Mdl 237 Staphylococci
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The document discusses the classification and identification of staphylococci and related organisms. It describes key characteristics used to differentiate staphylococci, micrococci, and rothia including their gram staining, morphology, oxygen requirements, catalase production, and salt tolerance. Identification of staphylococcus aureus specifically involves tests for coagulase, clumping factor, protein A, mannitol fermentation, and thermonuclease production. Definitive identification of S. aureus relies on results from multiple tests.
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To get knowledge about laboratory diagnosis and its importance.
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Staphylococci are spherical bacteria that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that can cause a variety of infections, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions like toxic shock syndrome and endocarditis. S. aureus produces several virulence factors like toxins and enzymes that damage tissues and evade the immune system. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and tests like coagulase to identify S. aureus. Antibiotics are used to treat infections, and prevention focuses on hygiene and safe food handling. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus is an antibiotic resistant form that is more difficult to treat.
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Staphylococci 09 10 Med
The document discusses the genus Staphylococcus, focusing on Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus is a gram-positive coccus that can cause a variety of infections through toxins and enzymes. It is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing superficial skin infections as well as serious deep infections like pneumonia, meningitis and toxic shock syndrome. Laboratory identification involves culturing on selective media, observing beta-hemolysis and testing for catalase and coagulase production. S. aureus remains an important cause of hospital-acquired infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance.
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus is a genus of gram-positive bacteria that can cause a variety of infections and diseases in humans and other animals. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important species due to its ability to cause serious infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, and food poisoning. It produces several virulence factors like coagulase, hemolysins, enterotoxins and exotoxins that enable it to evade host defenses and cause tissue damage. Common diseases include skin and soft tissue infections like impetigo, folliculitis, boils; respiratory infections; food poisoning caused by enterotoxins; and toxic shock syndrome caused by toxic
Género Staphylococcus
Las especies más importantes del género Staphylococcus son S. aureus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. saprophyticus y S. epidermidis. Cada especie causa enfermedades específicas en diferentes hospedadores como mastitis en bovinos por S. aureus, epidermitis exudativa en cerdos por S. hyicus, y infecciones del tracto urinario en humanos por S. saprophyticus.
Staphylococcus
Staphylococci are gram positive cocci that occur in grape-like clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is classified based on coagulase production and pathogenicity, and is a common human pathogen. S. aureus has spherical cells that are arranged in clusters and produce enzymes and toxins that allow it to cause infections like skin infections, pneumonia, sepsis and food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome through toxin production. Identification involves culture and biochemical testing, and treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin or vancomycin depending on antibiotic resistance.
Curriculum Vitae with professional reference
Athanase Nyandwi is a Rwandan accountant seeking a career opportunity. He has a BBA in Accounting from the School of Finance and Banking and is a CPA qualified in Kenya. He has over 5 years of experience working as an auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers Rwanda Ltd where he has led audits of various organizations, NGOs, and projects funded by organizations such as DFID, UNICEF, and the Global Fund. His skills include computerized accounting, auditing, report writing, and he is proficient in Microsoft Office applications.
Drug discovery and development
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2. S. aureus causes a variety of diseases including localized skin infections, pneumonia, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome. Identification involves culture, microscopy, and biochemical tests like coagulase and catalase.
3. Strain typing methods are used to trace outbreak sources and identify toxin-producing strains causing food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.
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Streptococcus is a genus of bacteria that includes several species that are pathogens. They are spherical, gram-positive cocci that can be α-hemolytic, β-hemolytic, or non-hemolytic. Important pathogenic species include Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus), a cause of pharyngitis and skin infections, and Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus), a cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Enterococcus faecalis is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired infections like urinary tract infections. Viridans streptococci commonly cause infective endocarditis. Identification involves culturing samples and observing hemolysis and sensitivity to antibiotics like bac
Mdl 237 Streptococci
The document discusses the classification, identification, and clinical significance of streptococci and enterococci bacteria. It describes how they are classified based on their hemolysis, Lancefield grouping, and other biochemical tests. Key genera include Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus milleri group. Identification involves cultural characteristics, catalase testing, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Clinically important species are S. pyogenes (GAS) which can cause strep throat, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever.
