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1. Ecosystems
Prepared by:
OSCAR JR. DELOSO SIGUE, LPT

2. What is an ecosystem?
An ecosystem is a place where
animals, plants, and non-living
materials exist together.

3. Biotic and Abiotic
factors in the
Ecosystem

4. •Level of organization is used to show how organisms
interact with each other & their environment

6. Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors
• Abiotic factors = non-living components that affect living
organisms
–Ex. Temperature, sunlight, rocks
• Biotic Factors = all living things or their materials that directly or
indirectly affect organisms in its environment (includes
interactions)
–Ex. Plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

7. Ecosystems
If you could choose an ecosystem in which
to live which one would you choose?
Why?
Let’s take a look at some ecosystems to
help you decide….
Ecosystems

8. Mountain

9. Tundra

10. Temperate Forest

11. Marine/Island

12. Desert

13. Tropical Dry Forest

14. Cold Climate Forest

15. Grassland

16. Savannah

17. Tropical Rainforest

18. Think about all of the abiotic and biotic factors
you might find in a pond…

19. Interactions
•Do these abiotic factors affect the biotic parts of an
ecosystem? How?

20. Do biotic and abiotic factors affect each other?
If there is no water…can anything grow or survive?
No!
If it is extremely cold one winter, will that affect whether an animal makes it?
No!
So, abiotic and biotic DO affect each other. Even though water
and temperature aren’t living things, they DO affect living
things!

21. Biotic & Abiotic
Influences

22. Interactions between biotic and
abiotic factors
•What abiotic factors are important for a
plant to grow?

23. 1. Sun
• Provides warmth to living organisms
• Provides solar energy (light) for green plants to make their own food
• The number of hours of daylight triggers seasonal events, such as:
-plants flowering
-birds migrating

24. 2. Water
• Important for life processes of all living things (plants and animals) such as:
-distributing food particles through their bodies
-digesting food
• Important for organisms
that live under water, such as:
-trout
-whales
-algae

25. 3. Air
• Provides oxygen (O2), which animals breathe
• Provides carbon dioxide (CO2) for plants to use to make their
own food

26. 4. Soil
• Provides a home for many animals that live underground
-earthworms
• Provides nutrients for plants
• Plants grow in soil

27. Activity

28. Activity
Squirrels
Trees
Fish
Air
Water

29. Activity
Bacteria
Temperature
Squirrels
Flowers
Deer
Trees
Fish
Soil
Air
Minerals
Water
Sun
Grass

30. Review
• A(n) ___________ factor is a living (or once living)
component of an ecosystem.
• A(n) ___________ factor is a non-living component of
an ecosystem.
biotic
abiotic

31. Review
• An ecosystem is the interaction between __________ and
__________ factors
biotic
abiotic

32. Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic Abiotic
Abiotic

33. Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic Abiotic
Biotic

34. Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic
Abiotic
Biotic

35. Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic Abiotic
Biotic

36. Biotic or Abiotic?
Biotic Abiotic
Biotic

37. Activity
Organize the following words into TWO lists, Biotic and Abiotic Factors:
Clouds
Sunlight
Sand
Ph of soil
Air
Wind
Soil
Rain
Mud
Rocks
Ice
Oxygen
Minerals
Mountain
Temperature
Lake
Volcanoes
Moon
Gold
Fire
Weather
Climate
Tulip
Bumblebee
Moss
Leaf
Raccoon
Polar Bear
A cell
Deer
Maple tree
Raspberry bush
Goldfish
People
Eagle
Snake
Earthworm
Corn on the plant
Salamander

38. Guided Practice
Organize the following words into TWO lists, Abiotic and Biotic Factors:
Biotic Abiotic
Clouds
Sunlight
Sand
Ph of soil
Air
Wind
Soil
Rain
Mud
Rocks
Ice
Oxygen
Minerals
Mountain
Temperature
Lake
Volcanoes
Moon
Gold
Fire
Weather
Climate
Tulip
Bumblebee
Moss
Leaf
Raccoon
Polar Bear
A cell
Deer
Maple tree
Raspberry bush
Goldfish
People
Eagle
Snake
Earthworm
Corn on the plant
Salamander

39. Ecosystems
What interactions take place
in an ecosystem?
What goes on in an
ecosystem?

40. FOOD CHAIN & FOOD WEB

41. Introduction to food chain
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain is the
path by which energy
in the form of food,
passes from one
living thing to
another within the
ecosystem

42. Types of food chain
Mainly two types of food chain
A] Grazing food chain
B] Detritus food chain
[A] Grazing food chain
grass→rabbit→fox→lion
[B] Detritus food chain
soil→earth warm→rat→snake→eagle

43. Tropic levels in the food chain
Mainly three tropic levels in food chain
 Producers
 Consumers
 Decomposers

44. Producers
• Green plants that use energy from the sun to
produce food through process of photosynthesis.

45. Producers
 Producers make their own
food.
Producers are on the bottom of
the food chain.

46. Consumers
 Organisms that do not make their own food.
 Another term for heterotroph is consumer because they
consume other organisms in order to live.

