Wireless communication technologies allow for mobility and flexibility through radio signals rather than wired connections. They include technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, wireless LANs and MANs that enable applications such as video conferencing, telemedicine, and distance learning. Common wireless standards are IEEE 802.11 for WiFi and IEEE 802.16 for WiMax. Wireless networks face challenges of limited spectrum availability, lower bandwidth and higher delays compared to wired networks. Emerging wireless technologies are expanding connectivity and access to services for more users.

1. Wireless Communication Technologies

2. Definition
 An umbrella term that includes any communication device or
application.
 Right from the Bluetooth to Wi-Fi LANs and MANs to the
satellite communication, the wireless networks hold these on.
 Wide spread applications and services- video conferencing,
telemedicine, distance learning, and much more.

3. The wireless
technologies
THE SERVICES
AND
APPLICATIONS

4. Types of wireless technologies
 Wireless LANs (WiFi)
– 802.11 standards
– Mobility support
 Wireless MANs (WiMaX)
– 802.16 standard
 Wireless Networks
 Difference from wired
 Mobility
 RF Basics
 Frequency, modulation
 Medium access control
 WiFi Overview
 Basic elements
 Standards and variants
 WiMaX Overview
 Basic elements

5. Wireless v/s Wired networks
• Regulations of frequencies
– Limited availability, coordination is required
– useful frequencies are almost all occupied
• Bandwidth and delays
– Low transmission rates
• few Kbits/s to some Mbit/s.
– Higher delays
• several hundred milliseconds
– Higher loss rates
• susceptible to interference, e.g., engines, lightning
• Always shared medium
– Lower security, simpler active attacking
– radio interface accessible for everyone
– secure access mechanisms important

6. Technologies we would discussing
 Bluetooth
 GSM
 GPRS
 CDMA
 Wi-Fi

7. CDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access.
 Uses spread spectrum techniques.
 Data is sent in small pieces over a number of discrete
frequencies.
 Unique spreading code.
 Greatest advantage- doesn’t assign a single frequency to user.
 Secured transmission.

8. Bluetooth

9. Introductory
 A wireless technology standard for exchanging data
over short distances. Any data or information can be
transmitted faster and with a high speed.
 Using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM
band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz.
 The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1.

10. History
 1994: Ericsson mobile communication Ltd.
Started project named “Bluetooth”.
1998: Bluetooth SIG formed.
1999: Bluetooth 1.0, Bluetooth 1.0B specification
release.
2000: Bluetooth headset release, first consumer
product.
2003: Bluetooth 1.2 released.

11. Piconets and Scatternets
 The basic unit of networking in Bluetooth is a piconet,
consisting of a master and from one to seven active slave
devices.
 A piconet is a computer network which links a wireless
user group of devices using Bluetooth technology
protocols. A piconet consists of two or more devices
occupying the same physical channel (synchronized to a
common clock and hopping sequence).
 The advantage of the piconet/scatternet scheme is that it
allows many devices to share the same physical area and
make efficient use of the bandwidth.

12. Scatterness

13. Bluetooth communication
 Bluetooth uses a radio
technology
called frequency-hopping
spread spectrum.
 Bluetooth is a packet
based protocol with
a master-slave structure.

14. Bluetooth Versions
 Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had many problems, and manufacturers
had difficulty making their products interoperable.
 Bluetooth v1.1
 Bluetooth v1.2
 Bluetooth v2.0 + EDR
 Bluetooth v2.1 + EDR
 Bluetooth v3.0 + HS
 Bluetooth v4.0
 Bluetooth v4.1
 Bluetooth v4.2

15. General application
 Connection to your PC or notebook to printers, scanners and
faxes.
 Automatic Message Delivery.
 Home Automation.
 Have automatic synchronization of your desktop.
 IBM researchers are working on a number of personal devices
like a WatchPad that could be connected with other devices
through Bluetooth.

16. Application in Telemedicine
 Telemedicine is a rapidly developing technology of clinical
medicine where medical information is transferred via wireless
communication technology.
 Embedded system that uses the short-range Bluetooth wireless
networking protocol to connect patient data to the network and
then on to the healthcare provider. This avoids the problem of
trying to ensure that a viable connection between monitoring
devices and the internet or cellular phone network is
maintained constantly.

17. ECG Telemetry
 The newest Bluetooth
technology was added to
collect the short and
long term digitize ECGs
with relevant clinical
data to monitor a
patient.

18. What is GPRS?
General Packet Radio Service is a packet based wireless
communication service that permits data rates from 56
kbps and 114 kbps and continuous connection to the
Internet for mobile phone and computer users.

