The document discusses different types of ecosystems including biotic and abiotic components. It provides definitions of ecosystem and describes the key components. It discusses the structure of ecosystems including biological communities, biomass, and abiotic factors. It describes different types of ecosystems such as aquatic (marine and freshwater), terrestrial, and forest ecosystems. It also discusses interactions within ecosystems such as different types of relationships between species, energy flow, and the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
Ecology is the scientific study of organisms `at home' which is called as the `environment'. The term `environment' refers to those parts of the world or the total set of circumstances which surround an organism or a group of organisms.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Ecological Interactions - Mutualism, Commensalism & NeutralismRahul M. Prathap
Ecological interactions are the effects an organism have on another in an ecosystem. This slide describes Mutualism, Commensalism and Neutralism with examples.
This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
Looks at the question of:
HOW MANY BIOMES?
There is no clear answer and the powerpoint goes through the possible answers.
It concludes to five basic biomes that include ‘sub-biomes’.
You need to download PowerPoint in order to view animations.
There is a WORKSHEET that accompanies this POWERPOINT at:
http://www.slideshare.net/yaryalitsa/biomes-worksheet
Points on biomes,habitat,ecotone and their differentations.
also on terrestrial ,wetland,fresh water,marine habitat and their types .Explained much with pictures..so easy to remember and to take class .Hope this may help....
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
Ecological Interactions - Mutualism, Commensalism & NeutralismRahul M. Prathap
Ecological interactions are the effects an organism have on another in an ecosystem. This slide describes Mutualism, Commensalism and Neutralism with examples.
I can't claim credit for this presentation's original format; which a colleague downloaded. I've just added and tweaked a little so that it fits within my class's syllabus.
The structural components of an ecosystem consist of nonliving arena and the living organisms.
They are terms as Abiotic compounds and Biotic compounds.
Ecosystems, 4th year of Primary educationelbauldelared
A revision of some ecosistems and their characteristics. You can also review what a food chain is.
It was planned for 4th grade children who are studying in a school belonging to the Bilingual Project of the Autonomus Community of Madrid.
Download it in order to watch the videos, play the games and download the worksheets attached.
a small presentation on seasons in arabic language for kids and elders.Has activities and short description about each season along with interesting content and pictures
ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY (SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY)enahmarizbfrancisco
Ecosystem: a natural environment which includes the flora (plants) and fauna (animals) that live and interact within that environment. Biodiversity: the variety of natural life and habitats on Earth.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. ECOSYSTEM
• A region with a specific and recognizable landscape
form, such as a forest, grassland, desert, wetland, or
coastal area
• A community and its physical environment
• The concept of ecosystem was first put forth by A.G
Tansley in 1935
• it can be temporary or permanent, natural or man
made, small or large
• A very small ecosystem is called as microsystem
3. Importance of study
• Gives information about the available essential
minerals and their recycling periods
• Gross and net productivity of the ecosystem are
known
• Provides knowledge about the web of interactions
and interrelations amongst the various populations
as well as the between the population and the
abiotic environment
• Helps humans to know about the conservation of
resources, protection from pollution etc
4. STRUCTURE OF ECOSYTEM
• By structure we mean,
• The composition of biological community including
species, biomass, life history and distribution in
space etc
• Quantity and distribution of non living materials
such as water and nutrients
• Range or gradient of conditions of existence,
temperature, light etc
5. • The structure of the ecosystem means the
components
• The two major components are :-
• Abiotic (non-living ) components
• Biotic (living ) components
6. Abiotic Components
• Abiotic components are the non-living
components of an ecosystem, affecting the life of
organisms.
• Abiotic components can be harmful to the
ecosystem
• Abiotic components are:
– Temperature, light, water, soil, rocks, sulphur,
nitrogen, phosphorous, proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates ,humic substances etc
7. • These specific abiotic factors represent the
geological, geographical, hydrological and
climatological features of a particular
ecosystem
8. WIND
Many plants use the
help of the wind to
disperse seeds over
long distances.