47. Consumers
•Organisms that do not make their own food
but eat other organisms.

48.  Mainly three types of consumers
i. Herbivores
ii. Carnivores
iii. Omnivores

49. Herbivores

50. Herbivores
•Animals that only eat PLANTS.

51. Carnivores

52. Carnivores
•Animals that eat only MEAT.

53. Omnivores

54. Omnivores
•Eat both plants and meat

55. Predation
• When one organism hunts and eats another.
• The fox is the predator and the rabbit is the prey.

56. Scavengers
•Animals that feed on decaying or dead
plants or animals.

57. Decomposers
 Microorganisms that are able to break down
large molecules into smaller parts.
 Decomposers return the nutrients that are in
a living thing to the soil.
ex. Bacteria
Fungi

58. Decomposers
• Consume wastes and dead organisms.
– Examples: fungi, bacteria, earthworms

59. Symbiosis
• Specific interaction between two species over a long
period of time “living together”
Both species
benefit
One species benefits,
the other is neither
helped nor harmed.
One species benefits,
the other is harmed

60. Succession
• The gradual change of one community to another over
time.
• Succession happens in all communities.

61. •Sometimes forests
go through long
periods of time
without rain. A fire
could start during
one of these dry
spells. What would
happen then?
(succession)

62. •In the forest fire, many
trees and animals will
die.
–Many animals will
move away from the
forest to a new location.

63. • After the forest fire,
the community will
begin to rebuild:
–Plants begin to grow
–Animals come back
to feed on the new
plants.

64. •Eventually, new trees will grow.
–Small trees will grow at first, but after many years,
larger trees such as spruce and fir may grow.

65. • So, here is our example of succession:
Forest
fire
occurs
Trees & animals
die
or relocate
Plants begin to grow;
animals return to
feed
on new plant growth
Small trees
begin to
grow
Large trees
grow;
completing the
forest

66. Introduction to food webs
 A number of food chains form
a interlinking pattern forming a
web like arrangement known
as food web.

67. Ecological pyramids
 The pyramidal representation of tropic levels
different organisms based on their ecological
position [producer to final consumer] is called as
an ecological pyramids.

68. Types of pyramids
 Mainly three types of pyramids
1) Pyramid of number
2) Pyramid of biomass
3) Pyramid of energy

69. 1) Pyramid of number

70. 2) Pyramid of biomass

71. 3) Pyramid of energy

72. How can changes in an
environment affect the
organisms that live there?

73. What causes an ecosystem to change?
• It may be hard to notice, but ecosystems are
always changing, some changes make it hard
for living things to survive.
• These changes can happen by:
1) Natural events.
2) Animals.
3) People.

74. Natural events that causes changes in ecosystem:
1- Volcanoes:
- Volcanoes can fill a valley with ash.

75. 2- Hurricanes:
- Hurricanes can destroy coastal wetlands.

76. 3- A lot of rain:
- A lot of rain can cause landslides,
turning hills to rivers of mud.

77. 4- Too little rain:
- Too little rain causes drought "soil dry up".

78. Animals that cause changes in ecosystems
• A swarm of Locusts can eat any plants along
their path leaving a whole community without
food

79. • An alligator makes holes in muddy wetlands
by its feet, tail & snout.
•when these holes are filled with water, it helps
animals to survive in droughts.

80. People that cause changes in ecosystems
1) Deforestation
- When people cut down the forests to build houses
& buildings, This destroy many forest habitats.
- Living things lose their homes & source of food

81. 2) Overpopulation
- When too many individuals live in an area.
-The more people there are, the more they use
& consume.
- So water & space become harder to find.

82. 3) Pollution
- It’s adding harmful things to air & water.
-Cars, trunks & power plants give off gases which can harm
the air we breathe.
-Litter “ Trash that is disposed in properly” is a form of
pollution too.
- Pollution can kill plants & animals in an ecosystem

83. 4) Protection
-People driving less & using hybrid cars can protect the
ecosystem.
- People treat wastes to remove harmful substance.
- Planting new trees, recycling paper, glass & plastic are
ways of protecting your ecosystem.

84. What happens when an ecosystem change?
1) Accommodating
- It’s how individuals respond to change.
Examples:
A fire can destroy the main food supply of an
animal in a forest, so some animals like: deer
can change their diet. They may eat tree bark
instead of leaves.
-Others will use new plants or materials as
shelter

85. 2) Moving Away:
When some animals cannot accommodate ecosystems
change.
-They find new places to live; their search for food, water &
shelter may take them far away.

86. 3) Extinction:
Some living things cannot accommodate an ecosystem
change or move away to another habitat.
If an organism doesn't meet its needs, it will die.
-Some times an entire species can slowly disappear.
- A species is extinct when the last of its kind dies.
Example
Dinosaurs – Passenger pigeon

87. Saving Panda bears
• A living thing that has few of its kind is
endangered. E.g. "Giant panda“

88. • Large numbers of giant panda bears once
lived in China.
• Pandas eat bamboo.
• When people began to cut down the
bamboo forests, the pandas could not find
enough to eat, so they are endangered.
• Scientists are trying to prevent the
extinction of panda bears.
• Large areas of land in China are preserved
for pandas to live.
• Now, panda cubs are born in these
protected places.

89. Any Question…???

90. THANK YOU !!! 