The document discusses the capacitance of transmission lines, including single phase two-wire lines and three phase overhead lines. It explains that a single phase two-wire line has capacitance between each conductor and a neutral point between them. It also examines the capacitance of a three phase overhead line with symmetrical spacing between the conductors and with unsymmetrical spacing.
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
Inductance of transmission line
Flux linkages of one conductor in a group of conductors
Inductance of composite conductor lines
Inductance of 3-phase overhead line
Bundled conductors
Electrical power system(capacitance of transmission line)Arshad Hussain
After studying about the topic of transmission line capacitance, law’s of coulomb, bundle conductor, electrostatic induction.
we conclude about the phenomena function and concept of the transmission line capacitance, Capacitance of a three phase line Effect of earth on transmission line capacitance Method of GMD Bundled conductors, Electrostatic induction ect,
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
Inductance of transmission line
Flux linkages of one conductor in a group of conductors
Inductance of composite conductor lines
Inductance of 3-phase overhead line
Bundled conductors
Electrical power system(capacitance of transmission line)Arshad Hussain
After studying about the topic of transmission line capacitance, law’s of coulomb, bundle conductor, electrostatic induction.
we conclude about the phenomena function and concept of the transmission line capacitance, Capacitance of a three phase line Effect of earth on transmission line capacitance Method of GMD Bundled conductors, Electrostatic induction ect,
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between p...vishalgohel12195
Disadvantages of corona, radio interference, inductive interference between power and communication lines
Introduction
Disadvantages of corona.
Radio interference.
Inductive interference between power and communication lines
Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns & insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate x-rays & particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes & high power amplifier vacuum tubes & other industrial & scientific applications .
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential differen...vishalgohel12195
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential difference between two conductor of a group of parallel conductor capacitance of a two wire line
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential differen...vishalgohel12195
INTRODUCTION ELECTRICAL FIELD OF A LONG STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTOR OF A GROUP OF PARALLEL CONDUCTOR CAPACITANCE OF A TWO WIRE LINE
Introduction
Electric field & potential difference
Potential at a charged conductor in a group of charged conductor
Capacitance of single phase 2 wire transmission line
Bundle conductors in transmission line chandan kumar
Bundled Conductors are used in transmission lines where the voltage exceeds 230 kV.
At such high voltages, ordinary conductors will result in excessive corona and noise which may affect communication lines.
The increased corona will result in significant power loss. Bundle conductors consist of three or four conductors for each phase.
The conductors are separated from each other by means of spacers at regular intervals. Thus, they do not touch each other.
The presentation is delivering the general aspects of transmission of electric energy. At the beginning need of transmission is presented, and then the various aspects of transmission, which affect the choice of scheme of transmission are presented. At the end of presentation, the topic is summarized as comparison among the HVAC and HVDC transmission.
This presentation was given by shivlal mohal, during the final semester of electric engineering.
The term high voltage characterizes electrical circuits in which the voltage used is the cause of particular safety concerns & insulation requirements. High voltage is used in electrical power distribution, in cathode ray tubes, to generate x-rays & particle beams, to demonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tubes & high power amplifier vacuum tubes & other industrial & scientific applications .
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential differen...vishalgohel12195
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential difference between two conductor of a group of parallel conductor capacitance of a two wire line
Introduction electrical field of a long straight conductor potential differen...vishalgohel12195
INTRODUCTION ELECTRICAL FIELD OF A LONG STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CONDUCTOR OF A GROUP OF PARALLEL CONDUCTOR CAPACITANCE OF A TWO WIRE LINE
Introduction
Electric field & potential difference
Potential at a charged conductor in a group of charged conductor
Capacitance of single phase 2 wire transmission line
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
Electromagnetic Waves and Transmission Lines......
Unit I
ELECTROSTATICS
Introdtion, Coordinate systems
Electric field Intensity
Electric Force, Electric fields
Electric Flux and Gauss law
Electric potential
Capacitors and dielectric (Electric storage)
The "Exploring the Wonders of Electric Fields" PowerPoint presentation is an illuminating journey into the fascinating realm of electric fields—an essential concept in physics and electrical engineering. This engaging presentation is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of electric fields, catering to audiences with varying levels of expertise.