Organisms disperse to
find new habitats rich
in needed resources.
Strong winds can be
very destructive
9. WATER
Water is one of nature’s
most important things is
life. Essential to life, an
organism’s survival
depends an water. Water
is necessary for digestion
and absorption of food;
helps maintain proper
muscle tone-, supplies
oxygen and nutrients to
the cells; rids the body of
water; and serves as a
natural air conditioning
system
10. SUNLIGHT
The sun provides light
and warmth and it is
the energy source for
almost all ecosystems
on Earth. Sunlight
powers
photosynthesis by
plants, the main
producer in most
terrestrial ecosystems
11. TEMPERATURE
Most life exists within a
fairly narrow range of
temperatures, from about
0 C to about 50 C. Few
organisms can maintain an
active metabolism below 0
C for long, and most
organisms’ enzymes are
denatured (they lose their
shape and stop working)
above 50 C. However,
extraordinary adaptations
enable certain species to
live at extreme
temperatures
12. BIOTIC COMPONENT
• The biotic components ranges from extremely
small bacteria, which live in the air, water and soil,
algae which live in fresh and salt water, to the
terrestrial plants which range from grasses and
herbs that grow after the monsoon of every year
to the giant long lived trees of the forest
• The living component of the animal world ranges
from microscopic animals to small insects and
larger animals such as fish, amphibians , reptiles,
birds and mammals
13. • Biotic component is distinguished into
autotrophs , heterotrophs and saprotrophs
• Autotrophs
• Autotrophs are also called producers
• These are photosynthetic plants, generally
chlorophyll bearing, which synthesize high-
energy complex organic compounds (food) from
inorganic raw materials with the help of sunlight,
and the process is referred as photosynthesis.
• Autotrophs form the basis of any biotic system.
14. • In terrestrial ecosystems, the autotrophs are
mainly the rooted plants. In aquatic
ecosystems, floating plants called
phytoplankton and shallow water rooted
plants called macrophytes are the dominant
producers.
15. Heterotrophs
• Heterotrophs are called consumers, which are
generally animals feeding on other organisms
Consumer's also referred as phagotrophs (phago -
to ingest or swallow) or macroconsumers are
mainly herbivores and carnivores
Herbivores are referred as First order consumers
or primary consumers, as they feed directly on
plants . For e.g., Terrestrial ecosystem consumers
like cattle, deer, rabbit, grass hopper, etc.
.
16. • Aquatic ecosystem consumers like protozoans,
crustaceans, etc. Carnivores are animals, which
feed or prey upon other animals
• Primary carnivores or Second order consumers
include the animals which feed on the
herbivorous animals. For e.g., fox, frog,
predatory birds, smaller fishes, snakes, etc.
• Secondary carnivores or Third order consumers
include the animals, which feed on the primary
carnivores. For e.g., wolf, peacock, owl, etc.
17. • Saprotrophs are also called decomposers or
reducers. They break down the complex
organic compounds of dead matter (of plants
and animals).
• Decomposers do not ingest their food.
• Instead they secrete digestive enzymes into
the dead and decaying plant and animal
remains to digest the organic material.
• Enzymes act upon the complex organic
compounds of the dead matter.
18.
19.
