this presentation is on the chapter reproduction in animals for class 8 . it includes all the topics in detail mentioned in the chapter . i have made it with a lot of hard work . hope u like it !
this presentation is on the chapter reproduction in animals for class 8 . it includes all the topics in detail mentioned in the chapter . i have made it with a lot of hard work . hope u like it !
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2. INDEX
1. The Reproductive Process in Human Beings
2. The Male Reproductive System
3. The Female Reproductive System
4. The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycle
5. Fertilisation, gestation and birth
6. Assisted reproduction
7. Contraception
8. Sexually transmitted diseases
5. Sexual characteristics:
• Primary sexual characteristics characteristics present at birth
(female/male genitalia)
• Secondary sexual characteristics characteristics which appear
with maturity. These changes occur at a very specific age,
called puberty.
6. Reproductive life in humans
In humans, reproductive and sexual life start during puberty.
A. Puberty
Puberty starts when boys start to produce sperm and become capable of ejaculation,
and when girls have their first period. Both of them take place as a result of increased
levels of pituitary hormones (FSH and LH) which stimulate gamete production.
http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetailsKids.aspx?p=335&np=289&id=1774 more information
7. Changes during puberty in girls
• the genitals get bigger
• breasts develop and the hips get wider
• hair grows on the pubis and under the arms
• the sebaceous glands start to secrete more sebum
• menarche (first period)
• the amount of body fat increases
8. Changes during puberty in boys
• the genitals get bigger
• the shoulders widen and the pelvis narrows
• body hear starts to grow
• the larynx and vocal cords grow, resulting in a lower voice
• the sebaceous glands start to secrete more sebum
• muscle mass increases
9. Some Mental Changes During Puberty
• Boys and girls start to want more freedom and independence
• They feel more self-sufficient
• They feel that most people around them do not understand them
•They want to belong to a group of people of their own age
• Their behaviour changes quickly from passiveness and a lack of interest to non-
conformism, rebellion and even violence. It can result in communication problems
both at home and at school.
10. B. The end of reproductive life
Men produce sperm throughout almost their whole life, although the quantity and
quality of these gametes decrease gradually after 50 years of age. It is caused
by a decrease in testosterone levels and it is called andropause.
Women are born with all of the immature eggs that they will ever have. However,
they stop ovulating, and therefore menstruating at a certain point in life (between
45-50 years of age). It is caused by a decrease in estrogens and progesterone
levels. It is called menopause.
11. 2. The Male Reproductive System
Cowper’s glands
12. Parts of the male reproductive system
Testicles Located outside the abdominal cavity, inside a skin sac called
scrotum. Testicles contain many seminiferous tubules (containing the cells
which produce sperm) and cells producing male sex hormones.
Cowper’s glands: secrete a lubricant that facilitates sexual intercourse.
Other glands they produce susbstances that mix with sperm to produce a fluid
called semen:
• Seminal vesicles: they produce nutrients for the sperm cells
• Prostate: secretes substances that protect sperm
Cowper’s glands
13. Reproductive ducts:
• Epididymis tubules where sperm matures
• Vas deferens it conects epididymis with urethra
• Urethra it carries the semen outside of the body. Common duct to the excretor
system
Penis: Organ that men use to deposit semen inside a woman’s body during
sexual intercourse. It contains two spongy masses of erectile tissue.
The penis ends at the glans (glande), surrounded by some skin called prepuce
(prepucio)
15. Parts of the female reproductive system
The ovaries They are found in the abdominal cavity. Inside them, each month
an ovum matures and is then released. They also produce female sex hormones.
16. Reproductive ducts:
• Fallopian tubes: They collect the mature eggs released by the ovaries. Fertilisation
normally takes place here.
• Uterus or womb: Gestation occurs here. The wall of the uterus has a
thick muscular layer (the myometrium) lined with a mucous membrane (endometrium).
• Vagina: Elastic tract which conects the uterum with the outside. Semen is deposited
in the vagina during sexual intercourse. To both side of the vagina are the Bartholin
glands, which produce lubricants.
• Vulva: External female sex organ, made of labia minora, labia majora and the clitoris
(a small, especially sensitive protuberance).
17. 4. The ovarian and menstrual cycle
The ovarian cycle
After puberty, oogenesis takes place regularly in women, approximately every 28 days.
One egg cell matures and is then released. Phases:
1. Follicular phase FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates the development of
one follicle in the ovary. It lasts around 14 days.
2. Ovulation LH (luteinising hormone)
stimulates the release of an egg by the
ovary. The body temperature increases.
3. Luteal phase Once the egg has
been released, the corresponding area
in the ovary transforms into the corpus
luteum, which secretes progesterone.
After 10-12 days, the corpus luteum
decays, initiation the start of a new
cycle.
18. The menstrual cycle
It is a series of periodical changes that occur in women’s sex organs.
It prepares the uterus for the implantaion of an embryo. However, the cycle
happens even if an egg has not been fertilised. Phases:
1. Proliferative phase the endometrium is built up. It lasts around 11 days.
2. Luteal phase the endometrium reaches its maximum thickness and prepares
to receive and give nutrients to an embryo. It last around 12 days. If there is an
embryo, the luteal phase continues.
3. Menstruation (or period) Only happens when there is no embryo.
The endometrium comes off, and is then expelled from the body along with some
blood. A period usually lasts 4-5 days.
19. The menstrual cycle and the ovarian cycle are controlled by hormones, which
are produced by the adenohypophysys (FSH and LH) and
by the ovaries (estrogen and progesterone)
24. 5.1 Fertilisation
It takes places inside the female reproductive system, usually in the Fallopian tubes.
