This document provides an overview of red blood cells, including their functional morphology, membrane composition and metabolism. It describes the normal size, shape and counts of red blood cells and variations thereof. It also discusses the packed cell volume, red cell indices, Rouleaux formation, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, red blood cell membrane structure and permeability, cellular composition, and metabolic pathways of glucose utilization including the Embden-Meyerhof and hexose monophosphate shunt pathways.
the objectives from this ppt :-
1.Define haemostasis.
2.Describe the main mechanisms that prevent blood loss after an injury.
3.Describe role of platelets in haemostasis.
4.Outline the mechanism of platelet plug formation.
5.Describe the mechanisms of blood coagulation.
the objectives from this ppt :-
1.Define haemostasis.
2.Describe the main mechanisms that prevent blood loss after an injury.
3.Describe role of platelets in haemostasis.
4.Outline the mechanism of platelet plug formation.
5.Describe the mechanisms of blood coagulation.
Platelets also called thrombocytes are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
Normal Blood count: 1.5‐4lakh/ μL of blood
Platelets also called thrombocytes are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
Normal Blood count: 1.5‐4lakh/ μL of blood
Sickle cell Anemia: A worldwide popular blood disorder, basically a inheritable disease. This document provides you with basic introduction to blood, Anemia its general considerations, signs and symptoms and lastly about Sickle cell Anemia in detail.
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
it describes in detail about blood, its composition and comparison with normal diagnostic values along with some important physiology related to hemopoiesis and some important blood disorders.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY.
Normal size, shape & counts
Variations in size, shape & count.
Packed cell volume & red cell indices
Rouleaux formation and erythrocyte
sedimentation rate.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
4. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY.
Like other cells
bounded by cell
membrane but Non-
Nucleated.
Cytoplasm contains
pigmented protein –
Haemoglobin
It is Chromoprotein –
colour giving protein.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
5. NORMAL SIZE
Diameter – 7.2 μm (6.9-
7.4)
Thickness – 2 μm at
periphery & 1 μm at
center
Surface area – 120-140
μm2
Volume - 80 μm3
(78-86)
Saturday, November 5, 2016
6. NORMAL SHAPE
Circular, biconcave disc.
Advantages of biconcave shape –
Flexible , capillaries minimum
diameter – 3.5 μm.
Greater surface area
Can withstand changes of osmotic
pressure
Allow easy exchange of O2 & CO2 &
rapid diffusion of other substances.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
7. NORMAL COUNTS
At birth – 6-7 millions/mm3
Adult males – 5-6.5 millions/mm3
Adult females – 4.5-5.5 millions/mm3
Saturday, November 5, 2016
10. VARIATIONS IN COUNT
PHYSIOLOGICAL
Increase
AGE – Newborn more –
hypoxia then decreases
due to physiological
jaundice
SEX – Males > Females
HIGH ALTITUDE
EXCESSIVE EXERCISE
EMOTIONAL CONDITIONS
TEMPERATURE - high
MEALS
Decrease
At high barometric
pressure
After sleep
In pregnancy
(Haemodilutuion)
Saturday, November 5, 2016
12. PACKED CELL VOLUME & RED
CELL INDICES
Packed cell volume
Determination of PCV
Red cell Indices.
Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin
Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin concentration.
Colour index
Saturday, November 5, 2016
13. PACKED CELL VOLUME
Percentage of the cellular
elements in the whole blood.
Also called Haematocrit value.
Normal values in
Males – 45%
Females – 42%
Increases in polycythemia &
decreases in anaemia.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
14. DETERMINATION OF PCV
Blood mixed with
anticoagulant oxalate &
centrifuged in Haematocrit
tube/wintrobes tube @
3000rpm for 30 min.
Layers
Superficial – plasma
Middle white buffy coat –
WBC & platelets
Lower – packed RBC.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
15. HAEMATOCRIT VALUES
Observed Haematocrit –
observed value
True Haematocrit –
Multiplying by 0.98
2% plasma trapped in cells
Body Haematocrit –
Multiplying by 0.87
Haematocrit for venous
blood is greater than whole
body.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
16. RED CELL INDICES
Mean corpuscular
volume
Mean corpuscular
Haemoglobin
Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin
concentration.
Colour index.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
17. MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME
Average volume of single red
blood cell.
