Salmonella
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1. Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that can cause two main diseases: typhoid fever and food poisoning. 2. It is divided into over 2,000 serotypes based on antigen structure and species typing. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever while Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C cause paratyphoid fevers. 3. Salmonella is typically transmitted via contaminated food or water and causes gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Proper handwashing and avoiding raw meat and eggs can help prevent transmission.
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Vibrio cholerae PPT for students
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
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MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
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Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
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Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
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Cook food thoroughly
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Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
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Major cause of nosocomial infections
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O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
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Salmonella
Salmonella can cause diseases like enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and septicemia. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. S. typhi is nonmotile and does not grow in Simmon's citrate medium. It has H (flagellar), O (somatic), and Vi (capsular) antigens. The Vi antigen acts as a virulence factor. Enteric fever symptoms include gradual onset of fever, headache, and abdominal issues. Complications can include perforation and bleeding. Paratyphoid fever has milder symptoms. Carriers can shed salmonella in their feces for months. Diagnosis involves culture, antibody detection like the Widal test, and serological methods.
Salmonella
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- Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common bacteria that normally lives in the intestines of humans and animals. However, some strains of E. coli can cause illness, including diarrhea.
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PROTEUS
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Vibrio cholerae PPT for students
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
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Yersinia are gram-negative rods that can cause human disease. The document discusses Yersinia pestis, which causes plague, and Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis, which cause human diarrheal diseases. Y. pestis is transmitted by fleas and causes a fatal infection if not treated with antibiotics like streptomycin. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are transmitted through contaminated food or water and commonly cause self-limiting gastrointestinal infections but can occasionally spread systemically and cause more serious infections.
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Gram negative bacilli (Enterobacteriaceae)
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
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Salmonella can cause diseases like enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and septicemia. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. S. typhi is nonmotile and does not grow in Simmon's citrate medium. It has H (flagellar), O (somatic), and Vi (capsular) antigens. The Vi antigen acts as a virulence factor. Enteric fever symptoms include gradual onset of fever, headache, and abdominal issues. Complications can include perforation and bleeding. Paratyphoid fever has milder symptoms. Carriers can shed salmonella in their feces for months. Diagnosis involves culture, antibody detection like the Widal test, and serological methods.
Salmonella
Salmonellae are often pathogenic bacteria that cause enteritis, systemic infection, and enteric fever in humans and animals when acquired orally. They are classified based on their antigens and epidemiology, with over 2,500 serotypes identified. Common types that infect humans include Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis. Infection usually results from consuming contaminated food or water. Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to life-threatening typhoid fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics when invasive infections occur.
Salmonella
1) Salmonella es una bacteria gramnegativa que puede causar tres síndromes clínicos principales, incluida la fiebre tifoidea causada principalmente por S. typhi.
2) La fiebre tifoidea se transmite a través de alimentos o agua contaminados y se caracteriza por fiebre continua, erupción cutánea y complicaciones graves como perforación intestinal.
3) El tratamiento con antibióticos como el cloramfenicol acorta significativamente la duración de la enfermedad, pero el aislamiento bacteriano sigue siendo necesario
Salmonella
Este documento proporciona información sobre Salmonella, una bacteria gramnegativa facultativamente anaerobia que causa enteritis e infecciones sistémicas. Describe las características de Salmonella, incluidos sus hábitats comunes, serotipos que causan enfermedades, síntomas clínicos, formas de transmisión, pruebas de diagnóstico y tratamiento. También discute medidas para prevenir infecciones por Salmonella.
Diapositivas salmonella..
La salmonela es una bacteria gramnegativa que puede causar gastroenteritis, septicemia o fiebre tifoidea. Existen más de 2600 serotipos diferentes. Se transmite principalmente por la ingesta de alimentos o agua contaminados. Los síntomas más comunes son diarrea, fiebre y dolor abdominal. Recientemente, investigadores identificaron proteínas comunes entre ratones y humanos que podrían usarse para desarrollar una vacuna eficaz contra la salmonela.
