There are five kingdoms that classify organisms based on their cellular structure: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes, and Protoctists. All organisms can also be classified in a hierarchical manner from the broadest category of kingdom down to the specific species level. The binomial system of scientific naming developed by Carl Linnaeus assigns every species a two-part scientific name. Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships determined by comparing DNA sequences and other genetic evidence.
In line with generally accepted theories of evolution, Dinosaur extinction is currently believed to be due to climate change due to various causes. However this is not correct, being inconsistent with known facts. There are only two possibilities. Either Dinosaurs evolved to their extinction or evolved to some other phyletic lines or species with which ancestor – descendent relationship can’t be presently demonstrated.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing. Chapter 30 of the book is about Evolution of Life wherein author has worked out a new theory about evolution of life.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
Cause of Diversity
Evolution
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Natural Selection
Evidence of Evolution
Misconceptions
References
In line with generally accepted theories of evolution, Dinosaur extinction is currently believed to be due to climate change due to various causes. However this is not correct, being inconsistent with known facts. There are only two possibilities. Either Dinosaurs evolved to their extinction or evolved to some other phyletic lines or species with which ancestor – descendent relationship can’t be presently demonstrated.
Author: Dr Mahesh C. Jain is a practicing medical doctor and has written the book “Encounter of Science with Philosophy – A synthetic view”. The book begins with first chapter devoted to scientifically valid concept of God and then explains cosmic phenomena right from origin of nature and universe up to origin of life and evolution of man. The book includes several chapters devoted to auxiliary concepts and social sciences as corollaries to the concept of God. This is the only book which deals with origin of nature and universe from null or Zero or nothing. Chapter 30 of the book is about Evolution of Life wherein author has worked out a new theory about evolution of life.
Visit:http:// www.sciencengod.com
http://www.sciencengod.com/clipboard.htm
Cause of Diversity
Evolution
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Natural Selection
Evidence of Evolution
Misconceptions
References
Dragonflies and damsenflies in Anawilundawa Ramsar wetland - Sri lankaKamindu Gayashan
A field workshop in Anawilundawa Wetland - Sri lanka
Special Acknowledgement -- Prof. Dilrukshi De Silva (Professor in Zoology), Dr. Pallewaththa (Senior lecturer in Zoology), Mr. Chamil Rajapaksha (Assistant Lecturer in Zoology) - University of Colombo
And the colleagues in the team..
THE LIVING WORLD : ADAPTATION AND CLASSIFICATION
STD VII
2. SMALL PLANTS, BIG TREES
3. What is adaptation? • Adaptation describes how a plant or animal is able to survive in various environmental conditions. • Well adapted organisms can cope with the different aspects of their environment. For example, the temperature.
4. Gradual changes occur in the body and also in the behavior of organisms which helps them to adjust to their surroundings. Such changes are called adaptation. Define Adaptation
5. E.g: Deodar, Pine, Spruce
6. CONE
7. Sundew Plant Pitcher Plant
8. Observe the bodies of the frog , duck and tortoise. Text book page no 5 1. Of what use are their legs to these animals? A. All the three animals i.e frog, duck and tortoise use their legs for locomotion and swimming. 2. What helps frogs to breathe underwater? A. When in water frogs breathe with the help of skin.
9. 3. Of what use are the long hind legs of the frog? A. When on land frog uses its hind legs for jumping. When is water the same legs are used for swimming as oars. 4. Why doesn’t a duck get wet in water? A. Water flows off from the waxy layer of feathers thus duck does not get wet even in water.
10. ADAPTATION IN REPTILES
11. ADAPTATION FOR BLENDING WITH THE SURROUNDINGS • Many animals use camouflage, which means they are able to blend in with the color, pattern, or texture of their surroundings so they are not detected by a predator. • Camouflage can also come in handy for a predator when it wants to surprise its prey.