The solar zenith angle is the zenith angle of the sun, i.e., the angle between the sun’s rays and the vertical direction. It is the complement to the solar altitude or solar elevation, which is the altitude angle or elevation angle between the sun’s rays and a horizontal plane
Electromagnetic relays used for power system .pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
In this relay, the armature is attracted to the pole of a magnet. The electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element is proportional to the square of the current flow through the coil. This relay responds to both the alternating and direct current.
For AC quantity the electromagnetic force developed is given as
equation-1The above equation shows that the electromagnetic relay consists two components, one constant independent of time and another dependent upon time and pulsating at double supply frequency. This double supply frequency produces noise and hence damage the relay contacts.
The difficulty of a double frequency supply is overcome by splitting the flux developing in the electromagnetic relay. These fluxes were acting simultaneously but differ in time phase. Thus the resulting deflecting force is always positive and constant. The splitting of fluxes is achieved by using the electromagnet having a phase shifting networks or by putting shading rings on the poles of an electromagnet.
The electromagnetic attraction relay is the simplest type of relay which includes a plunger (or solenoid), hinged armature, rotating armature (or balanced) and moving iron polarised relay.
Block diagram reduction techniques in control systems.pptNANDHAKUMARA10
Rule 1 − Check for the blocks connected in series and simplify.
Rule 2 − Check for the blocks connected in parallel and simplify.
Rule 3 − Check for the blocks connected in feedback loop and simplify.
Rule 4 − If there is difficulty with take-off point while simplifying, shift it towards right.
Rule 5 − If there is difficulty with summing point while simplifying, shift it towards left.
Rule 6 − Repeat the above steps till you get the simplified form, i.e., single block.
Speed Control of three phase Induction motor.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
Speed Of A DC Motor
Back emf Eb of a DC motor is nothing but the induced emf in armature conductors due to rotation of the armature in magnetic field. Thus, the magnitude of Eb can be given by EMF equation of a DC generator.
Eb = PØNZ/60A
(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors, A = parallel paths)
Eb can also be given as,
Eb = V- IaRa
thus, from the above equations
N = Eb 60A/PØZ
An electrical device which works on the principle of faraday’s law of induction is a transformer, where faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the emf produced inside a conductor is due to electromagnetic induction. A transformer consists of two types of windings like primary & secondary. The main function of this is to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit. When a voltage is supplied to a transformer, it should be controlled properly. Hence, in order to maintain the stability of the voltage supply based on the capacity of the transformer, we use the tapping concept. Where the number of turns in a transformer can be variably selected by a tap changing mechanism by connecting taps at various points in a transformer to either primary or secondary windings. This mechanism can be done automatically in two ways, one way is (NLTC) No-LoadTap Changing Transformer and another way is (OLTC) On-Load Tap Changing Transformer. This article briefs about OLTC.
Starter for IM (DOL) for Three phase IM.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
This is the most common form of starter used for three phase induction motors. It achieves an effective reduction of starting current by initially connecting the stator windings in star configuration which effectively places any two phases in series across the supply.
Autotransformer starter for three phase IM.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
The primary and secondary windings of a two winding transformer have induced EMF in them due to a common mutual flux. The currents drawn by these two winding are out of phase by 180 dgree. This prompted the use of a part of the primary as primary as secondary. This is equivalent to fusing the secondary turn into primary turns. The fused section need to have a cross sectional area of the conductor to carry (secondary current – primary current) ampere. This ingenious thought led to the invention of an auto transformer.
he transformer may be defined as a static demise, which convicts electrical power from one alternating circuit to another circuit at the same frequency.
It can increase or decrease the voltage with a corresponding decrease or increase in the current respectively.
This transformation of energy is done due to the Faraday Laws of electromagnetic Induction through two winding Primary and Secondary.
Testing of DC machines using direct and indirect test.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
Testing of DC motor, dc motor testing direct and indirect method
October 28, 2015 admin 0 Comments
Testing of DC motor
Testing of DC motor, dc motor testing direct and indirect methodTesting of machines is used for finding losses, efficiency and temperature rise. Direct method is used, for small machines. Indirect method is used for large shunt machines. In practice, seinburne,s test are mostly used.