19. • GPRS was standardized by European
Telecommunication Standard Institute(ETSI).
• Generally, GPRS is a packet oriented mobile data
service on the 2G and 3G cellular
communication system.
• GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile
Communication(GSM) and existing services
such as SMS.

20. Generation:
• Each generation of data network gets faster. We
saw 2G (second generation) from 1999, 3G (third
generation) from 2001 and started seeing 4G
(fourth generation) in 2012.
• GPRS,2G,3G,4G are all indicators of signal
strength for downloading and uploading data.

21. How does GPRS works:

22. GPRS services:
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access.
• Short Message Service (SMS).
• Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).
• Internet communication services such as email and world
wide web (www) access.

23. GPRS features
• Mobility – to maintain constant voice and data
communication.
• Immediacy – to maintain connectivity when
needed.
• Localization – to obtain information relevant to
their current location.
• Communication – to obtain E-mails, fax,
messaging and internet access etc.

24. A. Roshni
11761A0463

25. Introductory
 Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired
Technology which is commonly used for connecting
devices in wireless mode.
 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a generic term that refers to
IEEE 802.11 standard for Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs).
 Wi-Fi Network connect computers to each other, to the
internet and to the wired network.

26. The Wi-Fi Technology
Wi-Fi Networks use Radio Technologies to transmit and
receive data at high speed:
 IEEE 802.11b
 IEEE 802.11a
 IEEE 802.11g

27. Elements of a WI-FI Network
 Access Point (AP) - The AP is a wireless LAN transceiver or
“base station” that can connect one or many wireless devices
simultaneously to the Internet.
 Wi-Fi cards - They accept the wireless signal and relay
information. They can be internal and external.
 Safeguards - Firewalls and anti-virus software protect
networks from uninvited users and keep information secure.

28. Infrastructure network
 The client communicate
through Access Point.
 Any communication has to
go through AP.
 If a Mobile Station (MS), like
a computer, a PDA, or a
phone, wants to communicate
with another MS, it needs to
send the information to AP
first, then AP sends it to the
destination MS.

29. How a Wi-Fi Network Works
 A Wi-Fi hotspot is created by installing an access point to an
internet connection.
 An access point acts as a base station.
 When Wi-Fi enabled device encounters a hotspot the device
can then connect to that network wirelessly.
 A single access point can support up to 30 users and can
function within a range of 100 – 150 feet indoors and up to 300
feet outdoors.
 Many access points can be connected to each other via Ethernet
cables to create a single large network.

30. Application of Wi-Fi
 Many electronic devices use Wi-Fi
due to its simple functions.
 Companies use Wi-Fi to create
wireless networks within their
company.
 Phone companies such as use Wi-
Fi Hot Spots for their users to get
free calling/internet access.
 Gaming companies like Nintendo
use Wi-Fi to synch their products
and to use global network usage

31. Application in Telemedicine
 Health care centers in developing countries are not equally
accessible to people living in cities and those living in less
developed and distant areas.
 Health technicians often need to communicate with their
reference centers for consultation or coordination of medical
emergencies that they can not handle by themselves.
 WiFi networks composed of long distance point-to-point links
and medium distance point-to-multipoint infrastructures allow
an easy deployment of low-cost wireless broadband networks
in rural areas.

32. Advantages
 Mobility
 Ease of Installation
 Flexibility
 Cost
 Reliability
 Security
 Use unlicensed part of the radio spectrum
 Roaming
 Speed

33. Limitations
 Interference
 Degradation in performance
 High power consumption
 Limited range

34. GSM
Stands for Global System For
Mobile Communication
It is a digital mobile telephony system
Developed as a replacement for first
generation cellular network

35. Network structure
Base station subsystem
Network and switching
subsystem
GPRS core network
Operations support system

36. Base station subsystem
 Responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a
mobile phone and the network switching subsystem.
 Base transceiver station contains equipment for transmitting
and receiving signals and equipment for encrypting and
decrypting communications with the Base station controller.
 BSC have tens or even hundreds of BTS under its control.
 Transcoder is responsible for transcoding the voice channel
coding between the coding used in the mobile network, and the
coding used by PSTN.
 Packet control unit is late addition to the GSM standard and it
performs some of the processing tasks of the BSC, but for
packet data.

37. General applications
 Monitoring of the farming area and collecting field data such as
temperature, humidity, wind speed, and pest/insect captured
numbers
 Online monitoring of the earth-pole system
 Document identification in a library system

38. Applications in telemedicine
• Helps to get medicines
to remote areas
Telepharmacy
• helps in patient
monitoring without
actually hospitalizing
ECG ,EEG and
EMG telemetry

39. GSM market
21%
8%
5%
4%
62%
GSM usage by different countries
china
russia
india
USA
others