20. Types of interactions
• The biotic environment is experienced by an
individual as interactions with other organisms
• These include individuals of the same species (
intraspecific effects) and individuals of many
other species (interspecific effects)
21. Intraspecific relationships
• Reproduction
• One of the first phases is the location of a mate
• This may occur by the advertisement by one
sex of its whereabouts such using scent, light or
sound
• Selection of the mate often includes
competition between individuals of the same
sex , either males for females or rarely females
for males
22. • Care of offspring
• Offspring are usually cared for by their
parents; by the female only or by both parents
• More rarely offspring are cared for by older
siblings. This occurs among colonial insects
such as termites
• Care of offspring includes feeding, guarding,
keeping them warm and transporting
immature individuals
23. • Social behavior
• Many social interactions are altruistic and
centre around finding food and defence
• Guarding and defense of territories, young
and more vulnerable members of the group
are also common in social animals
24. • Competition
• This occurs between individuals within a
species for environmental resources such as
food, space, light, water and mineral nutrients
• Here competition can occur at any time during
the life cycle: between sperm or actively
growing pollen tubes for the chance to fertilize
an egg: between embryos in the womb for
parental nutrients: between seedlings for light
and space:
25. Interspecific relationships
• Reproduction
• Pollination in many angiosperms and a few
gymnosperms involves a more mobile species
as pollen transporter
• Such carriers include insects ,birds, bats and a
few other mammals
26. • Care of offspring
• Care of offspring by another species is rare
• Example- European cuckoos which lay eggs in
the nests of small birds such as the meadow
pipet, hedge sparrow and reed warbler
• The offspring are then reared by the owners of
the nest
• This is a parasitic interaction as the foster
parent usually loses all its own fledglings and
gains nothing
27. • Mutualism
• Where both the organisms gain benefits by
long term association with each other the
relationship is said to be mutualistic
• Often one of the organisms gains food and the
other protection
• Example- trees such as beech, oak and pine
gain amino acids from fungal associations; the
fungi in return receives carbohydrates and
vitamins from the tree
28. • Parasitism and disease
• Parasitism occurs where individuals of one
species live or reproduce using the food and
other resources of an individual of other
species
• The relationships between the parasites and
hosts are many and varied
• Some parasites live within the host-
endoparasites such as gut parasites and other
outside the host- ectoparasites
29. • Predation
• Apart from autotrophs, all organisms have to
feed on other organisms
• Herbivores, insectivores and carnivores are all
involved in interspecific interactions
• Protection
• Many organisms attempting to avoid predation
use other organisms for protection Example-
insects hide under tree bark, birds nest in holes
in plants to protect their young
30. • Some organisms gain protection from predation
by using the defence mechanism of another
species
• Example-The cinnabar moth caterpillar eats the
poisonous ragwort plant and concentrates the
plant’s toxin in its own tissues
• The caterpillars are brightly colored with black
and yellow stripes to warn birds that they are
unpleasant to eat
• Some edible species even copy the warning
colorations of harmful ones to gain protection
31. • Competition
• Competition between the individuals of
different species is probably extremely
important for determining the abundance,
health, reproductive capacity and distribution
of species within a community
• Competition probably occurs between similar
or related species or between quite different
species which need the same resources
32. • Defence
• Organisms respond to predation, parasitism and
competition by using defence mechanisms
• These includes mechanical defences like sharp
spines on cacti (protecting the plant, which
contain a store of water, from thirsty desert
animals), toxins in the ragwort for caterpillar
• Sometimes toxins are produced by plants to kill
other plants in the surrounding vegetation
33. Energy flow in an ecosystem
• A general energy flow scenario follows:
• Solar energy is fixed by the photoautotrophs , called primary
producers, like green plants
• Primary consumers absorb most of the stored energy in the
plant through digestion and transform it into the form of
energy they need, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
through respiration
• A part of the energy received by primary consumers,
herbivores, is converted to body heat (an effect of respiration),
which is radiated away and lost from the system.
34. • The loss of energy through body heat is far
greater in warm-blooded animals, which must
eat much more frequently than those that are
cold-blooded.
35. • Secondary consumers, carnivores, then
consume the primary consumers, although
omnivores also consume primary producers.
• Energy that had been used by the primary
consumers for growth and storage is thus
absorbed into the secondary consumers
through the process of digestion.
36. • As with primary consumers, secondary
consumers convert this energy into a more
suitable form (ATP) during respiration
• Again, some energy is lost from the system,
since energy which the primary consumers
had used for respiration and regulation of
body temperature cannot be utilised by the
secondary consumers
37. • tertiary consumers, which may or may not be
apex predators then consume the secondary
consumers, with some energy passed on and
some lost, as with the lower levels of the food
chain.
