This document discusses metamorphism and metamorphic rocks. It defines metamorphism as a change in shape of pre-existing rocks due to heat and pressure below the surface. It describes different types of metamorphism including contact, dynamic, and regional metamorphism. It also defines foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rocks, providing examples like slate, schist, and gneiss. The document aims to explain metamorphic concepts and rock types to students.
This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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This is a PowerPoint Presentation about Magmatism, a lesson in Earth and Life Science, First quarter for Grade 11/12 Students. This will help them understand the lesson and make them familiar with the topic.
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Topic: Classification of Rocks / Types of Rocks
Senior High School | Earth and Life Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)
Senior High School | Earth Science
Learning Competency: Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. (S11ES-Ic-6)
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Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
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Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
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Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Prope...Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Minerals / Common Rock-forming Minerals and their Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Competency:
Earth and Life Science: Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
Earth Science (for STEM): Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties.
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Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
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Definition, metamorphism.
limits and type of metamorphic agents.
Metamorphic processes.
Types of Metamorphism
Classification of metamorphic rocks and textures of metamorphic rocks
Mineral assemblages and Metamorphic grade and facies of metamorphic rocks.
Graphic representation of metamorphic mineral parageneses.
Metamorphic Rocks ( Definition - Classification - Common Rocks ) Muhammad Mamdouh
presented for Dr | Magdy Basta
Faculty of petroleum and mining engineering, Suez University
Physical Geology Course ( 2016 - 2017 )
presented by : G7 - Members
metamorphic rocks and their distinguishing features-megascopic and microscopic study of gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble and slate
Properties and characteristics and uses of metamorphic rocks
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe.pdfAmansupan
Can you solve these questions please with clear explanation Describe the main difference
between Kaolinite and Montmorillonite clay minerals Differentiate between Sedimentary,
Igneous and metamorphic Rocks. Identify the main Transportation agents for the following
types of soil. Wind Sea (salt water) Lake (fresh water) River\" Ice
Solution
Minerals-Montmorillonite
Minerals-Kaolinite
The main difference between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks, is the way that they
are formed, and their various textures.
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when magma (or molten rocks) cool down, and become solid. High
temperatures inside the crust of the Earth cause rocks to melt, and this substance is known as
magma. Magma is the molten material that erupts during a volcano. This substance cools down
slowly, and causes mineralization to take place. Gradually, the size of the minerals increase until
they are large enough to be visible to the naked eye. Igneous rocks are mostly formed beneath
the Earth’s surface.
The texture of Igneous rocks can be referred to as Phaneritic, Aphaneritic, Glassy (or vitreous),
Pyroclastic or Pegmatitic. Examples of Igneous Rocks include granite, basalt and diorite.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are usually formed by sedimentation of the Earth’s material, and this
normally occurs inside water bodies. The Earth’s material is constantly exposed to erosion and
weathering, and the resulting accumulated loose particles eventually settle, and form
Sedimentary rocks. Therefore, one can say, that these types of rocks are formed slowly from the
sediments, dust and dirt of other rocks. Erosion takes place due to wind and water. After
thousands of years, the eroded pieces of sand and rock settle, and become compacted to form a
rock of their own.
Sedimentary rocks range from small clay-size rocks to huge boulder-size rocks. The textures of
Sedimentary rocks are mainly dependent on the parameters of the clast, or the fragments of the
original rock. These parameters can be of various types, such as surface texture, round, spherical
or in the form of grain. The most common type of Sedimentary rock is the Conglomerate, which
is caused by the accumulation of small pebbles and cobbles. Other types include shale, sandstone
and limestone, which is formed from clastic rocks and the deposition of fossils and minerals.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are the result of the transformation of other rocks. Rocks that are subjected to
intense heat and pressure change their original shape and form, and become Metamorphic rocks.
This change in shape is referred to as metamorphism. These rocks are commonly formed by the
partial melting of minerals, and re-crystallization. Gneiss is a commonly found Metamorphic
rock, and it is formed by high pressure, and the partial melting of the minerals contained in the
original rock.
Metamorphic rocks have textures like slaty, schistose, gneissose, granoblastic or hornfelsic.
