1) Klebsiella species are normal inhabitants of the intestines and respiratory tract. K. pneumoniae commonly causes pneumonia, wound infections, and UTIs through hospital-acquired transmission.
2) Salmonella species can cause typhoid fever through consumption of contaminated food/water as well as acute gastroenteritis. Diagnosis involves blood/stool/urine culture early in infection or serological tests like the Widal test later.
3) Enterobacter species normally inhabit the intestines and can cause wound infections, UTIs and sepsis through hospital-acquired transmission in debilitated patients.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Salmonella & Vibrio Cholerae an overview.pdfAlanShwan2
medical Bacteriology
Salmonella & Vibrio
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (feces). Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.
Some people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Most people develop diarrhea, fever and stomach (abdominal) cramps within 8 to 72 hours after exposure. Most healthy people recover within a few days to a week without specific treatment.
Cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal within hours, even in previously healthy people.
Modern sewage and water treatment have virtually eliminated cholera in industrialized countries. But cholera still exists in Africa, Southeast Asia and Haiti. The risk of a cholera epidemic is highest when poverty, war or natural disasters force people to live in crowded conditions without adequate sanitation.
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
acts as a physical barrier making difficult for bacteria to access the...RotRot7
goodEach part of the DS has special defense
mechanisms that protect it from pathogenic
microorganisms
Every day we swallow large numbers of
microorganisms
b/c of the body's defense mechanisms,
however, they rarely succeed in surviving
the passage to the intestine in sufficient
numbers to cause infection and most important acts as a physical barrier
making difficult for bacteria to
access the epithelial cell surfaces
coats the bacteria, making it easier
to remove via peristalsis
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Microbiology lec12,klebsiella&salmonella
1. Medical MicrobiologyMedical Microbiology
Systemic Bacteriology
G-ve BacilliG-ve Bacilli
EnterobacteriaceaeEnterobacteriaceae
Lecture-12
Dr. Saleh M Y OTHDr. Saleh M Y OTH
PhDPhD
Medical Molecular Biotechnology and Infectious DiseasesMedical Molecular Biotechnology and Infectious Diseases
12/11/201012/11/2010
MBBS-Phase II-IMS - MSUMBBS-Phase II-IMS - MSU
3. Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia
& Hafnia sp.
- Usually found in intestinal tract
- Wide variety of infections, primarily pneumonia, wound, and
UTI
- General characteristics:
- Some species are non-motile
- Simmons citrate positive
- H2S negative
- Phenylalanine deaminase negative
- Some weakly urease positive
- MR negative;
- VP positive
- Indole -ve
4. Klebsiella species
- Normaly are inhabitnts of the intistine and
respiratory tract.
- They saprophytes in the soil and water.
- Some couse diseases in Humans.
** K. pneumoniae is mostly commonly isolated species
* Possesses a polysaccharide capsule, which protects against
phagocytosis and antibiotics AND makes the colonies moist
and mucoid due to the production of abundant extracellular
slime.
* Has a distinctive “yeasty” odor
* Frequent cause of nosocomial pneumonia
5. Klebsiella species
Diseases caused by K. species
1- K. pneumoniae: (Freidlander’s bacillus)
* Cuases lobar pneumonia an can produce extensive
hemorrhagic necrotizing consolidation of the lung.
* It occasionally produces urinary tract infection and
bacteremia with focal lesions in debilitated patients.
* Cause hospitla-aquired infections.
* It is highly pathogenic to mice nad cuase their death
withen 24-48hs /when we inject the bacterial cells IP
6. Klebsiella species
Diseases caused by K. species
2- K. oxytoca:
* cause hospital-acquired infections
Two other klebsiellae are associated with
inflammatory conditions of the upper respiratory tract
3- K. ozaenae : progressive atrophy of mucous membranes of
the uper RT.
4- K. rhinoscleromatis : from rhinoscleroma, a destructive
granulomatous lessions in the nose and throat.
7. Enterobacter species
- Comprised of 12 species; E. cloacae and E.
aerogenes are most common
- Isolated from wounds, urine, blood and CSF
- Major characteristics
* Colonies resemble Klebsiella
* Motile
* MR negative; VP positive
9. Citrobacter species
- Citrobacter freundii associated with
nosocomial infections (UTI, pneumonias, and
intraabdominal abscesses)
- Ferments lactose and hydrolyzes urea slowly
- Resembles Salmonella sp.