12. Snow Fox Peringuey's viper sliding through sand
13. Charles Robert Darwin • He was an English biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. • He has studied numerous types of Plants and Animal. • He suggested that only those organisms are likely to survive which can best adapt themselves to a changing environment. • This theory was known as Survival of the fittest. This is Darwin ‘s First principle. • If an organism is born with a new beneficial characteristic and is able to survive , so this change is preserved in the next generation. • So this was Darwin’s second principle and is called as Theory of Natural Selection
14. Which are the criteria used for the classification of plant and animals? Plant are classified according to Height, Shape of Period of life cycle, whether they are flowering plants non flowering plants and their habitat. Animals are classified according to cell structure, vertebral column, method of reproduction and habitat.
15. How are organism Classified? • Animals and Plants are classified according to its characteristic. • For this detail study of these organisms is done. • Based on similarities and differences the organisms are classified into groups and sub groups. • A hierarchy is formed depending on these features. • In this way the organism are placed in suitable groups and classification is achieved.
Darwinism and natural selection 7th zol.pptximranrohi56
Darwin's three main principles of natural selection state that, in order for the process to occur, most characteristics in the population must be inherited, more offspring must be produced than can survive, and the fittest offspring must be more likely to survive and reproduce.In the mid-19th century, a man came up with a very powerful idea, the idea that species could change. Today, all the time, we hear about animals adapting, endangered species going extinct, viruses mutating. But in the 1800s, people conceptualized a much more static world. One man looked past all that. His name was Charles Darwin.
Darwin called his idea the theory of natural selection. Natural selection is defined as a natural process that results in the survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic traits best suited to their environment. A shorter (but no less accurate) definition might be "survival of the fittest." Within any population, the fittest individuals, or the ones who fit the environment best, usually survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic traits to future generations.
Information from stations from week beginning 11.4.16
Crude oil, cracking, advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels, combustion, evolution of the atmosphere and clean air
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...
B2 higher revision
1. Classification
There are five kingdoms, based upon what an
organism's cells are like:
Animals (all multicellular animals)
Plants (all green plants)
Fungi (moulds, mushrooms, yeast)
Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae)
Protoctists (Amoeba, Paramecium).
kingdom - animal
phylum - vertebrate
class - mammal
order - carnivorous
family - cat
genus - big cat
species - lion.
Binomial system
In the 18th century, Carl Linnaeus started the modern system of putting species of
organism into certain groups and giving them scientific names E.g the scientific name for
human beings is Homo sapiens. The first part of the name tells you the genus, while the
second part of the name tells you the particular species in that genus.
Insects
Arachnids
(8 legs)
Crustaceans
2. Artificial
classification
• One or two simple
characteristics to make
identification easier. E.g.
puffins, penguins and
herring gulls are called
seabirds because they
live on or near the sea
Natural
classification
• Based on evolution
• Organisms are placed into
smaller and small groups
depending on recent common
ancestors. E.g puffins and
herrings are both birds, but
puffins belong to the family
alcidae (auks) and herring
gulls to the family Laridae
(gulls and terns)DNA sequencing
•DNA evidence involved identifying the genes for similar
characteristics. If these gene sequences are similar in
both organisms then the species are related. The more
sequences they have in common the more closely related
they are
3. Species
A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed to
produce fertile offspring. Individuals of the same species
have more characteristics in common than they do with
organisms of a different species.
Sometimes a species may have different kinds or breeds that
show great variation, but the individuals still belong to the
same species. Different breeds of pedigree dog are like this.
Species and habitats
Similar species tend to live in similar habitats. Closely related
species share a relatively recent ancestor- a ‘common
ancestor’. If they live in different type of habitat, closely
related species may have different features.
4. It can be difficult to classify
some organisms into species. For
example, evolution is a continuing
process. Some organisms can only
reproduce asexually, while some
species can interbreed to produce
hybrids. For example the liger is a
hybrid cross between a male lion
and a female tiger.
Evolutionary trees
Evolutionary trees are used to
represent the relationships between
organisms. The diagram shows an
evolutionary tree.
An evolutionary tree
In this evolutionary tree, species A
and B share a common ancestor.
Species F and G share a common
ancestor, which itself shared a
common ancestor with species E. All
seven species share a common
ancestor, probably from the distant
past.
