Transmission media on Client server and high speed network Transmission media on Client server and high speed network

1. PRESENTATION ON
TRANSMISSION MEDIA

2. TRANSMISSION MEDIA
THE TRANSMISSION MEDIUM IS THE PHYSICAL PATH BY WHICH A MESSAGE
TRAVELS FROM SENDER TO RECEIVER.
COMPUTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES USE SIGNALS TO REPRESENT
DATA.
THESE SIGNALS ARE TRANSMITTED FROM A DEVICE TO ANOTHER IN THE FORM
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY.

3. CLASSES OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA

4. GUIDED MEDIA AND ITS TYPES:
 Consists of physical connection between source and destination via a wire or a
cable.
 There are three basic types of guided media :
• Twisted pair cable
• Co-axial cable
• Fiber-optic cable

5. TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 Consists of two copper wires insulated from each other by plastic.
 The twisting helps to reduce the interference (noise) and crosstalk.
 Low frequency transmission medium

6. TYPES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 STP (shielded twisted pair)
the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid to insulate the pair from electromagnetic interference
 UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but the pair is encased in an outer covering

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TWISTED PAIR:
Advantages:
 Inexpensive and readily available
 Flexible and light weight
 Easy to work with and install
Disadvantages:
 Susceptibility to interference and noise
 Attenuation problem
• For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
• For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km
 Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)

8. COAXIAL CABLE (OR COAX):
 Used for cable television, LANs, telephony
 Has an inner conductor surrounded by a braided mesh
 Both conductors share a common center axial, hence the
term “co-axial”

9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COAXIAL
CABLE:
Advantages:
 Higher bandwidth
 Can be tapped easily
 Much less susceptible to interference than twisted pair
Disadvantages:
 High attenuation rate makes it expensive over long distance
 Bulky

10. FIBER OPTIC

11. • These are similar to coaxial cable. It uses electric signals to transmit data. At
the centre is the glass core through which light propagates.
• Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second)

12. ADVANTAGES :
• Speed of transmission
• Noise control
• Used for analog and digital signals
• Long distance transmission
• Low data loss

13. DISADVANTAGES :
• High price
• Difficult to install
• Expensive in maintenance

14. UNBOUNDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

15. WHAT IS UNBOUNDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA?
• Unlabelled media of transmission of data
• Unguided or wireless media sends the data through air (or water)
• Use of antenna for transmission of signal

16. WHY DO WE USE UNBOUNDED TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
• High-Frequency Radiotelephone
• Microwave Radio
• Satellite Radio link Systems
• Commercial Satellites

17. EXAMPLES OF UNBOUNDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA
• Microwave
• Radio waves
• Infrared waves
• Satellites

18. RADIO WAVE
• Signals are sent by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies
below those of visible light

19. ADVANTAGES :
• carry a message instantaneously over a wide area.
• Cheaper(message are sent through air)
• Simple in transmission

20. DISADVANTAGES
• Travel in a straight line, so repeater stations may be needed
• The range of frequencies that can be accessed by existing technology is
limited
• Competition among companies to get the frequency

21. MICROWAVE
• the transmission of information or energy by electromagnetic
waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in
small numbers of centimeter.
• radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0
gigahertz (GHz) to 300 GHz.
• requires line of sight in order to work properly
• to allow two way communications two frequencies are
used(that doesn’t mean it requires two antenna)
• to increase this coverage each antenna has a built-in repeater
that regenerates the signal before passing it on to the next
antenna in line

22. OPERATING FREQUENCIES

23. PRINCIPLE
• Use of radio frequency to achieve the transmissions
(operating between 1Ghz to 170Ghz)
• Clear line-of-sight with no obstacles in the way
• Regular relay stations required due to line of site and cost
considerations

24. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advanatages
• No cables needed
• Multiple channels available
• Wide bandwidth
Disadvantages
• Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings,
are in the way
• Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from
attenuation due to atmospheric conditions.
• Towers are expensive to build

25. BLUETOOTH
• It is an always on, low power, short ranged radio link for
communication between mobile devices
• Developed in 1994 by the Swedish company Ericsson to enable
laptops make calls over mobile phones
• Also known as 802.15, it employs the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, the
same as 802.11b wireless, but does not interfere with it
• Provides data rates of up to 720 Kbps
• Power output is around 1 milliwatt, compared to the average cell
phone’s 500 milliwatt power output

26. BLUETOOTH CHARACTERISTICS
• Allows up to 8 devices to communicate in a local network called a Piconet,
• Because of its low power consumption, its range is limited to 10 m.
• However, range can be increased to 100 m by employing a scatternet topology or a higher
powered Antenna
• Three classes of Bluetooth devices
• Class 1 – 100 m = 20 dBm power
• Class 2 – 10m = 4 dBm power
• Class 3 – 10 cm @ 0 dBm power

27. BLUETOOTH DEVICES
• Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, tablets, media
players, robotics systems, handheld, laptops and console gaming
equipment, and some high definition headsets, modems, and
watches.

28. APPLICATIONS
• A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset.
• Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a handsfree headset.
This was one of the earliest applications to become popular.
• Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible
car stereo system.
• Wireless control of and communication with tablets and speakers such as iOS and Android
devices.
• Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a
Bluetooth".

29. WIMAX
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
• One of the hottest broadband wireless technologies around today.
• Broadband wireless is a technology that promises high-speed
connection over the air.
• Based on IEEE 802.16 specification

31. A WiMAX system consists of two parts:
• A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone
tower(can provide coverage to a very large area as
~8,000 square km).
• A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be
a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into
a laptop the way WiFi access is today.

32. APPLICATIONS
• Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries
through a variety of devices.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for
"last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity
plan

33. FEATURES
• Very high peak data rates
• Scalable bandwidth and data rate support
• Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
• Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation
• Quality-of-service support
• Robust security