The spermatozoids are introduced into the vagina during coitus, when ejaculation occurs.
Spermatozoa only live for 5 days and an ovum only lives for 48 hours.
If a spermatozoid finds an ovum:
1. The spermatozoid secretes a substance that breaks down the ovum’s outer membrane.
2. The two gametes recognise each other.
3. The sperm enters the ovum.
4. The nuclei of the two gametes join together. This is the fertilisation. The new cell
formed is called zygote.
5. A barrier around the zygote is formed,
preventing the access of any other sperm.
25.
26. The genetic information in the 23 paternal chromosomes transported
by the spermatozoid is mixed with the maternal genetic information
contained in the 23 chromosomes transported by the ovum.
This new cell is the zygote, which contains 46 cromosomes.
After 24 hours this cell starts dividing, and it is called embryo.
zygote
embryo
27. 5.2 Pregnancy (human gestation)
It is the period of time between fertilisation and birth. It lasts around 9 months.
28. The zygote divides many times during its way to the uterus. The structure is known
as the embryo, which becomes implanted in the uterus in 7 days after fertilisation.
29. About 2 - 3 months after fertilisation, the
embryo becomes a foetus. A foetus
looks like a baby. It continues growing
and developing in the uterus until birth.
The embryo and the foetus develop inside a membrane called amnion,
which is submerged in a liquid called amniotic fluid.
foetus
30. The foetus receives the nutrition it needs via the placenta, an organ that
develops around the 60th day of gestation. It is connected to the foetus
through the umbilical cord.
Placenta
33. 5.3 Labour and birth
In the eighth month of pregnancy, the foetus turns around in
the uterus so that the head is pointing downwards.
The baby is ready to be born in the nineth month of gestation.
The labour takes place in three phases:
Dilation of the uterine neck: 3-12 hours. The cervix dilates and and there are
contractions, which cause the rupture of the bag of amniotic fluid.
The uterine neck or cervix is the part of the female reproductive system
that lies between the body uterus and vagina
34. Expulsion of the foetus: The contractions of the walls of the uterus push
The foetus along the vagina to the exterior. The foetus comes out head first.
Expulsion of the placenta: After the baby is born and the umbilical cord is cut,
the uterus undergoes further contractions to expel the placenta.
36. 6. Assisted reproduction
Infertility refers to the inability to have children using natural methods. It can
occur in both men and women, and there are many different causes. Examples:
Low sperm count
Sperm incompatible with cervical mucus
Problems with ovulation
Uterine abnormalities which avoid implantation
Methods
Artificial insemination: artificial introduction of the semen in the uterus
In vitro fertilisation: to get egg from the woman and fertilise them outside
her body. Then, the embryos are implanted in the uterus.
39. 7. Contraception
Contraceptive methods can be used by couples who want to have sexual
intercourse without the woman becoming pregnant.
Natural methods:
• Rhythm method or Ogino-Knaus method: It consists of observing the woman’s
menstrual cycle for several months and calculating the days when ovulation is
likely to take place. Intercourse can then be avoided during that time.
It is not a safe method because it is difficult to calculate the exact moment
of the ovulation and it does not protect against STDs.
40. • Coitus interruptus: During sexual intercourse, the man take his penis
out of the woman’s vagina just before he ejaculates. Not reliable method
because previouse secretions can contain sperm.
Barrier methods:
• Condoms, diaphragm and intrauterine device: they prevent sperm from reaching
the egg.
- Condom: Thin covering made of latex, that is rolled over an erect penis .
Very effective (90-98%). It protects against STDs.
41. -Diaphragm: latex dome which forms a barrier to stop sperm from reaching the cervix.
It is always used with spermicidal cream. It does not avoid STDs.
-Intrauterine device (DIU): small, plastic,
T-shaped device that is inserted into the
uterus by a doctor. It can stay there for years.
It does not protect against STDs.
42. Chemical methods: they contain hormones.
• Emergency contraceptive pills or morning-after pill: It can avoid the pregnancy
after a sexual intercourse without protection, avoiding the implantation of a possible
embryo. It is only an emergency method because it contains high levels of hormones
and it does not protect against STDs.
• Contraceptive pill: It avoids ovulation, but allowing menstruation. High
effectiveness. Doctor prescription necessary. It does not protect against STDs.
43. Surgical methods: Surgeries that are used to permanently prevent fertilisation.
• Tubal ligation (for women): Fallopian tubes are cut, in order to avoid eggs go
through.
• Vasectomy (for men): Vas deferens are cut, so that the semen does not contain
sperm.
44. 8. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
They are diseases that can be transmitted by sexual contact. They can be caused
by viruses, bacteria, funghi or protozoa. Some of them can be transmitted to the baby
of a pregnant woman through the placenta or during the labour.
- Syphilis (bacteria)
- Gonorrhoea (bacteria)
- Candidiasis
- Genital herpes (virus)
- Hepatitis B (virus)
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
- HPV (Human Papilloma Virus)
45. STD Microorganism Main Symptoms
Syphilis Bacteria Ulcers on the genitalia,
called chancres. It
affects to the nervous
system.
Gonorrhoea Bacteria Painful urination and
inflammation of the
genitalia.
Candidiasis Fungus Irritation of the vagina
an inflammation of the
glans.
Genital herpes Virus Sores on the genitals
and anus.
Hepatitis B Virus Inflammation of the
liver.
AIDS HIV virus Serious weakening of
the immune system.
Human Papilloma
Virus
Virus It could cause cervix
cancer.
chancres
Neisseria gonorrheae