Salmonella was discovered in 1885 by Theobald Smith in pigs. It is a bacterium that causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial foodborne illness. Salmonella bacteria are rod-shaped, single-celled microorganisms that invade intestinal cells and multiply inside them. Symptoms of salmonellosis include fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea. While usually self-limiting, it can sometimes cause more serious illnesses and death, especially in young children, the elderly and those with weak immune systems. Person-to-person and foodborne transmission are common, with undercooked eggs and meats posing major risks. Proper hygiene and food safety practices can help prevent salmonellosis

1. Salmonella

2. Who Discovered It? It was discovered in 1885 by Theobald Smith in a strain isolated from pigs with hog cholera. It was named after the man he worked for, Dr. Daniel E. Salmon.

3. What Is Salmonella Andrew? It is a bacterium that causes Salmonellosis. Salmonella is not the actual name of the intestinal infection. Second most common bacterial food born illness The most commonly reported cause of enteric disease. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli.

4. What Are They? These are one-celled organisms Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium account for about half of the cases of infection How big is it? To small to see without the aid of a microscope.

5. Replication

6. What must it be able to do? Salmonella must be able to invade cells Have a complete lipopolysaccharide coat, The ability to replicate intracellularly, Possibly the elaboration of toxin, to be fully pathogenic These attributes are called virulence factors

7. How Does It Work?

8. The bacteria colonize in the ileum, the final part of the small intestine, and colon They invade the intestinal epithelium, They expand within the epithelium and lymphoid cavities. Both epithelium is a tissue and lymphoid are a type of white blood cell The invasion happens when the organisms including the enterocyte membrane cells, found in the small intestine and colon, start to “ruffle”

9. This way, they stimulate the pinocytosis, small particles are brought into the cell and suspended within small vesicles where they fuse with lysosomesto hydrolyze, or to break down, the particles. They multiply and spread through your mesenteric lymph nodes Then they spread through the body through the circulation process. After reaching the intestines, they create an acute inflammatory response.

10. pinocytosis

11. How Do I Know if I Have It? This reaction can cause fever Ulcers Chills abdominal pain leukocytosis, when the white blood cell count is above normal, and diarrhea.

12. Symptoms occur about 12-72 hours after the infection. If you have Nausea Vomiting Minal diarrhea Headache. Chronic consequences — arthritic symptoms may follow 3-4 weeks after onset of acute symptoms.

13. Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C causes Typhoid fever which side effects include diarrhea, systemic disease and rash. It can last between 6-48 hours.

14. Where has it hit the hardest?

15. Can it kill you and who does it effect the most? About 600 deaths occur yearly but it is rare. The fatality rate for most salmonellosis cases is only 1%. More likely to be found in kids, elderly and sick and they may need antibiotherapy treatment The two deadliest are S. Dublin and Enteritidis. Dublin having a 15% mortality rate. Enteritidis with a 3.6% chance of death.

16. Aftercases Some people had cases of Postenteritis reactive arthritis and Reiter’s Syndrome about after 3 weeks Septic arthritis may occur as well Postenteritis reactive arthritis causes inflammatory conditions around the joints urethra and eyes Lesions on the skin and mucous membrane Reiter’s Syndrome is basically the same thing but some swelling occurs around the urinary or genital tract Septic arthritis, Inflammation of a joint caused by a bacterial infection

17. How is it passed? They are passed from the feces of animals. So if you eat anything and then get Salmonellosis, it was contaminated with animal feces The organism can be found in water, soil, insects, factory surfaces, kitchen surfaces, animal feces, raw meats, raw poultry, and raw seafood’s

18. How do I prevent it? Wash your hands and be smart with your food Keep raw meat away from fruits, veggies, and food that is cooked or ready to eat Refrigerate food as soon as you get back from the grocery store

19. Do not defrost food at room temperature Hot foods should be cooked at least at 140 degrees Fahrenheit Cool below 40 degrees Wash everything after contact with raw sources

20. Any Medications Andrew? Prescribed antidiarrheals Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin

21. Interesting. The rate of salmonellosis has increased over the years mainly in the south, west and northeast The most recent cases occurred in peanut butter and pistachios

22. Even More Interesting! AIDS patients suffer from it frequently and these episodes happen frequently Many forms of salmonella are found on the outside of egg shells Salmonella Enteritidis is found in the yolk This suggests vertical transmission The hen that laid the egg had salmonella, therefore infecting the egg’s yolk with it

23. Citations http://www.about-salmonella.com / http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Fact_Sheets/Salmonella_Questions_&_Answers/index.asp http://www.foodsafety.gov/~mow/chap1.html http://www.howtogetridofstuff.com/health/how-to-get-rid-of-salmonella/ http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/reactive-arthritis?utm_medium=ask&utm_source=smart&utm_campaign=article&utm_term=Reiter%27s+Syndrome&ask_return=Reactive+Arthritis http://www.lifescript.com/Health/A-Z/Conditions_A-Z/Conditions/R/Reiters_syndrome.aspx?trans =1&du=1&gclid=CPuugtDjr5sCFR9N5QodWAw9SA&ef_id=1350:3:s_74769d0b1f05ca42b0f9e065f8d54108_2648417611:SkjbrUo-JyoAAHd4PisAAAKA:20090629152013 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/salmonella/DS00926/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs http://www.who.int/topics/salmonella/en/ http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch021.htm http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282743/ileum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4223 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/follicles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocyte http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocytosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteric_lymph_nodesIntestines http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/402.html

24. Peanut Butter http://www.insidecolby.com/blogs/media/users/dllyford/peanut_butter_salmonella1.jpg Sick Kid http://www.wesdarc.org.au/clipart/images/0_drug_effects/0012_feaver.jpg Meat http://mysocalledspam.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/raw-meat.jpg Salmonella Cell http://omino.com/pixelblog/content/2007/salmonella/salmonella.jpg Dr. Salmon http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/medtour/images/salmon.jpg Map http://www.marlerblog.com/map_4512eyeminus(1).jpg Thermometer http://sultanofsnow.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/s7thermometer.jpg ciprofloxasin http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3221/3024871426_7b4c305863.jpg Microscope http://faizscientific.com/faizhtml/images/hello-kitty-microscope.jpg replication http://www.karlloren.com/biopsy/images/TEM-Fission_rod.jpg

25. pinocytosis http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/images/endocytosis_types.png Pistachio http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_in9Z8hQWefw/SOXmtnKZ5qI/AAAAAAAAArg/uwUkZgv3I3k/s400/pistachio.jpg Intestines http://www.amysgarage.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/_intestines.gif