1. Selenium is an essential trace element that functions in the body as part of selenoproteins but can be toxic at high levels.
2. A misformulated liquid dietary supplement resulted in 201 cases of selenium poisoning due to the selenium concentration being approximately 200 times the labeled amount.
3. Symptoms of selenium toxicity included hair loss, nail discoloration, and worsening of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Selenium metabolism and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Selenium metabolism and its clinical significance for MBBS ,BDS ,B.Tech ,B.Pharma and biotechnology students for self-study.
Metabolism of zinc and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Zinc and its clinical significance for MBBS,BDS,B.Tech,B.Pharma and Biotechnology students for self-study.
Selenium metabolism and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Selenium metabolism and its clinical significance for MBBS ,BDS ,B.Tech ,B.Pharma and biotechnology students for self-study.
Metabolism of zinc and its clinical significancerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Zinc and its clinical significance for MBBS,BDS,B.Tech,B.Pharma and Biotechnology students for self-study.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
1. Major components of body molecules
C, H, O, N, S
(obtained through intake of water fat, carbohydrates, proteins)
2. Nutritionally important minerals
Ca, P, Mg, Na K, Cl
(<100 mg/day)
3. Trace elements
Cr, Co, Cu, I, F, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
4. Additional elements (non-essential for humans)
Ni, Si, Sn, V, B, Li
Selenium micronutrient, its importance to the human system, how it's being metabolized, its sources, some diseases that may arise due to deficiency, people at risk of this deficiency, its recommended dietary allowance, symptoms associated to toxicity and some drugs that may decrease its circulation.
The need of Selenium for our body and its importance, need, etc. is being explained here. Also care should be taken not to consume the same in excess, which results in Selenium toxicity. through this i am trying to throw some light on the various aspects of selenium and its various roles in human body.
Introduction of Zinc, Zinc Chemistry, Zinc functions, Zinc metabolism , Role in diarrhea , role in wound healing, immunity , hormones , catalytic zinc atom structure zinc atom , zinc enzyme, acrodermatitis enteropathica, toxicity
Vitamins are the trace elements required by our body.They may not be required in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein or lipid but are required in trace amount to maintain the metabolic reactions going on in our body. Vitamins are mainly of two types: fat soluble and lipid soluble. Lipid soluble vitamins are stored in our body.
Vitamin E is one of the fat soluble vitamins.Its main actions is to scavenge the free radicals. Thus is the major component of our natural anti-oxidant system.It also plays important role in certain biological functions.
1. Major components of body molecules
C, H, O, N, S
(obtained through intake of water fat, carbohydrates, proteins)
2. Nutritionally important minerals
Ca, P, Mg, Na K, Cl
(<100 mg/day)
3. Trace elements
Cr, Co, Cu, I, F, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn
4. Additional elements (non-essential for humans)
Ni, Si, Sn, V, B, Li
Selenium micronutrient, its importance to the human system, how it's being metabolized, its sources, some diseases that may arise due to deficiency, people at risk of this deficiency, its recommended dietary allowance, symptoms associated to toxicity and some drugs that may decrease its circulation.
The need of Selenium for our body and its importance, need, etc. is being explained here. Also care should be taken not to consume the same in excess, which results in Selenium toxicity. through this i am trying to throw some light on the various aspects of selenium and its various roles in human body.
Selenium (Se), which is commonly found in nature, is one of the essential trace elements necessary for the normal development of human and animal organisms. Selenium participates in the protection of cells against ROS, in heavy metal detoxifi cation, and regulation of the immune and reproductive systems. Selenium was fi rst defined in 1818 by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in sulfuric acid residues. At the end of 1960's, the role of selenium in human health began to attract attention and human diseases that resembled animal diseases responding to selenium was started to be investigated. Nowadays Selenium is used in the prevention and/or treatment of different disorders including chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, hypothyroidism, cancer, human infertility, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS and depression. In these cases Selenium supplementation is increasingly becoming a valid therapeutic solution.
Minerals and vitamins are interrelated in the sense that both belongs to the same class of nutrients called as micro nutrients, because both are needed in the body in small quantity as compared to other nutrients like carbohydrates, fat and protein.
By Prof. ATEF DONIA Professor of Pediatrics Al Azhar University
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in pathogenesis of common disorders of the preterm infant.