Examples of these types .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Instituted of Geology
6th Semester (Morning)
Submitted by: Raja Saad Qamar
Roll No: 37
Submitted To: Mam Shazia
Subject: sedimentation and sedimentary basin
3. METAMORPHISMMETAMORPHISM
Metamorphism is consisting of two wordsMetamorphism is consisting of two words
Meta means “change”Meta means “change”
Morph means “shape”Morph means “shape”
So metamorphism is basically a change inSo metamorphism is basically a change in
shape of pre exsisting rocksshape of pre exsisting rocks
Metamorphism is a sub surface processMetamorphism is a sub surface process
The bulk composition of rock remain sameThe bulk composition of rock remain same
in this processin this process
33
4. MetamorphismMetamorphism
Metamorphism can occur along a range of heatMetamorphism can occur along a range of heat
and pressure intensities fromand pressure intensities from low-low- toto high-gradehigh-grade
metamorphismmetamorphism..
Low-grade metamorphismLow-grade metamorphism involves lowerinvolves lower
temperature and compressional forces thattemperature and compressional forces that
result in less overall change to the parent rock.result in less overall change to the parent rock.
In many cases, after low-grade metamorphicIn many cases, after low-grade metamorphic
changes the parent rock , structure may still bechanges the parent rock , structure may still be
easily distinguishable . such parental rockeasily distinguishable . such parental rock
structure are calledstructure are called relict structurerelict structure
High-grade metamorphismHigh-grade metamorphism results in a totalresults in a total
transformation of the parent rock into a newtransformation of the parent rock into a new
rock whereby its original parent-rock source isrock whereby its original parent-rock source is
difficult to identify.difficult to identify.
44
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
5. What are Rocks?What are Rocks?
Most rocks are an aggregate of minerals ( few rocks areMost rocks are an aggregate of minerals ( few rocks are
composed of non-mineral matter)composed of non-mineral matter)
There are three major rock types:There are three major rock types:
1. Igneous1. Igneous
2. Metamorphic2. Metamorphic
3. Sedimentary3. Sedimentary
55
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
7. The Role of Parent Rocks inThe Role of Parent Rocks in
MetamorphismMetamorphism
Parent rocks provide the minerals and ion sources that areParent rocks provide the minerals and ion sources that are
transformed into new minerals and rocks.transformed into new minerals and rocks.
In most cases the new metamorphic rock has the same chemicalIn most cases the new metamorphic rock has the same chemical
composition as the parent rock that they formed from.composition as the parent rock that they formed from.
SandstoneSandstone QuartziteQuartzite
SedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic
GraniteGranite GneissGneiss
IgneousIgneous MetamorphicMetamorphic
LimestoneLimestone MarbleMarbleSedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic
Examples of parent rocks and their metamorphic products:Examples of parent rocks and their metamorphic products:
77
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
8. What is a metamorphic rock?What is a metamorphic rock?
The term "metamorphic" means "to change form."The term "metamorphic" means "to change form."
Any rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) can become aAny rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) can become a
metamorphicmetamorphic rock. If rocks are effected by high temperaturesrock. If rocks are effected by high temperatures
and pressures and chemical active fluid, they form new mineralsand pressures and chemical active fluid, they form new minerals
and textures all without melting. If melting occurs, magma isand textures all without melting. If melting occurs, magma is
formed, starting the rock cycle all over again.formed, starting the rock cycle all over again.
9. Types of pressure affected theTypes of pressure affected the
process of metamorphismprocess of metamorphism
Directed pressureDirected pressure
the pressure which effectsthe pressure which effects
the rock in parallel direction due to whichthe rock in parallel direction due to which
foliation occurs in rocksfoliation occurs in rocks
Uniform pressureUniform pressure
the pressure which effectsthe pressure which effects
the rocks in all direction and make thethe rocks in all direction and make the
rock evengrained and equidimentionalrock evengrained and equidimentional
99
10. Types of Metamorphic rocks in
the basis of composition
• Contact
- caused by igneous activity
• Dynamic
- associated with faults & earthquake zones
• Regional
- caused by tremendous pressures
associated with tectonic plate activity
• Contact
- caused by igneous activity
• Dynamic
- associated with faults & earthquake zones
• Regional
- caused by tremendous pressures
associated with tectonic plate activity
11. Contact MetamorphismContact Metamorphism
• Igneous Intrusions
- size and type of magma important
> mafic magma hotter than felsic
- heat decreases away from magma
> forms a zone of altered country rocks called
• Igneous Intrusions
- size and type of magma important
> mafic magma hotter than felsic
- heat decreases away from magma
> forms a zone of altered country rocks called Aureoles
Sometimes creates a metamorphic rock called a
hornfels -in essence a “cooked” rock
12.