Sreptococci - Prac. Microbiology
This document discusses several streptococcal species including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and viridans streptococci. S. pyogenes, or Group A streptococcus, is known to cause pharyngitis and scarlet fever. Laboratory diagnosis for S. pyogenes infection involves culturing a throat swab and identifying beta-hemolytic colonies that are gram-positive cocci in chains and bacitracin sensitive. Complications of untreated S. pyogenes infection include rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. S. pneumoniae is a cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. It is identified through gram-
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The umbilical cord
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta and measures approximately 50 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter at term. It contains one vein that carries oxygenated blood to the fetus and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood away. The cord inserts into the placenta near its center in most cases. Abnormalities can include abnormal insertion points, short or long length, knots, torsion, hematoma, or having a single umbilical artery instead of two.
The placenta
The placenta develops from fetal and maternal tissues to function as the respiratory, nutritive, excretory, barrier and endocrine organ of pregnancy. It transfers oxygen, nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus. The placenta can develop abnormalities in its shape, size, position or adhesion to the uterine wall which may cause complications like preterm birth or hemorrhage. Placental lesions like infarcts may also occur due to conditions like hypertension.
The foetal membranes
The document discusses the fetal membranes, which include the chorion and amnion. The chorion is the outer membrane that is attached to the placenta and uterine wall. The amnion lines the chorion and encloses the fetus and amniotic fluid. The amniotic fluid provides protection and nutrition for the fetus, and aids in temperature regulation and movement. It is composed primarily of water, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals. The amniotic fluid circulates continuously, with production from the fetal membranes, fetal urine and transudation from maternal and fetal blood.
Physiology of reproduction
The document summarizes the key stages in human reproduction from fertilization through early pregnancy development. It describes how sperm mature and are capacitated in the female reproductive tract. Upon ovulation, sperm meet and fertilize the ovum in the fallopian tubes. The zygote then undergoes cell division and develops into a blastocyst that implants in the uterus. The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst invade the uterine lining and develop into a placenta to exchange nutrients and waste with the mother's blood. Major developmental milestones in early pregnancy include chorion, amnion and decidua formation.
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Antenatal care
Antenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby. Checkups include exams, tests, and education on nutrition, exercise, hygiene, warning signs and avoiding risks. The goals are to prevent or treat complications, detect issues, and ensure healthy development. Women receive more frequent exams as their due date approaches, and are instructed on a nutritious diet, moderate exercise, adequate rest, hygienic practices, and when to seek medical help if problems arise.
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The document discusses postpartum mood disorders, including prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that postpartum mood disorders range from mild and temporary postpartum blues to more severe postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. Screening tools like the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale can help identify at-risk women. Treatment involves psychosocial therapies and may include antidepressant medication depending on severity. A multidisciplinary approach is important to address biological, psychological and social factors.
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Uterine fibroids are benign smooth muscle tumors that develop in the uterus. They are the most common solid pelvic tumors, affecting 20-25% of women during their reproductive years. Fibroids can vary in size and location, and may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure or pain. Treatment options include observation, medical therapy to reduce estrogen levels, or surgical removal of fibroids.
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Version refers to changing the fetal lie or position in the uterus. There are three main types: external cephalic version, internal podalic version, and bipolar podalic version. External cephalic version involves manipulating the fetus externally to convert a breech presentation to head-first. Internal podalic version is performed under anesthesia when the cervix is fully dilated to grasp the fetus's feet and convert a transverse lie to breech. Bipolar podalic version uses both internal and external manipulation through a partially dilated cervix for special circumstances. Complications can include fetal distress, premature separation of the placenta, and maternal hemorrhage.
Vacuum extraction (ventouse)
Vacuum extraction is a method to assist in childbirth using suction from a cup placed on the baby's head to help with traction during contractions. There are different types of cups including metal, soft, and bird's cups. Vacuum extraction is indicated when forceps cannot be used and has advantages over forceps like less need for anesthesia and less compression force applied. Complications can include maternal lacerations and cervical injuries or fetal issues like cephalhematomas and scalp lacerations.
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Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure that divides the symphysis pubis bone to widen the pelvis during childbirth. It is indicated when cephalopelvic disproportion makes vaginal delivery difficult or dangerous but cesarean section is not available or advised. The procedure involves making a small incision above the pubic bone and gradually separating the joint using a scalpel. Complications can include bleeding, injury to nearby organs, infection, and long-term issues like incontinence or an unstable pelvis.
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This document discusses obstetric forceps, which are metal instruments used to extract a baby's head during delivery. It describes different types of forceps and their proper application techniques. Forceps are indicated for prolonged second stage of labor, maternal distress, or fetal distress. Correct application involves inserting one blade along each side of the baby's head. Potential complications include laceration, hemorrhage, nerve injury, or problems for the baby such as skull fractures. Failure to deliver with forceps may require removal and assessment to determine if cesarean section is needed.
