water, soil, noise

1. 1
Course No.: ENV 101
Chapter: 06
Dr. Md. Khabir Uddin
Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
Jahangirnagar University,
Savar, Dhaka-1342
Email: khabir88@yahoo.com
khabir88@juniv.edu

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Water pollution

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Water pollution
“Water pollution is any chemical, physical or
biological change in the quality of water that has a
harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or
uses or lives (in) it.”
 WHO has defined water pollution as,
“Any foreign material either from natural or
other sources that may contaminate the water
supply and makes it harmful to life, cause for their
toxicity, leads to reduction of normal oxygen level
of water, causes aesthetically unpalatable effects
and spread of epidemic diseases”.

4. 4
Categories of Water
Pollution
 Sources of surface water pollution are generally
grouped into two categories based on their origin
1.“Point source” — occurs when harmful substances are
emitted directly into a body of water. Factories, sewage
treatment plants, underground mines, oil wells, oil tankers
and agriculture are the example.
2.“Nonpoint source” — delivers pollutants indirectly
through transport or environmental change. Acid
deposition from the air, traffic, pollutants that are
spread through rivers and pollutants that enter the water
through groundwater are the example.

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Point and Nonpoint
Sources
Nonpoint Sources
Urban streets
Suburban
developm
ent
Wastewat
er
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
Point
Sources

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Sources of Water Pollution
 Factories
 Refineries
 Waste treatment facilities
 Mining
 Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers
 Human sewage
 Oil spills
 Failing septic systems
 Soap from washing your car
 Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars
 Household chemicals
 Animal waste

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Major Water Pollutants
Current water pollution issues can be divided into the
following categories :
 Sewage and other oxygen-demanding wastes
 Infectious or disease causing agents
 Plant nutrients
 Synthetic organic chemicals
 Inorganic minerals and chemical compounds
 Suspended solids or sediments
 Radioactive substances
 Thermal discharges
 Oil
 Detergents

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Pollutants Sources and Effects
Pollutant Source/
Cause
Effects
Sewage (domestic
wastes, hospital
wastes, excreta)
Sewerage of
rural and
urban areas.
Oxygen depletion Spread of diseases/
epidemics
Metals-Mercury Industrial
wastes
Minamata disease causes numbness of limbs,
lips and tongue, blurred vision, deafness and
mental derangement.
Lead Industrial
wastes
Absorbed into blood and affects PBCs, liver,
kidney, bone, brain and nervous system.
Cadmium Cadmium
industries,
fertilizers
Deposited in organs like the kidney, pancreas,
liver, intestinal mucosa, etc. Cadmium poisoning
causes headache, vomiting, bronchial
pneumonia, kidney etc.
Arsenic Fertilizers Arsenic poisoning causes renal failure band
death, also cause nerve disorder, kidney and
liver disorders, muscular atrophy, etc.

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Causes of Water Pollution
• Industrial effluent
• Underground water
leakage
• Eutrophication
• Biomagnification
• Bioaccumulation
• Epidemics
• Acid Rain
• Global warming
• Marine dumping
• Farming
• Business
• Atmospheric
deposition
• Pathogens
• Chemical and other
contaminants
• Pesticides
• Beaches

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Groundwater Pollution
 Groundwater pollution, sometimes referred to as
groundwater contamination, is not as easily classified
as surface water pollution.
 By its very nature, groundwater aquifers are
susceptible to contamination from sources that may
not directly affect surface water bodies, and the
distinction of point vs. non-point source may be
irrelevant.
 A spill or ongoing releases of chemical or radionuclide
contaminants into soil (located away from a surface
water body) may not create point source or non-point
source pollution, but can contaminate the aquifer
below, defined as a toxin plume.

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Groundwater Pollution

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Common Sources of
Groundwater Pollution

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Thermal Pollution
Artificial heating of waters, primarily by hot-water
emission from industrial operations and power plants.
Major sources:
• Hot-water discharge from industrial operations,
• Power plants, abnormal ocean currents
Heated water causes several problems:
• Heated water contains less than cold water
• Leads to adverse changes to the habitats of
organisms
• Favors growth rate of undesirable organisms

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Eutrophication
 Eutrophication is the condition of water pollution
when the environment becomes enriched with
nutrients. This causes phytoplankton to grow and
reproduce more rapidly, resulting in algal blooms.
 This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem
functioning and the bloom of algae may also block
sunlight from photosynthetic marine plants under the
water surface.
 Microbe uses huge amount of dissolved oxygen for
degradation of excess algae and finally dissolved
oxygen depletion is occurred. Many aquatic
organisms suffer from lacking of dissolved oxygen.
Access of anything is bad. Due to presticides and rain water goingto to river/pond and
algae produced.

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Solutions: Preventing and
Reducing Surface Water
Pollution
Nonpoint Sources
 Reduce Runoff
 Buffer Zone
Vegetation
 Reduce Soil
Erosion
Point Sources
 Clean Water Act
 Water Quality
Act

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Technological Approach: Sewage
Treatment
 Mechanical and Biological Treatment

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Soil Pollution

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Soil pollution
Soil pollution is defined as,
“The build-up in soils of persistent toxic
compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or
disease causing agents, which have adverse effects
on plant growth and animal health.”
 The organic portion, which is derived from the
decayed remains of plants and animals, is
concentrated in the dark uppermost topsoil.
 Productive soils are necessary for agriculture to
supply the world with sufficient food.