13. Dynamic MetamorphismDynamic Metamorphism
•
• associated with Fault Zones
- Places where the Earth's crust ruptured
- Rock pulverized
> heat and pressure come from movement along the
Fault
• resultant rock is known as a Mylonite
• Cataclastic Metamorphism
• associated with Fault Zones
- Places where the Earth's crust ruptured
- Rock pulverized
> heat and pressure come from movement along the
Fault
• resultant rock is known as a Mylonite
14. Regional MetamorphismRegional Metamorphism
• Most common form of metamorphism
• caused by large scale forces
- lithospheric plate collision
• covers very large areas
- metamorphic belts or zones
- Zones are characterized by Index Minerals
> form under specific temperatures and pressures
> metamorphic facies
• commonly associated with
-
• Most common form of metamorphism
• caused by large scale forces
- lithospheric plate collision
• covers very large areas
- metamorphic belts or zones
- Zones are characterized by Index Minerals
> form under specific temperatures and pressures
> metamorphic facies
• commonly associated with
- Shields and Mountains: areas of crystalline rocks
15. Metamorphic Rock TypesMetamorphic Rock Types
There are two types of metamorphic rocks.There are two types of metamorphic rocks.
Each is classified according to its texture.Each is classified according to its texture.
FoliatedFoliated
Non foliatedNon foliated
16. FOLIATED METAMORPHICFOLIATED METAMORPHIC
ROCKSROCKS
FOLIATEDFOLIATED metamorphic rocks are those in which the mineralsmetamorphic rocks are those in which the minerals
have been flattened and pushed down into parallel layers. Thehave been flattened and pushed down into parallel layers. The
bands in foliated metamorphic rock look like pages in a book.bands in foliated metamorphic rock look like pages in a book.
Examples of foliated rocks are slate, shale, and gneiss.Examples of foliated rocks are slate, shale, and gneiss.
17. Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
slateslate
schistschist gneissgneiss
phyllitephyllite
MM Rocks that could form as a shale (sedimentary) parent rock isMM Rocks that could form as a shale (sedimentary) parent rock is
exposed to increasing directed pressure and temperature
18. Foliated Metamorphic RocksFoliated Metamorphic Rocks
SlateSlate
PhyllitePhyllite
SchistSchist
GneissGneiss
1818
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
South Carolina’s Piedmont is composedSouth Carolina’s Piedmont is composed
primarily of foliated metamorphic rocks. Inprimarily of foliated metamorphic rocks. In
many locations different metamorphic rockmany locations different metamorphic rock
types occur in close proximity. Many of thetypes occur in close proximity. Many of the
metamorphic rocks in this region are folded andmetamorphic rocks in this region are folded and
faulted, making for very exciting geology.faulted, making for very exciting geology.
Photo: SCGS
Photo: SCGS
19. Foliated Rocks:Foliated Rocks: SlateSlate
Slate is a fine-grained rock composed of mica flakes and quartzSlate is a fine-grained rock composed of mica flakes and quartz
grains that enable the rock to break into thin slabs of rock, alonggrains that enable the rock to break into thin slabs of rock, along
planes of slaty cleavage.planes of slaty cleavage.
Slate forms in low-grade metamorphic environments from a parentSlate forms in low-grade metamorphic environments from a parent
rock of either shale, mudstone, or siltstone.rock of either shale, mudstone, or siltstone.
Slate is commonly thought of as black, but it can also be red when itSlate is commonly thought of as black, but it can also be red when it
contains iron oxide minerals, or green when it contains chlorite.contains iron oxide minerals, or green when it contains chlorite.