MCV = PCV x 10
--------------
RBC count/mm3
= 45X10/5 = 90 μm3
Normal value 78-94 μm3
Decreased in Microcytosis
Increased in Macrocytosis
Saturday, November 5, 2016
18. MEAN CORPUSCULAR
HAEMOGLOBIN
Average weight of haemoglobin in each RBC
MCH = Hb gm% X 10
-----------------
RBC count/mm3
= 15X10/5X1012
= 30 pg
normal range – 27-33 pg
Increases – Spherocytosis & megaloblastic anaemia
Decreases - anaemia
Saturday, November 5, 2016
19. MEAN CORPUSCULAR
HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION.
Amount of Hb expressed as percentage of the volume
of RBC.
MCHC = Hb gm%
------------------- X 100
PCV/100ml
= 15/45 X 100 = 33.3%
Normal value – 30-33%
Decreases – Iron deficiency anaemia
Saturday, November 5, 2016
20. COLOUR INDEX.
Ratio of Haemoglobin to RBC
CI = % of normal Hb
---------------------
% of normal RBC count
= 100/100 = 1
Normal range= 0.85-1.15
Insignificant
Saturday, November 5, 2016
21. ROULEAUX FORMATION AND
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE.
Rouleaux formation.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Methods of determination of ESR.
Westergren’s Method
Wintrobe Method.
Clinical significance of ESR.
Factors affecting ESR.
Physiological variations in ESR
Pathological variations in ESR.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
22. ROULEAUX FORMATION.
Tendency of RBC to pile one over
the other like coins
Major Role – Discoid shape &
protein coating.
Does not occur in circulation due
to plasma proteins
Reversible phenomenon different
from agglutination where cells are
irreversibly clumped.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
23. ERYTHROCYTE
SEDIMENTATION RATE.
Def – Rate at which
red cells sediment
when blood containing
anticoagulant is
allowed to stand in
vertical tube.
Unit – expressed in
mm at the end of 1
hr.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
24. METHODS OF
DETERMINATION OF ESR.
Westergren’s Method
Blood with anticoagulant
3.8% sodium citrate in
ratio 4:1 is loaded in
westergren’s tube
vertically upto mark 0 &
allowed to stand for 1 hr.
Reading is taken at the
end of 1 hr.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
25. METHODS OF
DETERMINATION OF ESR.
Wintrobe’s Method
Blood with
anticoagulant is filled in
wintrobe tube with the
help of special pippete
“Pasture pippete” and
then allowed to stand
for 1 hr and reading is
taken at the end of 1 hr.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
26. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ESR
PROGNOSTIC TEST
Normal value
By Westergren’s
Method
Males – 3-7mm
Females – 5-9mm
By Wintrobe’s
Method
Saturday, November 5, 2016
27. FACTORS AFFECTING ESR.
Rouleaux Formation – after inflammatory &
neoplastic diseases fibrinogen & other proteins
released favour rouleaux formation & ESR
Size of RBC – macrocytes raises ESR
No of RBC- Inverse relationship
Viscosity of Blood – Inverse relationship
Saturday, November 5, 2016
28. PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
IN ESR
Age – less in infant &
old age
Sex- males < females
Mensturation - raised
Pregnancy – raised.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
30. RED CELL MEMBRANE,
COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM
Red cell membrane.
Structure
Permeability.
Composition of red blood cells.
Metabolism of Red blood cells.
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
Hexose monophosphate shunt.
Utilization of ATP
Saturday, November 5, 2016
31. RED CELL MEMBRANE.
Trilaminar structure
with bimolecular lipid
layers & 2 layers of
protein.
Imp Lipids – Glycolipids,
Phospholipids &
cholesterol.
Proteins – peripheral &
integral.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
32. PROTEINS …….
Peripheral Protein – rich in lecithin &
sphingomyelin.
Integral Proteins – anion exchange
protein (Band 3) & Glycophorins (Blood
group antigen)
Inner surface contains phosphatidylserine
& phosphatidyl ethanolamine
Shape & flexibility is maintained by
Spectrin, Ankyrin & actin.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
33. PERMEABILITY
SEMIPERMEABLE
MEMBRANE
Impermeable to Na, Ca &
Barium ions, fats & sugars
Slightly to amino acids
Freely permeable to –
anions Cl-, SO4-,HCO3-,
urea, ammonia alcohol &
bile salts.
Saturday, November 5, 2016
35. METABOLISM OF RED BLOOD
CELLS.
Glucose only fuel used
by RBC
Embden-Meyerhof
pathway – 90%
glycolysis
Give 2 ATP
Hexose-
Monophosphate
shunt- 10% glycolysis
Saturday, November 5, 2016