5. Pyramids of biomass- Higher tier
Each stage in a food chain or pyramid of biomass
is called a trophic level. It can be difficult to
make a pyramid of biomass because:
there may be problems measuring dry biomass
an organism may belong to more than one trophic
level, so it cannot easily be represented by one
bar.
6. • Calculating energy efficiency- Higher
• This bullock has eaten 100 kJ of stored
energy in the form of grass, and excreted
63 kJ in the form of faeces, urine and
gas. The energy stored in its body tissues
is 4 kJ. So how much has been used up in
respiration?
• The energy released by respiration = 100 -
63 - 4 = 33 kJ
• Only 4 kJ of the original energy available
to the bullock is available to the next
stage, which might be humans. The
efficiency of this energy transfer is:
• efficiency = 4 ÷ 100 × 100 = 4%
7.
8. Carbon cycle
The oceans absorb carbon dioxide, acting as a ‘carbon sink’.
Marine animals may convert some of the carbon in their diet to
calcium carbonate. This is used to make their shells. Over time
the shells of dead organisms collect on the seabed and form
limestone. Due to earth movements this limestone may
eventually become exposed to the air. It is weathered and its
carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
Volcanic action may also release carbon dioxide
9.
10. • Nitrogen is essential for the formation of amino acids in proteins
• About 78 per cent of the air is nitrogen. Because nitrogen is so
unreactive, it cannot be used directly by plants to make protein. Only
nitrates are useful to plants, so nitrogen must be converted to nitrates.
• Nitrogen gas is converted to nitrate compounds by nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in soil or root nodules. Lightning also converts nitrogen gas to
nitrate compounds. The Haber process converts nitrogen gas into
ammonia for use in artificial fertilizers. Ammonia is converted to
nitrates by nitrifying bacteria in the soil
• Plants absorb nitrates from the soil and use these to build up proteins.
The plant may be eaten by an animal, and its biomass used to
produce animal protein
• Urea and egested material is broken down by decomposers. This
results in nitrogen being returned to the soil as ammonia
• Decomposers also break down the bodies of dead organisms resulting
in nitrogen being returned to the soil as ammonia
• In some conditions denitrifying bacteria in the soil break down nitrates
and return nitrogen to the air. This is usually in waterlogged soil.
Improving drainage reduces this effect, making the soil more fertile.
11. • Animals compete for:
• food
• water
• space.
• Mates
• Plants make their own food
using photosynthesis, so they do
not compete for food. They may
have to compete for:
• light
• water
• minerals.
• Mutualism
• In mutualism, both species benefit
from their relationship
• Parasites are organisms that live on or
in a host organism. The parasite
benefits from this arrangement, but
the host suffers as a result.
Predator prey relationship
12. Higher tier
A niche is a particular place or role occupied
by an organism within an ecological
community. Similar species will occupy
similar niches. For example, red squirrels
and grey squirrels are two different
species. They occupy similar but slightly
different niches.
The two main types of competition are:
interspecific competition, which happens
between individuals of different species
intraspecific competition, which happens
between individuals of the same species.
Intraspecific competition is often more
significant than interspecific competition.
For example, competition between grey
squirrels is likely to affect the population
of grey squirrels more than competition
13. Cacti are well adapted for survival
in the desert. Their adaptations
include:
stems that can store water
widespread root systems that can
collect water from a large area.
Predators
•built for speed
•sharp teeth and claws
•camouflage to avoid being seen by prey
•eyes to the front of
•the head to judge size
and distance well (binocular vision).
Prey
avoid being caught as prey:
•live in groups (herds or shoals)
•built for speed
•defences such as poison or stings
•camouflage to avoid being seen by predators
•eyes to the side of the head to get a
wide field of view (monocular vision).
