This document discusses the reactions and color tests of amino acids. It describes reactions that can occur due to the amino group, carboxyl group, or both including oxidative deamination, transamination, and peptide bond formation. Reactions involving the side chains of different amino acids like ester formation, disulfide bond formation, and transmethylation are also reviewed. Finally, the document outlines several common color tests used to identify different amino acids including the ninhydrin, biuret, xanthoproteic, Millon's, Sakaguchi, Hopkins Cole, lead acetate, and nitroprusside reactions. The learner will understand the various reactions and color tests used to analyze amino acids.

1. Reactions of
amino acids
Namrata Chhabra
M.D., Biochemistry
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2. Learning objectives
At the end of this presentation, the learners will be able to understand:
Reactions of amino acids due to:
oAmino group
oCarboxyl group
oBoth amino and carboxyl groups,
oSide chain of amino acids, and
The specific color reactions of amino acids
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3. Reactions of amino acids
1) Reactions due to amino group
2) Reactions due to carboxyl group
3) Reactions due to both amino and carboxyl groups
4) Reaction due to side chain
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4. Reactions due to amino group
i) Oxidative deamination-Αn amino group is removed and
corresponding α-keto acid is formed.
α -keto acid produced is either converted to glucose or
ketone bodies or is completely oxidized.
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5. Reactions due to amino group (contd.)
ii) Transamination-Transfer of an α amino group from an amino acid
to an α keto acid to form a new amino acid and a corresponding
keto acid.
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6. Reactions due to amino group (contd.)
iii) Formation of carbamino compound
CO2 binds to α amino acid on the globin chain of
hemoglobin to form carbamino hemoglobin
The reaction takes place at alkaline pH and serves as a
mechanism for the transfer of Carbon dioxide from the
tissues to the lungs by hemoglobin.
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7. 2) Reactions due to carboxyl group
i) Decarboxylation- Amino acids undergo alpha
decarboxylation to form corresponding amines.
Examples-
Glutamic acid GABA
Histidine Histamine
Tyrosine Tyramine
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8. 2) Reactions due to carboxyl group (contd.)
ii) Formation of amide linkage
Non α carboxyl group of an acidic amino acid reacts with ammonia by
condensation reaction to form corresponding amides
Aspartic acid Asparagine
Glutamic acid Glutamine
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9. 3)Reactions due to both amino & carboxyl
groups
Formation of peptide bond- Carboxyl group of an amino acid
binds with amino group of another amino acid forming a
peptide bond with the loss of one molecule of water.
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10. Reactions due to side chains
1) Ester formation
 OH containing amino acids e.g.
serine, threonine can form
esters with phosphoric acid in
the formation of
phosphoproteins (figure-1)
 OH group containing amino acid
can also form: Glycosides – by
forming O- glycosidic bond with
carbohydrate residues (figure-2)
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Figure-1
Figure-2

11. Reactions due to side chains
2) Reactions due to SH group (Formation
of sulphide bonds)
Cysteine has a sulfhydryl group( SH)
group and can form a disulphide (S-S)
bond with another cysteine residue.
 The dimer is called Cystine
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12. Formation of disulphide bond
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Two cysteine residues can connect
two polypeptide chains by the formation
of interchain disulphide chains.

13. Reactions due to side chains (contd.)
3)Transmethylation
The methyl group of Methionine
can be transferred after activation
to an acceptor for the formation
of important biological
compounds.
For example (figure) conversion of
norepinephrine to epinephrine by
S Adenosyl methionine (active
form of methionine
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14. Colour reactions of amino acids
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S.No. Test Significance
1) Ninhydrin reaction All Alpha amino acids
2) Xanthoproteic test Aromatic amino acids
3) Millon’s test Confirmatory test of Tyrosine
4) Biuret test Not given by free amino acids, and dipeptides
5) Sakaguchi test Arginine
6) Hopkins Cole reaction Confirmatory test of Tryptophan
7) Lead acetate test cysteine and cysteine, not by Methionine
8) Nitroprusside reaction SH group containing amino acids

15. Biuret test
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Positive Control

16. Ninhydrin test-
For alpha amino
acids
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17. Xanthoproteic
test- For Aromatic
amino acids
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18. Millon’s test- For
Tyrosine
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19. Sakaguchi test
for Arginine
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20. Hopkin Cole
reaction for
Tryptophan
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21. Lead acetate test
for Cysteine and
Cystine
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