10. Salmonella
- Produce significant infections in humans and
certain animals
- On differential selective agar, produces clear,
colorless, non-LF pale-colonies with black
centers (if media contains indicator for
hydrogen sulfide)
12. - Lactose negative
- Negative for indole, VP, phenylalanine
deaminase, and urease
- Most produce H2S
- Do not grow in potassium cyanide
- Large and complex group of organisms;
grouped by O, H, and Vi (for virulence)
antigens
Salmonella (cont’d)
Biochemical activities
13. - There are more than 2200 serotypes
- Only 4 that can cause diseases:
- S. typhi, S. paratyphi A, B and C causes
enteric fever in Humans.
- S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis cause food
poisoning or enterocolitis
Salmonella (cont’d)
14. - Clinical Infections
* Acute gastroenteritis or food poisoning
+ Source = handling pets, insufficiently cooked eggs and chicken,
and contaminated cooking utensils
+ Occurs 8 to 36 hours after ingestion
+ Requires a high microbial load for infection
+ Self-limiting in health individuals (antibiotics and antidiarrheal
agents may prolong symptoms)
Salmonella (cont’d)
15. - Typhoid and Other Enteric Fevers
* Prolonged fever
* Bacteremia
* Involvement of the RE system, particularly
liver, spleen, intestines, and mesentery
* Dissemination to multiple organs
* Occurs more often in tropical and subtropical
countries
Salmonella (cont’d)
16. - Salmonella Bacteremia
- Carrier State
* Organisms shed in feces
* Gallbladder is the site of organisms (removal of
gallbladder may be the only solution to carrier state)
Salmonella (cont’d)
17. - Salmonella Serotypes
* Possess O and H antigens
* There is some sharing of the O Ag between S. typhi and
S. paratyphi A, B and C
* Some possess a surface Vi or virulence antigen wich
frequently interferes with agglutination of S. typhi by
anti-O antisera
* Certain salmonella serotypes can be subdivided into
phage-types or biotypes for epidemiologicall purposes.
Salmonella (cont’d)
18. Diseaes caued by Salmonella:
* Enteric fever (S. typhi and S. paratyphi A,B and C)
* Enterocolitis (food poisoning)
* Bacteraemia with focal lessions; osteomylitis, pnemonia
and meningitis
Salmonella (cont’d)
The source of infection is the stool or urine of cases or
carriers.
The organisms enter the body by oral route in
contaminated food or drinks e.g; raw vegetables, fruits,
raw shell fish and milk products.
19. After ingestion, the organisms multiply in Peyer’s
patches then it passes through the lymphatics to the
blood steam causing bacteraemia that prsists for one
week.
Then disseminate to the kidney and is excrted in urine.
It disseminated also to the liver and excerted in bile to
reach the intestine.
Salmonella (cont’d)
20. It may rarely reach the periosteum, lungs or meninges.
Manifestations:
The symptoms appear after an incubation period of 2 weeks in
the form of fever, malaise, headache, delirium, tender abdomen,
constipation with enlargement of the spleen.
Rose spots may appear on the abdomen.
Salmonella (cont’d)
21. The complications:
Complications of typhoid fever such as intistinal haemorrhage
and perforation nowadays reduced due to proper antibiotics.
Carriers:
After recovery, some individuals continue to harbour salmonella
in their tissues as convalescent or chronic carriers.
They carry the organisms in the gall bladder or UT that excerete
in the stools or urine. These individuals should not work as food
handlers.
Salmonella (cont’d)
22. Diagnosis of Enteric Fever:
Depends on the stage of the disease and can be accomplished by :
a- Isolation of the organisms from blood,
urine and stool.
b- Serologically by detecting of the
antibodies in the serum of the patient.
1- During the first week:
Isolation from blood because the organisms are found in the
blood during 1st
week.
It is to be noted that the organisms disappear from the blood shortly after
chloramphicol therapy.
Salmonella (cont’d)
23. Diagnosis of Enteric Fever:
2- During the second week and onward:
Isolation from the stool or urine, and repeated stool
exam should be attempted.
3- Serological Diagnosis: Widal Test
Abs appear in the srum of the patient during the second week of
illness and reach maximum titre during the 4th
week.
Salmonella (cont’d)
24. Diagnosis of Enteric Fever:
3- Serological Diagnosis: Widal Test
Abs appear in the srum of the patient during the second week of
illness and reach maximum titre during the 4th
week.
Serial dilutions of the patient’s serum (1/20, 1/40/, 1/80, 1/160
..etc) are made in five sets of test tubes
Prophylaxis
Treatment
Salmonella (cont’d)