1. Shigellae and Salmonella are gram-negative bacteria that can cause intestinal infections. Shigellae cause bacillary dysentery while Salmonella can cause enteritis, sepsis, or typhoid fever.
2. Both bacteria are identified through culture-based methods like growth on differential and selective media. They are also distinguished from other enteric bacteria through biochemical tests and serological identification of antigens.
3. Infections result from ingestion of contaminated food or water. Shigellae infections are usually localized to the GI tract while Salmonella can spread systemically. Diagnosis involves culture of stool, blood, or other specimens depending on the infection type. Treatment involves antibiotics like ampicillin
Gastrointestinal pathogens of the family Vibrionaceae: Include the following medically important genera: Vibio cholerae, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori.
Gastrointestinal pathogens of the family Vibrionaceae: Include the following medically important genera: Vibio cholerae, Aeromonas, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter pylori.
Season Plan for Ebola Virus Disease and Shigella BacteriaAbdullah Madir
this is my last presentation on this year but there is a lot presentation.. insyaallah later and when i have a time i'll upload all of them..
i hope u enjoy the slideshow and can solve your problem for your assignment..
tq..gudluck
Shigella sonnei es el principal patógeno bacteriano causante de la shigelosis. Se trata de microorganismos infecciosos descubiertos hace 100 años por un científico japonés llamado Shiga, de quien tomaron su nombre.
Aquaculture products can harbor pathogenic bacteria which are part of the natural microflora of the environment. A study was conducted aiming at the isolation of human pathogenic bacteria in gills, intestines, mouth and the skin of apparently healthy fish, Tilapia rendali and Oreochromic mossambicus, from the Fletcher dam. Bacterial pathogens associated with fish can be transmitted to human beings from fish used as food or by handling the fish causing human diseases. Differentiation and characterization of various isolates was based on their growth characteristics on specific culture media (biochemical and gram staining reactions). The following human pathogenic bacteria were isolated Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae and Enterococcus faecalis. All the bacterial species which were isolated from the fish were also present in the initial water samples collected. The isolation of enteric bacteria in fish serves as indicator organisms of faecal contamination and or water pollution. Their presence also represents a potential hazard to humans. The mean bacterial load of the isolates was found to be markedly higher than the recommended public health and standard value of 5.0 x 106 CFU/ml which has been adopted by many countries.
Shigellosis = inflammation of intestines (especially the colon) with accompanying severe abdominal cramps, tenesmus and frequent, low-volume stools containing blood, mucus and fecal leukocytes.
Salmonella & Vibrio Cholerae an overview.pdfAlanShwan2
medical Bacteriology
Salmonella & Vibrio
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.
Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.
Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.
Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. The risk of a cholera epidemic is highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.
Gram-positive cocci include Staphylococcus (catalase-positive), which grows clusters, and Streptococcus (catalase-negative), which grows in chains. The staphylococci further subdivide into coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative (S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus) species. Streptococcus bacteria subdivide into Strep. pyogenes (Group A), Strep. agalactiae (Group B), enterococci (Group D), Strep viridans, and Strep pneumonia.
Gram-positive bacilli (rods) subdivide according to their ability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are spore-forming rods while Listeria and Corynebacterium are not. Spore-forming rods that produce spores can survive in environments for many years. Also, the branching filament rods encompass Nocardia and actinomyces.
Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram-negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.
Bloodstream infection mortality rates have increased by 78% in just two decades[1]. Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that gram-positive organisms in those with an underlying malignancy accounted for 62% of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76% in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22% and 14% of infections for these years.[2]
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. THESHIGELLAE
The natural habitat of shigellae is limited to
the intestinal tracts of humans and other
primates, where they produce bacillary
dysentery.
3. Morphology & Identification
TYPICAL ORGANISMS
Shigellae are slender gram-negative rods; coccobacillary forms occur in
young cultures.
CULTURE
Shigellae are facultative anaerobes but grow best aerobically. Convex,
circular, transparent colonies with intact edges reach a diameter of about 2
mm in 24 hours.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS
All shigellae ferment glucose. With the exception of Shigella sonnei, they
do not ferment lactose. The inability to ferment lactose distinguishes
shigellae on differential media. Shigellae form acid from carbohydrates but
rarely produce gas. They may also be divided into those that ferment
mannitol and those that do not (Table 15–3).
4.
5. Pathogenesis & Pathology
• Shigella infections are almost always limited to the gastrointestinal
tract; bloodstream invasion is quite rare.
• Shigellae are highly communicable; the infective dose is on the order
of 103 organisms (whereas it usually is 105–108 for salmonellae and
vibrios).
• Microabscesses in the wall of the large intestine and terminal ileum
lead to necrosis of the mucous membrane, superficial ulceration,
bleeding, and formation of a "pseudomembrane" on the ulcerated
area.
