Physical and logical topologies in computer network and client server, Physical and logical topologies in computer network and client server

1. Physical And
Logical
Topologies

2. Physical
Topology
Bus
Star
Ring
Mesh
Hybrid

3. Physical Topology
 The physical layout of devices on a network.
 Physical topology refers to the interconnected
structure of a local area network (LAN).
 Physical topology is the way that the devices on a
network are arranged and how they communicate
with each other.
 The method employed to connect the physical
devices on the network with the cables, and the
type of cabling used, all constitute the physical
topology.

4. Bus Topology
 The bus topology is often referred to as a "linear bus" because
the computers are connected in a straight line.
 It consists of a single cable that connects all of the computers
in the network in a single line.
 Computers on a bus topology network communicate by
addressing data to a particular computer and sending out
that data on the cable as electronic signals.

5. Communication on Bus
 Sending the signal
 Signal bounce
 Terminator

6. 1.Sending the signal
 Network data in the form of electronic signals is sent to all the
computers on the network.
 Only the computer whose address matches the address encoded
in the original signal accepts the information. All other
computers reject the data.
 Because only one computer at a time can send data on a bus
network, the number of computers attached to the bus will affect
network performance.
 The more computers there are on a bus, the more computers will
be waiting to put data on the bus and, consequently, the slower
the network will be.

7. 2.Signal Bounce
 Because the data, or electronic signal, is sent to
the entire network, it travels from one end of the
cable to the other.
 If the signal is allowed to continue uninterrupted,
it will keep bouncing back and forth along the
cable and prevent other computers from sending
signals.
 Therefore, the signal must be stopped after it has
had a chance to reach the proper destination
address.

8. 3. Terminator
 Terminator is used to stop the signal from
bouncing, a component called a terminator is
placed at each end of the cable to absorb free
signals.
 Absorbing the signal clears the cable so that other
computers can send data.

9. Star Topology
 In the star topology, cable segments from each
computer are connected to a centralized
component called a hub.
 Signals are transmitted from the sending computer
through the hub to all computers on the network.

10.  The star network offers the advantage of
centralized resources and management. However,
because each computer is connected to a central
point, it requires a great deal of cable in a large
network installation.
 If the central point fails, the entire network goes
down.
 If one computer—or the cable that connects it to
the hub—fails on a star network, only the failed
computer will not be able to send or receive
network data. The rest of the network continues to
function normally.

11. Ring Topology
 The ring topology connects computers on a single circle of
cable.
 Unlike the bus topology, there are no terminated ends.
 The signals travel around the loop in one direction and pass
through each computer, which can act as a repeater to boost
the signal and send it on to the next computer
 The failure of one computer can have an impact on the entire
network.
 One method of transmitting data around a ring is
called token passing.

12. Mesh Topology A mesh topology network offers superior redundancy
and reliability.
 In a mesh topology, each computer is connected to
every other computer by separate cabling.
 This configuration provides redundant paths
throughout the network so that if one cable fails,
another will take over the traffic.
 these networks are expensive to install because they
use a lot of cabling.
 Often, a mesh topology will be used in conjunction with
other topologies to form a hybrid topology.

13. Fig: Mesh Topology

14. Hybrid Topology
 Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or
more topologies, in such a way that the resulting
network does not exhibit one of the standard
topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).
 For example a tree network connected to a tree
network is still a tree network topology.
 A hybrid topology is always produced when two
different basic network topologies are connected.
 Two common examples for Hybrid network
are: star ring network and star bus network

15. Logical topology
• IT IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF DEVICES ON A COMPUTER NETWORK AND
HOW THEY COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER. HOW DEVICES ARE
CONNECTED TO THE NETWORK THROUGH THE ACTUAL CABLES THAT
TRANSMIT DATA, OR THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NETWORK, IS
CALLED THE PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY. PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY DEFINES HOW
THE SYSTEMS ARE PHYSICALLY CONNECTED. IT REPRESENTS THE
PHYSICAL LAYOUT OF THE DEVICES ON THE NETWORK. THE LOGICAL
TOPOLOGY DEFINES HOW THE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATE ACROSS THE
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGIES.
• LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES ARE BOUND TO NETWORK PROTOCOLS AND
DESCRIBE HOW DATA IS MOVED ACROSS THE NETWORK.
• TWO OF THE MOST COMMON LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES ARE:
BUS TOPOLOGY: ETHERNET USES THE LOGICAL BUS TOPOLOGY TO
TRANSFER DATA. UNDER A BUS TOPOLOGY A NODE BROADCASTS THE
DATA TO THE ENTIRE NETWORK. ALL OTHER NODES ON THE NETWORK
HEAR THE DATA AND CHECK IF THE DATA IS INTENDED FOR THEM.
RING TOPOLOGY: IN THIS TOPOLOGY, ONLY ONE NODE CAN BE ALLOWED