This document provides an overview of biological inheritance. It discusses genes and alleles, Mendel's laws of inheritance from his early genetic studies with pea plants, the location of genes on chromosomes, determining sex based on sex chromosomes, inheritance linked to sex chromosomes, and mutations. The key topics covered are Mendel's principles of uniformity, segregation, and independent assortment which established the foundations of modern genetics. It also examines gene location and linkage, sex determination, sex-linked inheritance patterns, and the types and causes of genetic mutations.
This pdf comprises of Basic of Genetics: Purpose: To convey that “Genetics is to biology what Newton’s
laws are to Physical Sciences”. Mendel’s laws, Concept of segregation and
independent assortment. Concept of allele. Gene mapping, Gene
interaction, Epistasis. Meiosis and Mitosis be taught as a part of
genetics. Emphasis to be give not to the mechanics of cell division nor the
phases but how genetic material passes from parent to offspring. Concepts
of recessiveness and dominance. Concept of mapping of phenotype to
genes. Discuss about the single gene disorders in humans. Discuss the
concept of complementation using human genetics.
This pdf comprises of Basic of Genetics: Purpose: To convey that “Genetics is to biology what Newton’s
laws are to Physical Sciences”. Mendel’s laws, Concept of segregation and
independent assortment. Concept of allele. Gene mapping, Gene
interaction, Epistasis. Meiosis and Mitosis be taught as a part of
genetics. Emphasis to be give not to the mechanics of cell division nor the
phases but how genetic material passes from parent to offspring. Concepts
of recessiveness and dominance. Concept of mapping of phenotype to
genes. Discuss about the single gene disorders in humans. Discuss the
concept of complementation using human genetics.
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical
basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard
Mendelian inheritance
Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceAngel Vega
KEY CONCEPTS
15.1 Morgan showed that Mendelian inheritance has its physical
basis in the behavior of chromosomes: Scientific inquiry
15.2 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
15.3 Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause
some genetic disorders
15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to standard
Mendelian inheritance
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. INDEX
1. Genes
2. Early GeneticStudies
3. Special cases
4. Location of Genes
5. DeterminingSex
3. 1. Genes
Hereditary trait
• characteristic which can be passed on to the offspring.
Gene
• Unit that transmits genetic information. It is made up of
DNA.
Genotipe
• set of genes that an individual has
Phenotype
• Set of observable traits that an individual has (it can be
influenced by the environment)
(caracteres hereditarios/características hereditarias)
4. A gene can have different variants, called alleles.
An individual has 2 alleles for each trait: one from the father and one from the mother
If both alleles
are the same for
a trait
(purebred)
Homozygous
individual
If both alleles
are different for
this trait (hybrid)
Heterozygous
individual
(individuo homocigoto/heterocigoto)
(Línea pura)
5. Example 1: For the trait “hair colour in guinea pigs”: Two alleles are possible:
N = black dominant allele
n = white recessive allele
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
NN dominant homozygous Black
nn recessive homozygous White
Nn heterozygous black
The dominant allele prevent the recessive allele from appearing
6. Example 2: For the trait “flower colour in morning glory flower” two alleles
are possible: N1 (red) and N2 (white)
GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE
N1N1 (homozygous) Red
N2N2 (homozygous) White
N1N2 heterozygous Pink!!
N1N1 N2N2
N1N2
N1 and N2 are equally strong, they are
co-dominant alleles and cause
INTERMEDIATE INHERITANCE
7. 2. Early Genetic Studies
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk (2nd half of the 19th century)
His discoveries form the basis of modern genetics.
He worked with pea plants (easy to see traits and to handle)
He did lots of crossings between pea plants with different traits
probabilities
Seeds
Smooth Wrikled
Yellow Green
Flowers Red White
Stems Long Short
He started working with purebred individuals (homozygous individuals)
(NN or nn)
8. 1st Mendel’s Law: Principle of Uniformity
When two purebred individuals are crossed, all of their offspring (F1) will have
identical phenotypes.
They will also have identical genotypes: heterozygous
P: parents
Gametes produced
F1: first filial generation
Page 88 activities 1 and 2
Yellow pea Green pea
Yellow peas
9. Principle of Segregation
Gametes produced
Gametes produced
When two heterozygous individuals from the F1 are crossed, in the F2 appear again the two
phenotypes of the Parentals
Genotypes probabilities:
AA 25%
Aa 50%
aa 25%
Phenotypes probabilities:
Yellow 75%
Green 25%
10. 2nd Mendel’s law: Principle of Independant assortment
When two individuals that have two or more different traits are crossed, the
transmission of each trait is independent from the other traits
This only works for non-linked traits!!
A = yellow
a = green
A>a
B = smooth
b = wrinkled
B>b
Possible gametes: AB ab
Possible gametes: AB Ab aB ab
12. 4. Location of Genes
Morgan (1915) developed a theory about the role of
chromosomes in inheritance:
Chromosomal theory of heredity
(teoría cromosómica de la herencia)
• Genes are located on chromosomes on a specific place (locus).
• Each gene is made up of a segment of DNA.
• 2 alleles which determine a specific trait are located on two
homologous chromosomes.
Drosophila melanogaster
(1 locus/ many loci)
14. All the genes located on the same chromosome are
linked to each other and are transmitted together,
specially if they are not very far away from each other
Page 95 activities 15, 16, 17, 23
15. 5. Determining Sex
In many animals there are different chromosomes in males and females:
In human
being
2 sex
chromosomes
XY/XX
44 autosomes
Common to
both sexes
Genes not related to sexual differences
Genes that take part in the development of the male
XX XY Page 95 activities 15, 16, 17, 23
Page 91 activities 5 and 7
16. Human female karyotype
Human male karyotype
Karyotype = the chromosomes of a cell,
usually displayed as a systematized arrangement
of chromosome pairs in descending order of size.
17. 6. Inheritance Linked to Sex
A trait linked to the X chromosome is a trait controlled by a gene located
on the X chromosome.
Examples: daltonism (colour blindness) and haemophilia
Individuals Female Male
XX (healthy) XY (healthy)
XdXd (ill) XdY (ill)
XdX (carrier but healthy)
Problem: A daltonic man wants to have babies with a healthy woman.
What are the probabilities to get a daltonic boy?
18. Man with daltonism x healthy woman
Xd Y
X XdX XY
Genotypes: XdY XX
Problem 2: A healthy man wants to have babies with a carrier woman.
What are the probabilities to get a daltonic boy?
Sol.: all boys are healthy and all girls are carrier The probability to obtain a
daltonic boy is 0%.
Genotypes: XY XdX
X Y
X XX XY
Xd XdX XdY
50% descendants
are daltonic
(50% of men)
Sol.: The
probability to
obtain a daltonic
boy is 25%
19. 7. Mutations
Mutations are unexpected and random changes in genes or DNA sequence.
Mutation types
Gene
mutation
The alteration
affects the
chemical
structure of the
DNA.
Chromosome
mutation
The alteration
affects the
structure of the
chromosomes.
Numerical
mutation
The alteration
affects the
number of
chromosomes.
Chromosome mutation
Gene mutation