Weathered slate may even appear light brown in the example below.Weathered slate may even appear light brown in the example below.
1919
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Photo: SCGS
This example of slate is part of the CarolinaThis example of slate is part of the Carolina
Slate belt which traverses through theSlate belt which traverses through the
Piedmont of South Carolina. This imagePiedmont of South Carolina. This image
also provides a good example of the slatyalso provides a good example of the slaty
cleavage that has also been folded.cleavage that has also been folded.
20. Foliated Rocks:Foliated Rocks: PhyllitePhyllite
Phyllite is a low- to moderate-grade metamorphic rock that containsPhyllite is a low- to moderate-grade metamorphic rock that contains
aligned platy mica minerals and has slaty cleavage.aligned platy mica minerals and has slaty cleavage.
The individual crystals are fine grained and generally consist ofThe individual crystals are fine grained and generally consist of
muscovite, white mica, and chlorite (green rocks).muscovite, white mica, and chlorite (green rocks).
Phyllite has a satiny appearance and waxy texture.Phyllite has a satiny appearance and waxy texture.
Phyllite is a metamorphic form of shale, mudstone, and siltstone.Phyllite is a metamorphic form of shale, mudstone, and siltstone.
2020
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
These samples of phyllite all cameThese samples of phyllite all came
from the same quarry in Southfrom the same quarry in South
Carolina. The slaty cleavage of theCarolina. The slaty cleavage of the
phyllite is what makes it a foliatedphyllite is what makes it a foliated
rock. As phyllite weathers it parts alongrock. As phyllite weathers it parts along
the cleavage planes.the cleavage planes.
21. Foliated Rocks:Foliated Rocks: SchistSchist
Schist exhibits schistosity, which is formed by the alignment ofSchist exhibits schistosity, which is formed by the alignment of
platy medium- to coarse-grained minerals formed under moderate-platy medium- to coarse-grained minerals formed under moderate-
to high-grade metamorphic conditions.to high-grade metamorphic conditions.
Schists are primarily composed of silicate minerals such as micaSchists are primarily composed of silicate minerals such as mica
(muscovite and biotite), quartz, and feldspar .(muscovite and biotite), quartz, and feldspar .
Shale, siltstone, and some sandstones can provide the parent rockShale, siltstone, and some sandstones can provide the parent rock
for schist.for schist.
Schist may contain accessory minerals such as garnet, tourmaline,Schist may contain accessory minerals such as garnet, tourmaline,
and pyrite.and pyrite.
2121
Table of ContentsTable of ContentsPhoto: SCGS
This schist is from the Piedmont region inThis schist is from the Piedmont region in
South Carolina. Notice how the differentSouth Carolina. Notice how the different
layers are weathering at slightly differentlayers are weathering at slightly different
rates, the layers of darker, mica rich schist arerates, the layers of darker, mica rich schist are
weathering more quickly than the tan,weathering more quickly than the tan,
feldspar and quartz-rich layers.feldspar and quartz-rich layers.
22. Foliated Rocks:Foliated Rocks: GneissGneiss
Gneiss is a medium- to coarse-grained rock formed under highGneiss is a medium- to coarse-grained rock formed under high
grade-metamorphic conditions.grade-metamorphic conditions.
Gneiss is primarily composed of quartz, potassium feldspar, andGneiss is primarily composed of quartz, potassium feldspar, and
plagioclase feldspar with lesser amounts of biotite, muscovite, andplagioclase feldspar with lesser amounts of biotite, muscovite, and
amphibole.amphibole.
Granites and sometimes rhyolite provide the parent rock for gneiss.Granites and sometimes rhyolite provide the parent rock for gneiss.
2222
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Photo: SCGS
Gneisses are generally light colored becauseGneisses are generally light colored because
they contain a large amount of quartz andthey contain a large amount of quartz and
feldspar. The alternating light and dark bandsfeldspar. The alternating light and dark bands
in this gneiss illustrate the segregation ofin this gneiss illustrate the segregation of
different minerals during crystallization. Thisdifferent minerals during crystallization. This
example also shows folds in the rock. Thisexample also shows folds in the rock. This
gneiss most likely formed from agneiss most likely formed from a
metamorphosed igneous intrusion. Southmetamorphosed igneous intrusion. South
Carolina’s Piedmont and Blue Ridge containCarolina’s Piedmont and Blue Ridge contain
gneissic bedrock.gneissic bedrock.
