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Unit9 Living Things in their Environment
- 1. Unit 9: Living thingsin their environment
- 2. Index 1. Environmental factors 2.Adaptation of organisms to the environment 3. How living things change their environments 4. Populations 5. Communities
- 3. 1. Environmental factors Ecologicalfactors (characteristics of the environment) Abiotic Physical and chemical conditions Biotic Organisms
- 4. LIMITING FACTOR =variable that limits or prevents a population from expanding.
- 5. 2. Adaptations oforganisms to the environment Adaptation Morphological Physiological Behavioural
- 6. A morphological adaptationinvolves some part of an animal's body, such as the size or shape of the teeth, the animal's body covering, or the way the animal moves. MimicryColoration Protective Resemblance
- 7. Migration Hibernation Playing Dead (opossum, zarigüeya) Behaviouradaptations include activities that help an animal survive. Behaviour adaptations can be learned or instinctive.
- 8. Types of organisms accordingto the habitat Generalist organisms They are able to survive in a greater variety of environmental conditions Specialist organisms They cannot tolerate significant changes to their environment Temperate forest more generalist organisms because of the variations Tropical forest more specialist organisms due to the stable climate
- 9. 2.1 Adaptations towater scarcity Water is stored in special tissues Hard, small leaves Deep and extensive root systems Drought resistant seeds
- 10. 2.2 Adaptations totemperature changes Skin insulation Metabolic rate slows down in winter Organs grow underground Leaves that fall in autumn Individuals come together to increase the temperature around them
- 11. 2.3 Adaptations tosunlight Algae have different pigments which allow them live at different dephts: green, brown and red Plants grow in the direction of the light
- 12. 2.4 Adaptations tosalt concentration Saltwater fish excrete salt through their gills and their urine is very concentrated. Freshwater fish eliminate the water by expelling large amounts of urine that has a low salt content. They don’t drink.
- 13. 2.5 Adaptations tolack of oxygen Increase in red blood cells and haemoglobin. Increase in lung capacity Organisms living in marine caves have lower metabolic rates and accumulate lipids, which contain more energy than carbohydrates and increase buoyancy.
- 14. 2.6 Adaptations tolack of food Storing energy reserves in their body Storing food in hidden places Migrating to find food
- 15. 3. How livingthings change their environments Photosynthesis contributes to increase oxygen in the atmosphere and decreases the amount of CO2 Plant roots and the action of some animals break up rocks Erosion Coral skeletons can create islands Human being impact Activities 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 page 167
- 16. 4. Populations Colonies • Theyare connected and related to each other because they are produced by asexual reproduction from the same parent 4.1 Intraspecific relationships
- 17. Family groups • Thedescendants come from a pair of animals and they stay together
- 18. Caste system ofsocial insects • They come from the same mother and have differences which dictate their role in the community.
- 19. Social groups • Theylive together but they must not be related. Sometimes these groups are transitory, such as during migrations. gnus storks
- 20. 4.2 Population dynamics Populationsare not always constant. They undergo changes. When the population becomes too big, there are negative effects which limit reproduction lack of resources competition diseases
- 21. Latent phase Exponential phase Stationaryphase (maximum number of individuals in a population) Biotic potential = difference between the birth rate and the death rate
- 22. 4.3 Population growthstrategies R-strategists They produce many descendants but they do not take care of them. That’s why many of the descendants die. They usually live in unstable habitats. Their populations vary a lot. Usually small animals. Bacteria, molluscs, insects…
- 23. K-strategists They producejust a few descendants and they invest a large quantity of resources caring for them. They live in a stable habitat and they are very well adapted to it. Activities 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 page 171
- 24. 5. Communities A communityis a set of populations of different organisms that live together in the same geographical area within a particular habitat. 5.1 Ecological succession Ecological succession is the sequential order in which plant communities and the animal species associated with them change over time.
- 25. 1. An uninhabitedzone is colonised by pioneer organisms (they have few nutritional requirements) 2. The soil is progressively enriched and biodiversity increases
- 26. 3. The progressiveevolution leads to a community that is very stable. This is called the climax community. The species which inhabit each ecosystem as the climax community vary depending on the biome to which they belong to (climate, soil…) Mature Mediterranean ForestTundra Video: Primary Succession and Stages of Primary Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNHnwHaSolA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLpc71YOtcE
- 28. Regression = acommunity loses an important part of its populations. This can be caused by events such as natural disasters, climate change, erosion… It is a new evolutionary process which takes place after a regression. The soil must not be formed because it is still there.
- 30. 5.2 Communities andthe soil The types of plants and therefore, the animals that develop in and on a soil depend on its composition, structure and thickness. Soil takes a long time to form, so its destruction is a major loss for communities and it can cause a regression in their evolution. Soil can be considered as a “potentially renewable resource”
- 31. The different types ofsoil depend on Climate Type of bedrock Microorganisms that live there Parts of a soil Horizon A •Humus (organic component), which comes from the remains of living things Horizon B, •with mineral particles Horizon C, • made up of fragments form the bedrock Bedrock A B C
- 32. 5.3 Interspecific relationships(within communities) INTERACTION SPECIE A SPECIE B Mutualism + + Commensalism + 0 Inquilinism + 0 Symbiosis + + Parasitism + - Predation + - Competition - -
- 33. A. Mutualism (+,+) Somebirds and rhinoceros or zebras Insects and flowers Clownfish and sea anemones
- 34. Moray and somecleaning shrimps
- 35. B. Comensalism (+,0) Sharkand remora fish Scarvengers
- 36. Bird’s nest fern -Growson a tree -To obtain sunlight Tree -not receive any benefits or harm C. Inquilinism (+,0)
- 37. Barnacles - get shelter Mussels -Not affected
- 38. Hermit crabs andgastropod shells
- 39. D. Symbiosis (+,+) Lichens:a fungus and an algae Fungus provides shelter and humidity Algae produces organic matter
- 40. Nodule (it containsnitrogen fixing bacteria) - The plant needs nitrogen, which comes from the atmosphere. The bacteria fix it. Leguminous plant root: Provides shelter and food for the bacteria
- 41. Symbiotic bacteria thatlive in our intestine
- 42. E. Parasitism (+,-) Theparasite benefits from the host, causing harm to him Wood fungus (parasite) obtains food and shelter from tree Host (Tree) is weakened and may die
- 43.
- 44.
- 45. Brood Parasitism Mosquitoon Humans
- 46. Rafflesia (parasite plant)obtains food and shelter from the tree Host (Tree) is weakened and may die
- 47. -Plant Parasites- Mistletoe isplant parasite (Muérdago)
- 48. The rat isthe victim (prey) The snake eats and kills the rat (predator) F. Predation (+,-)
- 49. -Herbivores consumption of plantor algal tissue
- 50.
- 51. -Omnivores consumption of bothplant and animal tissues
- 52. -Detritivores consumption of deadorganic material
- 53. G. Competition (-,-) Theycompete for the same resource: territory, food, water, light…
- 54. Glossary biotic potential carrying capacity ecological succession climax community symbiosis Activities 20, 21, 22, 23,24 and 26 page 175