Salmonella
La salmonelosis es una enfermedad bacteriana altamente contagiosa causada por la bacteria Salmonella enterica que afecta principalmente a aves de corral. Los síntomas incluyen depresión, diarrea y vientre hinchado. Se transmite a través de las heces y los huevos. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante pruebas bacteriológicas e histopatológicas. El tratamiento no está permitido en lotes infectados y la prevención requiere estrictas medidas de higiene y desinfección.
Salmonelosis
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Shigella
Las Shigellas son bacterias gramnegativas que causan disentería bacilar, una enfermedad caracterizada por diarrea, dolor abdominal y fiebre. Se transmiten a través de los excrementos humanos e infectan el intestino grueso, donde causan ulceraciones e inflamación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante examen microscópico y cultivo de las heces, mientras que el tratamiento incluye antibióticos como la ciprofloxacina.
Salmonelosis
Este documento describe la salmonelosis, una infección causada por la bacteria Salmonella que generalmente afecta el intestino. Se transmite principalmente por el consumo de alimentos o agua contaminados. Los síntomas incluyen diarrea, fiebre, dolor abdominal y deshidratación. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante un cultivo fecal. El tratamiento consiste en reposo, hidratación y antibióticos si es necesario. La prevención implica manipular y cocinar alimentos de manera higiénica y lavarse las manos frecuentemente
13. Salmonella spp
Salmonella spp. son enterobacterias zoonóticas que pueden causar gastroenteritis y diarrea aguda. Existen más de 2,500 especies diferentes de Salmonella, aunque solo S. typhi causa fiebre tifoidea. Salmonella se transmite principalmente a través de alimentos contaminados con desechos o productos animales como huevos, aves, carne y productos lácteos no pasteurizados. Los síntomas incluyen náuseas, vómitos, calambres abdominales y fiebre que generalmente se resuelven en una semana.
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Salmonella
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Salmonella
1) Salmonelose é causada por bactérias Salmonella que infectam o trato gastrointestinal de humanos e animais.
2) Os sintomas incluem náusea, vômito, diarreia e febre dentro de 12 a 72 horas. A doença dura de 4 a 7 dias.
3) A transmissão ocorre pela ingestão de alimentos contaminados, principalmente carne e leite cru. Higiene adequada na preparação de alimentos é essencial para prevenção.
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Syphilis is a sexually transmitted
bacterial infection that causes genital ulcers (sores) in its early stages. If
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An ancient disease, syphilis is still of
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Malaria
Malaria is caused by four species of Plasmodium parasites: P. vivax, P. ovale, P. falciparum, and P. malariae. To diagnose malaria, a blood sample should be collected 2-6 hours after fever peaks and both thick and thin blood smears prepared and stained with Giemsa/Leishman stain. P. vivax exhibits ring-shaped trophozoites within red blood cells, larger schizonts filled with reddish dots, and eccentric blue gametocytes. P. falciparum only shows ring-stage trophozoites and peripheral blood along with crescent-shaped female gametocytes that are blue with a central red nucleus.
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Salmonella & Vibrio Cholerae an overview.pdf
medical Bacteriology
Salmonella & Vibrio
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.
Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.
Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.
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Shigella, salmonella & yersinia
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salmonella_lecture.ppt
Salmonella is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that causes various clinical syndromes including enteritis and enteric fever. Enteric fever, caused by S. typhi and S. paratyphi, spreads through the fecal-oral route and has an incubation period of 10-14 days. It causes a prolonged fever and can lead to complications affecting the intestines, liver or other organs if left untreated. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood, stool or urine cultures and serological tests like the Widal test. Treatment consists of antibiotics while prevention relies on vaccination, identifying carriers, and improving sanitation.
salmonella spp.ppt
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Salmonella spp are motile, gram-negative rods that can infect both humans and animals. They are transmitted primarily through contaminated food or water, especially undercooked eggs, poultry, and meats. In humans, Salmonella bacteria attach to intestinal cells using a type III secretion system and effector proteins that manipulate the host's actin, allowing the bacteria to invade cells. This can cause diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever and headache. While antibiotics are usually not needed for healthy individuals, treatment may involve rehydration or antibiotics if the infection spreads. Thorough cooking and cleaning can help prevent transmission.