• This consists of fibrin, leukocytes, cell debris, a necrotic mucous
membrane, and bacteria.
• As the process subsides, granulation tissue fills the ulcers and scar
tissue forms.
6. Toxins
1. ENDOTOXIN
Upon autolysis, all shigellae release their toxic lipopolysaccharide.
This endotoxin probably contributes to the irritation of the bowel wall.
2. EXOTOXIN
S dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) produces a heat-labile exotoxin
that affects both the gut and the central nervous system.
7. Diagnostic Laboratory Tests
SPECIMENS
• Specimens include fresh stool, mucus flecks, and rectal swabs for
culture.
• Large numbers of fecal leukocytes and some red blood cells often are
seen microscopically.
• Serum specimens, if desired, must be taken 10 days apart to
demonstrate a rise in titer of agglutinating antibodies.
CULTURE
• differential media (eg, MacConkey or EMB agar)
• selective media (Hektoen enteric agar or Salmonella-Shigella agar)
• Colorless (lactose-negative) colonies are inoculated into triple sugar iron
agar.
8. SEROLOGY
• Serial determinations of antibody titers may show a rise in specific
antibody.
• Serology is not used to diagnose Shigella infections.
Treatment
• Ciprofloxacin.
• Ampicillin.
• Doxycycline.
• Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. THE SALMONELLA-ARIZONAGROUP
Salmonellae are often pathogenic for humans or animals
when acquired by the oral route.
they cause enteritis, systemic infection, and enteric fever.
14. Morphology & Identification
Salmonellae vary in length.
Most isolates are motile with peritrichous flagella.
Salmonellae grow readily on simple media, but they almost never
ferment lactose or sucrose.
They form acid and sometimes gas from glucose and mannose.
They usually produce H2S.
They survive freezing in water for long periods.
Salmonellae are resistant to certain chemicals (eg, brilliant green,
sodium tetrathionate, sodium deoxycholate) that inhibit other
enteric bacteria.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. Pathogenesis & Clinical Findings
Salmonellae produce three main types of disease in humans, but
mixed forms are frequent (Table 15–4).
1. THE "ENTERIC FEVERS" (TYPHOID FEVER)
2. BACTEREMIA WITH FOCAL LESIONS
3. ENTEROCOLITIS
21.
22. Diagnostic Laboratory Tests
SPECIMENS
1. Blood for culture must be taken repeatedly. In enteric fevers and
septicemias, blood cultures are often positive in the first week of
the disease. Bone marrow cultures may be useful.
2. Urine cultures may be positive after the second week.
3. Stool specimens also must be taken repeatedly. In enteric fevers,
the stools yield positive results from the second or third week on;
in enterocolitis, during the first week.
23. BACTERIOLOGIC METHODS FOR ISOLATION OF
SALMONELLAE
1. Differential medium cultures: eosin methylene blue,
MacConkey, or deoxycholate medium permits rapid detection of
lactose nonfermenters (not only salmonellae and shigellae but also
Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, etc). Gram-positive organisms are
somewhat inhibited. Bismuth sulfite medium permits rapid detection of
salmonellae which form black colonies because of H2S production.
Many salmonellae produce H2S.
2. Selective medium cultures: The specimen is plated on
salmonella-shigella (SS) agar, Hektoen enteric agar, XLD, or
deoxycholate-citrate agar, which favor growth of salmonellae and
shigellae over other Enterobacteriaceae.
24. 3. Enrichment cultures: The specimen (usually stool) also is put
into selenite F or tetrathionate broth, both of which inhibit replication
of normal intestinal bacteria and permit multiplication of salmonellae.
After incubation for 1–2 days, this is plated on differential and
selective media.
4. Final identification: Suspect colonies from solid media are
identified by biochemical reaction patterns (Table 15–1) and slide
agglutination tests with specific sera.
25. SEROLOGIC METHODS
1. Agglutination test —In this test, known sera and unknown culture
are mixed on a slide. Clumping, when it occurs, can be observed
within a few minutes. This test is particularly useful for rapid
preliminary identification of cultures. There are commercial kits
available to agglutinate and serogroup salmonellae by their O
antigens: A, B, C1, C2, D, and E.
2. Tube dilution agglutination test (Widal test) —Serum
agglutinins rise sharply during the second and third weeks of
Salmonella Typhi infection. The Widal test to detect these
antibodies against the O and H antigens has been in use for
decades. At least two serum specimens, obtained at intervals of
7–10 days, are needed to prove a rise in antibody titer.
26. Treatment
Antimicrobial therapy of invasive Salmonella infections is with:
1. Ampicillin.
2. Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole. Or.
3. Third-generation cephalosporin.