MONTHLY ELECTRICITY BILLING WITH BILL SMS USING PIC.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
The project provides a system that allows for consumed electricity reading in unit and How much amount of Current Can be Consumed by User its Prevent the Electricity Theft.
Our system provides the electricity readings on an LCD screen as well as can SMS this reading and cost to the user.
This lets the user know about his exact electricity units consumed and cost directly from his meter so that there is no chance of bill tampering.
The project allows a two way reading. One on LCD display and the second on SMS. Our project consists of IOT connected to a ATMEGA328p is an family of PIC. The system continuously monitors electrical pulses and calculates the unit consumption.
Phishing is the process of hacking user's security information like bank accounts, credit card numbers...etc.
In this process users will receive emails with hyperlinks with information like it is sent from banks and when user clicks on links users will be routed to a unknown website which ask for bank account details like password changes, credit card details.
Air pollution and water monitoring system.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
Air and water pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing.
Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous pollutants.
Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma
Library Management System for book sorting-1.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
A library management is a system that manages and stores books information electronically according to students needs.
It becomes necessary to keep a continuous check on the books issued and returned and even calculate fine.
This task if carried out manually will be tedious and includes chances of mistake.
Thus this system reduces manual work to a great extent allows smooth flow of library activities by removing chances of errors in the details
SMART INCUBATOR FOR INFANT MONITORING.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
to build the prototype of a smart incubator to monitor the vital parameters of the newborns in their neonatal period (First 4 weeks after birth). The smart incubator is capable of monitoring the baby’s body temperature and other vital parameters required by the doctor for examining the newborn. The incubator is based on IoT and other edge computing techniques
PPT Format for Second Review is required for good Eunturpriner(2).pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
A zone of protection in electrical system protection refers to the area or segment of an electrical power system that is protected by a particular protective relay. The protective relay is designed to detect abnormal conditions, such as overcurrent, overvoltage, underfrequency, or faults, within its designated zone of protection and send a signal to the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty section of the system.
Solar Module and solar part I solar energy resources.pptxNANDHAKUMARA10
Solar Module -A single photovoltaic Module/Panel is an assembly of connected solar cells that will absorb sunlight as a source of energy to develop electricity.
A group of PV modules (also called PV panels) is wired into an extensive array called PV array to gain a required current and voltage.
When you make up your mind to buy a solar power system, you will encounter three types, and as a layman, it becomes challenging to understand the difference between these technologies. So let’s have a brief understanding of these below:
Time response of first order systems and second order systemsNANDHAKUMARA10
It is the time required for the response to reach half of its final value from the zero instant. It is denoted by tdtd. Consider the step response of the second order system for t ≥ 0, when 'δ' lies between zero and one. It is the time required for the response to rise from 0% to 100% of its final value.
Switched reluctance motor used in automation systemptxNANDHAKUMARA10
The switched reluctance motor (SRM) is a type of motor doubly salient with phase coils mounted around diametrically opposite stator poles. There are no windings or permanent magnets on the rotor. The rotor is basically a piece of (laminated) steel and its shape forms salient poles. The stator has concentrated coils.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. POTENTIAL AT A CHARGED SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• Conductor A of radius r meters.
• Electric field intensity
3. CAPACITANCE OF A SINGLE PHASE TWO – WIRE LINE
• The potential difference between conductor A and neutral
“infinite plane” is
4. • The potential difference between conductor B and neutral
“infinite plane” is
• Both these potentials are w.r.t. same neutral plane.
• Unlike charges attract each other
• The potential difference between conductor A and B is
5. Capacitance to neutral:
• Capacitance between one of the conductors and a neutral
point between them
• Potential of the mid-point between the conductors is zero.
• The potential difference between each conductor and the
neutral is twice the potential difference between the
conductors.
6. • Only for solid conductors
• The difference between the inductance and capacitance
equation
• r’- GMR in inductance equation
• r ≠ GMR in capacitance equation
7. CAPACITANCE OF A THREE PHASE OVERHEAD
LINES
(I) SYMMETRICAL SPACING:
8. • Overall potential difference between the conductor A and
infinite neutral plane is given by