Salmonella sp.,
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Salmonella
Salmonellae are often pathogenic bacteria that cause enteritis, systemic infection, and enteric fever in humans and animals when acquired orally. They are classified based on their antigens and epidemiology, with over 2,500 serotypes identified. Common types that infect humans include Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis. Infection usually results from consuming contaminated food or water. Symptoms range from self-limiting gastroenteritis to life-threatening typhoid fever. Treatment involves rehydration and antibiotics when invasive infections occur.
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Salmonella
- 1. By Nursyamimi Binti Ishak
- 2. A Very complex group Contains more > 2,000 spp Typed on the basis of Serotyping, and species typing Divided into two groups 1 Enteric fever (thypoid fever) 2 Food poisoning
- 3. •Gram negative bacilli • 1.0 -3.0 microns •Motile by peritrichous flagella
- 4. Caused by Salmonella typhi, and other Groups called as Paratyphi A, B, C Salmonella typhi - Causes Typhoid fever Salmonella Paratyphi A,B,C Causes Paratyphoid fevers.
- 5. • The Genus Salmonella belong to Enterobacteriaceae • Aerobic • Gram negative bacilli • Distinguished from other bacteria by Biochemical and antigen structure
- 6. Head ache, malise,anorexia ,coated tongue Abdominal discomfort Constipation / Diarrhea Hepatomegaly Rose spots appear
- 7. Intestinal perforation Hemorrhage Circulatory collapse Bronchitis Bronchopneumonia Meningitis Nephritis Osteomyelitis
- 8. Is a foodborne illness caused by the salmonella Transmission occurs via contaminated food and water Mainly from poultry and eggs (egg shell) Exotic pets (turtle) stool contain salmonella > 90% of reptile stool contain salmonella bacterium
- 9. Diarrhea with fever Abdominal cramps Nausea Vomiting Symptoms of most salmonella infections usually occurs 6 - 72 hours (usually 12-36 hours) after ingestion of salmonella, and illness lasts 2-7 days and go away without medical treatment
- 10. Stool sample are collected in Selenite fecal broth (incubate 24 hour) - used for isolation of Salmonella from contaminated specimens
- 11. Culture on Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD) agar. - xylose fermentation, lysine decarboxylation and production of hydrogen sulphide are primary diffrentation of salmonella from non-pathogenic bacteria.
- 12. Observe colony ● suspect if have black colony ● discard if no black colony Urea test ● discard if positive urea ● suspect if negative urea
- 13. Microgene Sensitivity test
- 14. Day 4 Microgene observation Lysine Decarboxylase + Indole - Glucose + Citrate utilization + ONPG - H2S Production + Voges Proskauer - Xylose - Ornithine Decarboxylase + Urea hydrolysis - Mannitol + Tryptophan Deaminase - Acceptable identification of Salmonella species
- 15. Observe sensitivity result Sensitive Resistant Ceftriaxone Ampicillin Cefuroxime Amoxicillin Trimethoprim / Sulpha Chloramphenicol Penicillin -G Result dispatch to ward
- 16. Electrolyte replacement (sodium, potassium and chloride ions) - lost through vomiting and diarrhea Routine antimicrobial therapy - control if the infection spreads from the intestine to other body parts
- 17. Not keeping reptiles as pets (particularly if have young children ) Proper hand washing Not serving any raw meat or eggs. Prevention from all stages of the food chain. (agricultural production, processing, manufacturing and preparation of foods)
- 18. Thank you