The document summarizes various mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower. Active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient by using energy. Other topics covered include endocytosis, exocytosis, and vesicle-mediated transport.

1. Transport through cell
membranes
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2. Transport through cell
membranes
 The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells,
especially to water soluble molecules. However, for the cell to
survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the
cell.
 Mechanisms:
4. DIFFUSION
6. OSMOSIS
8. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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3. DEFINITIONS
 DIFFUSION: the net movement of molecules from a region of their
higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a
concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
 OSMOSIS: the diffusion of water molecules from a region of their
higher concentration (dilute solution) to a region of their lower
concentration (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable
membrane.
 ACTIVE TRANSPORT: the movement of ions in or out of a cell
through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower
concentration to a region of their higher concentration against a
concentration gradient, using energy released during respiration.
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4. Diffusion of liquids
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5. •Diffusion is the net movement of molecules (or
ions) from a region of their high concentration to
a region of their lower concentration.
The molecules move down a concentration gradient.
Molecules have kinetic energy, which makes them
move about randomly.
As a result of diffusion molecules reach an
equilibrium where they are evenly spread out.
This is when there is no net movement of molecules
from either side.
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6. DIFFUSION
Diffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used
to make the molecules move, they have a natural kinetic energy.
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7. Diffusion of Bromine
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8. Diffusion of Bromine
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9. Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cell
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10. Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
diffusion
Inside cell Outside cell
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11. Diffusion through a membrane
Cell membrane
Inside cell Outside cell
EQUILIBRIUM
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14. What determines the rate of diffusion?
There 4 factors:
 The steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger
the difference between the two sides of the membrane
the quicker the rate of diffusion.
 Temperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions
more kinetic energy. Molecules move around faster, so
diffusion is faster.
 The surface area. The greater the surface area the
faster the diffusion can take place. This is because the
more molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any
moment.
 The type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules
need more energy to get them to move so they tend to
diffuse more slowly. Non-polar molecules diffuse more
easily than polar molecules because they are soluble in the
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non polar phospholipid tails. Transport 14

15. Molecules that diffuse through cell
membranes
 Oxygen – Non-polar
so diffuses very
quickly.
 Carbon dioxide –
Polar but very small
so diffuses quickly.
 Water – Polar but
also very small so
diffuses quickly.
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16. Osmosis
‘The diffusion of water from an area
of high concentration of water
molecules (high water potential) to
an area of low concentration of
water (low water potential) across a
partially permeable membrane.’
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17. Osmosis
CONCENTRATED SOLUTION
DILUTE SOLUTION
Cell membrane
partially
Sugar molecule permeable.
VERY Low conc.
of water
molecules. Low
water potential.
VERY High conc. Outside cell
Inside cell
of water
molecules. High
water potential.
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18. Osmosis
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
Low conc. of
water molecules.
Low water
OSMOSIS potential.
High conc. of
Inside cell Outside cell
water molecules.
High water
potential.
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19. Osmosis
Cell membrane
partially
permeable.
OSMOSIS
Inside cell Outside cell
EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side.
Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net
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movement of water
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22. OSMOSIS IN ANIMAL CELLS
Red blood cells
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23. OSMOSIS: Slides of red blood
cells
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24. OSMOSIS IN PLANT CELLS
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25. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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28. ACTIVE TRANSPORT:
Carrier + energy
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29. Comparison table
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30. Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to
bulge inward, forming a vesicle. Phagocytosis is the type of
endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed. Pinocytosis is when the
external fluid is engulfed. Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when
the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the
membrane. Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol
into animal cells.
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31. Cell Membrane - Function - Endocytosis
The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too large to fit through the
pores in the membrane proteins this process is known as endocytosis. In this process the
membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell. In this
animation an ameba engulfs a food particle.
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32. Exocytosis
The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. Large molecules that are
manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane.
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34. Vesicle-mediated transport
Vesicles and vacuoles that fuse with the cell membrane may be
utilized to release or transport chemicals out of the cell or to allow them
to enter a cell. Exocytosis is the term applied when transport is out of
the cell.
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