• A final link in the food chain are decomposers
which break down the organic matter of the
tertiary consumers (or whichever consumer is
at the top of the chain) and release nutrients
into the soil.
38. • They also break down plants, herbivores and
carnivores that were not eaten by organisms
higher on the food chain, as well as the
undigested food that is excreted by herbivores
and carnivores.
• Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi are
decomposers, and play a pivotal role in the
nitrogen and carbon cycle
39. TYPES
aquatic ecosystem
• It is an ecosystem in a body of water
• Communities of organisms that are dependent
on each other and on their environment live in
aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of
aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems
and freshwater ecosystems
40. Marine ecosystems
•cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface
and contain approximately 97% of the planet's
water.
• They generate 32% of the world's net primary
production
•They are distinguished from freshwater
ecosystems by the presence of dissolved
compounds, especially salts, in the water.
• Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in
seawater are sodium and chlorine
41. • Marine ecosystems can be divided into many
zones depending upon water depth and
shoreline features.
• The oceanic zone is the vast open part of the
ocean where animals such as whales, sharks,
and tuna live.
• The benthic zone consists of substrates below
water where many invertebrates live
42. • The intertidal zone is the area between high
and low tides
• Other near-shore zones can include
estuaries, salt marshes, coral reefs, lagoons
and mangrove swamps.
• In the deep water, hydrothermal vents may
occur where chemosynthetic sulphur bacteria
form the base of the food web.
43. • freshwater ecosystems
• It cover 0.80% of the Earth's surface and inhabit
0.009% of its total water. They generate nearly 3%
of its net primary production.
• Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's
known fish species.
• There are three basic types of freshwater
ecosystems:
• Lentic: slow moving water, including pools, ponds,
and lakes.
• Lotic: faster moving water, for example streams and
rivers.
• Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated or
inundated for at least part of the time.
44. terrestrial ecosystem
• an ecosystem found only on landforms.
• Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga,
temperate deciduous forest, tropical forest, grassland
and desert
•Terrestrial ecosystems are distinguished from aquatic
ecosystems by the lower availability of water and the
consequent importance of water as a limiting factor.
•Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by greater
temperature fluctuations on both a diurnal and seasonal
basis than occur in aquatic ecosystems in similar
climates.
45. •The availability of light is greater in terrestrial
ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems because the
atmosphere is more transparent than water.
• Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems
than in aquatic ecosystems.
• Those gases include carbon dioxide that serves as a
substrate for photosynthesis, oxygen that serves as a
substrate in aerobic respiration, and nitrogen that
serves as a substrate for nitrogen fixation
46. • Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 28.2%, of Earth's
surface.
• Although they occupy a much smaller portion of
Earth's surface than marine ecosystems,
terrestrial ecosystems have been a major site of
adaptive radiation of both plants and animals.
• Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems are
members of the division Magnoliophyta
(flowering plants), of which there are about
275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta
(conifers), of which there are about 500 species.
47. • Members of the division Bryophyta (mosses
and liverworts), of which there are about
24,000 species, are also important in some
terrestrial ecosystems. Major animal taxa in
terrestrial ecosystems include the classes
Insecta (insects) with about 900,000 species,
Aves (birds) with 8500 species, and Mammalia
(mammals) with approximately 4100 species
48. • forest ecosystem
• A terrestrial unit of living organisms (plants,
animals and microorganisms), all interacting
among themselves and with the environment
(soil, climate, water and light) in which they live.
• The environmental "common denominator" of
that forest ecological community is a tree, who
most faithfully obeys the ecological cycles of
energy, water, carbon and nutrients.
49. • A forest ecosystem has definite boundaries
and includes a forest of trees out to the limit
of tree growth
• There are hundreds of thousands of defined
and undefined ecosystems that can cover the
broadest to the tiniest of areas.
• An ecosystem can be as small as a pond or a
dead tree, or as large as the Earth itself