xavier’ s College,
Palayamkottai, India-627001.
He was the dean of sciences, IQAC
coordinator and assistant controller of
examinations.
He has more than 32 years of teaching and
research experience
He has taught a diversity of college courses
and guided 12 Ph.D scholars.
Send your comments to :
bonfiliusvictor@gmail.com