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There are many different ways that
soil can become polluted, such as:
• Seepage from a landfill
• Discharge of industrial waste into the soil
• Percolation of contaminated water into the soil
• Rupture of underground storage tanks
• Excess application of pesticides, herbicides or
fertilizer
• Solid waste seepage
The most common chemicals involved in causing soil
pollution are:
• Petroleum hydrocarbons
• Heavy metals
• Pesticides

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Types of Soil Pollution
 Agricultural Soil Pollution
1. pollution of surface soil
2. pollution of underground soil
 Pollution by industrial effluents and solid wastes
1. pollution of surface soil
2. disturbances in soil profile
 Pollution due to urban activities
1. pollution of surface soil
2. pollution of underground soil

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Causes of Soil Pollution
 Soil pollution is caused by the presence of man-made
chemicals or other alteration in the soil environment.
 This type of contamination typically arises from the
application of pesticides, oil and fuel dumping,
leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of
industrial wastes to the soil.
 The most common chemicals involved are petroleum
hydrocarbons, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals.
 This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with
the degree of industrialization and intensities of
chemical usage.

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Pollution in soil is
associated with:
1. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers
2. Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides
and herbicides
3. Dumping of large quantities of solid waste
4. Deforestation and soil erosion
5. Pollution due to Urbanization
a) Pollution of surface soils
b) Pollution of Underground Soil

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Causes in Brief
 Polluted water discharged from factories
 Runoff from pollutants (paint, chemicals, rotting organic
material) leaching out of landfill
 Oil and petroleum leaks from vehicles washed off the road
by the rain into the surrounding habitat
 Chemical fertilizer runoff from farms and crops
 Acid rain (fumes from factories mixing with rain)
 Sewage discharged into rivers instead of being treated
properly
 Interconnections between aquifers during drilling (poor
technique)
 Septic tank seepage , Lagoon seepage .
 Sanitary/hazardous landfill seepage
 Scrap yards (waste oil and chemical drainage)
 Leaks from sanitary sewers

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Effects of Soil Pollution
Agricultural
Reduced soil
fertility and
nitrogen fixation
Larger loss of soil
nutrients
Reduced crop
yield
Imbalance in soil
fauna and flora
Industrial
 Chemicals entering
underground water
 Ecological
imbalance
 Release of
pollutant gases and
radioactive rays
causing health
problem
 Increased salinity
 Reduced
vegetation
Urban
 Clogging of
drains and
inundation of
areas (plastic
polymers &
unplanned
buildings)
 Public health
problems
 Pollution of
drinking water
sources
 Foul smell

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 Pollution runs off into rivers and kills the fish, plants and other
aquatic life
 Crops grown on polluted soil may pass the pollutants on to the
consumers
 Soil structure is damaged
 Corrosion of foundations and pipelines
 May release vapors and hydrocarbon into buildings
 May create toxic dusts
 May poison children playing in the area
Effects of Soil Pollution
in brief

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Control of Soil Pollution
 Reducing chemical fertilizer and
pesticide use
 Reusing of materials
 Recycling and recovery of materials
 Reforesting
 Solid waste treatment
Plastic is photo degradable not bio degradable.

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Noise Pollution

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What is Noise Pollution?
“Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s
quality of life is called as noise. When there is lot of
noise in the environment, it is termed as noise
pollution.”
 Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the
normal activities such as working, sleeping, and
during conversations.
 It is an underrated environmental problem because of
the fact that we can’t see, smell, or taste it.
 World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be
recognized as a major threat to human well-being”
Lecture: 08

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Health Effects of Noise
Pollution
 Noise pollution can damage physiological and
psychological health.
 High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep
disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are
the problems related to noise pollution.
 It can also cause memory loss, severe depression,
and panic attacks.

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Sources of Noise Pollution
 Transportation systems are the main source of
noise pollution in urban areas.
 Construction of buildings, highways, and streets
cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air
compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks,
and pavement breakers.
 Industrial noise also adds to the already
unfavorable state of noise pollution.
 Loud speakers, boilers, generators, air
conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to
the existing noise pollution.

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Solutions for Noise
Pollution
 Planting bushes and trees in and around sound
generating sources is an effective solution for noise
pollution.
 Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can
effectively reduce the noise pollution.
 Buildings can be designed with suitable noise
absorbing material for the walls, windows, and
ceilings.

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(Contd……)
 Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to
block unwanted noise from outside.
 Rregulations should be imposed to restrict the usage
of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public
places.
 Ffactories and industries should be located far from
the residential areas.

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(Contd……)
 Community development or urban management
should be done with long-term planning, along with
an aim to reduce noise pollution.
 Social awareness programs should be taken up to
educate the public about the causes and effects of
noise pollution.