Episiotomy
This document discusses episiotomy, which is an incision made in the perineum during childbirth to widen the vaginal opening. It can help prevent tearing and complications. The two main types are median and mediolateral episiotomies. Median episiotomies involve a midline incision while mediolateral incisions extend laterally towards the ischial tuberosity. Episiotomies are usually performed when the vaginal opening is distended during crowning to prevent stretching injuries. They are sutured closed after delivery.
Caesarean section
The document discusses Caesarean section, including indications, types, procedure, complications, and mode of delivery in subsequent pregnancies. A Caesarean section is a surgical procedure to deliver one or more babies through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. The rate of Caesarean sections has increased from 5% in 1970 to 25% in 1990 due to factors such as abandoning difficult procedures in favor of C-sections and increased use for breech births. Complications can include hemorrhage, infections, and injuries to the mother or baby.
Normal labour
Normal labour involves the spontaneous expulsion of a single, mature fetus through the birth canal within 3-18 hours without complications. It occurs when hormonal and mechanical factors cause the cervix to efface and dilate in stages from 3cm to full 10cm dilation. Labour proceeds through four stages: 1) cervical dilation, 2) expulsion of the fetus, 3) expulsion of the placenta, and 4) recovery. The fetus descends through the birth canal with increased flexion to facilitate delivery of the head.
Anatomy of the foetal skull
The fetal skull consists of three parts: the vault, face, and base. The vault is made up of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones which are separated by sutures. The face extends from the chin to the nose. Fontanelles are soft spots located where sutures meet which are important for assessing fetal position and flexion. The skull has various longitudinal and transverse diameters used to determine which will engage and pass through the birth canal during delivery.
Anatomy of the female pelvis
The female pelvis is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The true pelvis is further divided into the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet. The document describes the boundaries and diameters of each region including the anatomical transverse diameter of 13cm at the inlet. It also discusses the pelvic planes and axes, and the Caldwell-Moloy classification of pelvic types including the gynaecoid, anthropoid, android, and platypelloid pelvis.
Active management of normal labour
This document outlines the active management of normal labour in 4 stages: antenatal preparation, first stage (history, exam, procedures), second stage (delivery of baby), third stage (delivery of placenta), and fourth stage (postpartum care of mother and baby). The goal is a healthy delivery with minimal effects. Key procedures include monitoring contractions/fetal heart with a partogram, positioning, nutrition, analgesia, perineal support, and immediate newborn care.
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy
Thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy can cause complications like abortion and preterm labour. Clinical features include weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and fast heart rate. It is treated with antithyroid drugs like propylthiouracil or carbimazole. Epilepsy in pregnancy commonly presents as grand mal seizures, which are treated with phenobarbitone or phenytoin along with folic acid. Rhesus isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother develops antibodies against Rh-positive blood from her baby. It can be prevented by giving the mother anti-D immunoglobulin after delivery or pregnancy events involving blood transfer from baby to mother. Affected babies may require monitoring, phot
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- 1. Staphylococcus and Related Organisms Staphylococcus Micrococcu . www.freelivedoctor.com
- 6. Staph clusters Micrococcus tetrads Rothia www.freelivedoctor.com
- 21. Presumptive Genus Identification table not on test 6.5% Furazoli- Modified 0.04 U Salt done oxidase Bacitracin Micrococcus + R + S Staphylococcus + S - R R. mucilaginosa - NT NT NT Not included: oxygen requirements www.freelivedoctor.com
- 23. Coagulase Staphylococcus aureus coagulation of plasma* “ Free” staphylocoagulase Fibrinogen + CRF Fibrin Normal coagulation of plasma Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin (soluble ) (insoluble) *EDTA Rabbit plasma is preferred for the “free” or tube coagulase test because it contains a large amount of CRF www.freelivedoctor.com
- 36. Protein A Latex Test S S S S S S L L L L L IgG S= S.aureus with Protein A L=Latex particle Protein A S Fc S www.freelivedoctor.com
- 66. Presumptive Genus Identification table not on test 6.5% Furazoli- Modified 0.04 U Salt done oxidase Bacitracin Micrococcus + R + S Staphylococcus + S - R R. mucilaginosa - NT NT NT www.freelivedoctor.com
Editor's Notes
- Staphylococci
- Staphylococci