23. Non-foliatedNon-foliated
NON-FOLIATEDNON-FOLIATED metamorphic rocksmetamorphic rocks
do not display layers. Rather, they aredo not display layers. Rather, they are
massive structures with no obviousmassive structures with no obvious
banding.banding. The mineral grains growThe mineral grains grow
and rearrange, but they don’t formand rearrange, but they don’t form
layers.layers.
A good example of non-foliated rock isA good example of non-foliated rock is
quartzite, the smooth-textured,quartzite, the smooth-textured,
metamorphosed form of the mineralmetamorphosed form of the mineral
quartz.quartz.
A coarse-textured non-foliated rock isA coarse-textured non-foliated rock is
marble.marble.
Anthracite, or hard coal, is a non-foliatedAnthracite, or hard coal, is a non-foliated
rock that forms when intense pressurerock that forms when intense pressure
drives gases out of soft coal, causing it todrives gases out of soft coal, causing it to
harden.harden.
25. QuartziteQuartzite
Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed under moderate to high-Quartzite is a metamorphic rock formed under moderate to high-
grade metamorphism that exhibits both foliated and nonfoliatedgrade metamorphism that exhibits both foliated and nonfoliated
structure.structure.
The parent rock to quartzite is sandstone.The parent rock to quartzite is sandstone.
Quartzite forms from the recrystallization of quartz grains in theQuartzite forms from the recrystallization of quartz grains in the
sandstone and often the resulting metamorphic rock will preservesandstone and often the resulting metamorphic rock will preserve
vestiges of the original bedding patterns .vestiges of the original bedding patterns .
Quartz is predominantly white in color, but can also containQuartz is predominantly white in color, but can also contain
pinkish or grayish shades depending on the presence of ironpinkish or grayish shades depending on the presence of iron
oxides.oxides.
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This example of quartzite show a couple ofThis example of quartzite show a couple of
interesting features. First, notice how theinteresting features. First, notice how the
different bedding planes have beendifferent bedding planes have been
preserved during the metamorphism.preserved during the metamorphism.
Secondly, there is a fault running though theSecondly, there is a fault running though the
quartzite that occurred after the formation ofquartzite that occurred after the formation of
the rock. This particular example is of athe rock. This particular example is of a
foliated quartzite (due primarily to thefoliated quartzite (due primarily to the
preservation of the bedding planes) howeverpreservation of the bedding planes) however
some quartzite rocks are classified assome quartzite rocks are classified as
nonfoliated.nonfoliated.
26. Resources and ReferencesResources and References
Christopherson, R. W. ,2002, Geosystems (4Christopherson, R. W. ,2002, Geosystems (4thth
ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Christopherson, R. W., 2004, Elemental Geosystems (4Christopherson, R. W., 2004, Elemental Geosystems (4thth
ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Robertson, S., 1999, BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2, classification of metamorphic rocks: BritishRobertson, S., 1999, BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2, classification of metamorphic rocks: British
Geological Survey Research Report (2Geological Survey Research Report (2ndnd
Edition) , RR 99-03.Edition) , RR 99-03.
Keller, E. A., 2000, Environmental Geology (8Keller, E. A., 2000, Environmental Geology (8thth
ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
Lutgens, F. K., and Tarbuck. E. J., 2003, Essentials of Geology (8Lutgens, F. K., and Tarbuck. E. J., 2003, Essentials of Geology (8thth
ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.ed.): Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
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27. SummarySummary
Metamorphism is a subsurface process due toMetamorphism is a subsurface process due to
which change in shape, grain size, texture,which change in shape, grain size, texture,
structure occurs .it is time consuming processstructure occurs .it is time consuming process
.changes occur by either directed or uniform.changes occur by either directed or uniform
pressurepressure
Due to uniform pressure rocks become evenDue to uniform pressure rocks become even
grained and equidimentionalgrained and equidimentional
Due to directed pressure rocks become foliatedDue to directed pressure rocks become foliated
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