Polar bears
a white appearance as
camouflage from prey on the
snow and ice
thick layers of fat and fur for
insulation
a small surface area to volume
ratio, to minimise heat loss
a greasy coat that sheds water
after swimming
large furry feet to distribute their
load
The camel
•large, flat feet to spread their weight
•Thick fur on top for shade
•a large surface area :volume ratio for heat loss
•Can go a long time without water
•tolerate body temperatures up to 42°C
•slit-like nostrils and two rows of eyelashes
14. Counter-current heat
exchange
Penguins and other animals in
cold climates need to minimise
their heat loss to the
surroundings. Tails, flippers and
feet are relatively flat. They
have large surface area to
volume ratios and will lose heat
quickly. Warm blood entering
tails, flippers or feet flows past
cold blood returning to the rest
of the body. This is called
counter-current heat exchange.
15. Extremophiles
•The extreme conditions can include:
•very high or very low temperatures
•high concentrations of salt in water.
•For example, certain bacteria can live in hot
springs or around deep-sea hydrothermal
vents, where the water can be very hot. Fish in
very cold seas have ‘antifreeze proteins’ in their
blood and tissues. Certain plants grow well in
salt marshes where the salt concentration is
too high for most plants. For example,
samphire looks a bit like a dandelion but can
grow close to the shore.
16. Darwin’s theory
Key points of evolution by natural
selection:
individuals in a species show a wide
range of variation
this variation is because of
differences in their genes
individuals with characteristics
most suited to the environment
are more likely to survive and
reproduce
the genes that allow these
individuals to be successful are
passed to their offspring.
Factors that can cause a species to
become extinct include:
changes to the environment, such as a
change in climate
destruction of habitats
hunting
pollution
competition from other species.
The fossil record shows that many
species have become extinct since life on
Earth began. Extinction is still happening
and a lot of it occurs because of human
activities. Human beings compete with
other living things for space, food, water
and very successful
17. Lamarck’s theory-
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck was a French scientist who
developed an alternative theory at the beginning of the
19th century. His theory involved two ideas, which are:
a characteristic that is used more and more by an
organism becomes bigger and stronger, and one that is
not used eventually disappears
any feature of an organism that is improved through use
is passed to its offspring.
However, we now know that in most cases this type of
inheritance cannot happen.
Lamarck's theory cannot account for all the
observations made about life on Earth. For instance, his
theory implies that all organisms would gradually become
complex, and simple organisms disappear. On the other
hand, Darwin's theory can account for the continued
presence of simple organisms.
18. human population is
increasing the use of finite
resources.
Household waste and sewage
Most rubbish is buried in landfill sites and not all of it
comprises safe materials. It kills aquatic organisms
and harms human health. Sewage must be treated to
make it safer Carbon dioxide
Released when fossil fuels are used. It is a
greenhouse gas that can prevent heat escaping from
the Earth into space.
Sulfur dioxide
When these fuels are burned sulfur dioxide is
released into the air. Sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
that can damage buildings, and kill plants and
aquatic animals.
CFCs
In the past, chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs were widely
used in aerosol cansCFCs destroy ozone in the upper
atmosphere, leading to ozone depletion.
For example:
bushy lichens need really clean
air
leafy lichens can survive a small
amount of air pollution
crusty lichens can survive in
more polluted air.
In places where no lichens are
growing it is often a sign that
the air is heavily polluted with
sulfur dioxide.
19. Higher tier
People in the developed world enjoy a
high standard of living, with abundant
food, cars and comfortable housing.
Their impact on the use of resources
is greater than the impact of poorer
people, even though the population of
the developed world is much smaller.
20. Conservation measures
Some species in Britain are endangered,
They could be helped by conservation such
as education programmes
captive breeding programmes
legal protection and protection of their
habitats
making artificial ecosystems for them to
live in.
Plant species can also be endangered.
Seed banks are a conservation measure
for plants. Seeds are carefully stored so
that new plants may be grown in the
future.
Whales
Many species of whale have been hunted almost to extinction.
raw materials oil for fuel, food, traditional diet, tourism, showsIt is difficult
to enforce international agreements
Fish
Fish are an important part of the human Fishing quotas are one way to protec
stocks of fish. Fishing boats are limited to the species, size of fish, and size
of catch that they may take.