The unique susceptibility of premature infants to oxidative stress. Potential for therapeutic interventions using enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic antioxidants
vitamins in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patientsPediatric Nephrology
Vitamins are organic substances that cannot be synthesized by the
human body
Their functions are essential for normal human metabolism
In contrast to well-defined standards for healthy children/To date, there have been no randomized controlled trials examining the intake and/or needs of vitamins and trace elements in pediatric (CKD) or ESRD
Natural dietary sources of water-soluble vitamins and key trace elements are found in foods such as fruits, legumes, red meat, and dairy, all of which may be limited in the ESRD population on dialysis because of high potassium and phosphorus contents
Small Linear/ Cyclic Bioactive/Synthetic peptides for the treatment of Iron Deficiency Anaemia. Softwares used were licenced versions. Method is specific for laboratory scale only, for fine crystals, Glycine / Alanine are better starting materials.
An update on the nutritional biochemistry of Selenium and recent developments...Milling and Grain magazine
Selenium exists in four oxidation states: elemental Se (Se0), selenide (Se−2), selenite (Se+4), and selenate (Se+6) in a variety of inorganic and organic matrices. The natural inorganic forms, selenite and selenate, account for the majority of total global selenium.
Copper- sources, daily requirement, absorption, transportation, storage, excretion, role in enzymatic action, role in iron metabolism, role in elastin maturation, role in bone formation, copper deficiency, copper toxicity, Wilson disease, Menkes disease.
Folic acid- Chemistry, One carbon metabolism and megaloblastic anemiaNamrata Chhabra
Folic acid- Structure, forms, absorption, transportation, storage, excretion, role in one-carbon metabolism, role in methionine synthesis, role in nucleotide biosynthesis, folate trap, folate antagonists, megaloblastic anemia
Sugar derivatives and reactions of monosaccharidesNamrata Chhabra
Reactions of monosaccharides, osazone formation, reduction, oxidation, reaction with acids and alkalies, ester formation and formation of amino sugars, amino sugar acids and deoxy sugars.
Definition of ELISA, Immunochemical principle of ELISA, Direct, Indirect, Sandwich and Competitive ELISA, applications of ELISA in the diagnostic field, and benefits/drawbacks of ELISA.
Molecular biology revision-Part 3 (Regulation of genes expression and Recombi...Namrata Chhabra
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Recombinant DNA technology, Southern hybridization, Northern Hybridization, Western hybridization, cloning, PCR, Applications of RDT, Animal cloning, Multiple choice questions
Case studies, enzyme inhibition, factors affecting enzyme activity, regulation of enzyme activity, Isoenzymes, classification of enzymes, coenzyme and co-factors, the clinical significance of enzymes, and the mechanism of enzyme action
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
Selenium- chemistry, functions and clinical significance
1. Selenium- functions and clinical
significance
Namrata Chhabra
MHPE, MD, CMCL FAIMER FELLOW
REGIONAL INSTITUTION,
Principal-in charge, Professor& Head, Department of Biochemistry,
SSR Medical College, Mauritius
2. A case series report
A chiropractor noted common symptoms of gastrointestinal illness and hair loss
among several of his patients.
In response to their symptoms, the patients had doubled the dose of a dietary
supplement that they acquired from the chiropractor office.
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Ourbiochemistry 2
3. A case series report
The patients subsequently noted worsening symptoms, including nail
discoloration.
Two couples contacted the local health department, where investigators
identified the common exposure and initiated an investigation.
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Ourbiochemistry 3
4. A case series report
The dietary supplement was identified as the common exposure among all
affected persons.
The FDA subsequently tested the product and determined the selenium
concentration to be approximately 200 times the labeled concentration.
The misformulated liquid dietary supplement resulted in 201 cases of selenium
poisoning.
What might have been the mechanism of Selenium toxicity?
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Ourbiochemistry 4
5. Selenium
Selenium is required for maintenance of health.
It is a trace element that is essential in small amounts; however, it can be toxic at
high levels.
Unlike plants, most animals including humans require selenium for the
appropriate functioning of several selenium-dependent enzymes known as
selenoproteins.
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Ourbiochemistry 5
6. Occurrence of selenium
Selenium is found in the environment in soil.
Selenium content of food is largely dependent on location and soil conditions,
which vary widely.
Soils of certain areas in the Great Plains and Western United States as well as
other parts of the world have high concentrations of selenium, which are taken
up by plants.
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Ourbiochemistry 6
7. Sources of Selenium
The richest food sources of selenium are organ meats and seafood, followed by
muscle meats.
Garlic, onion, and broccoli), wheat, other grains (including Brazil nuts), and soy
are rich in selenomethionine and contain smaller amounts of selenocysteine and
selenate
Selenium supplements are available in several forms.
Sodium selenite and sodium selenate are inorganic forms of selenium
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Ourbiochemistry 7
8. Recommended dietary allowance(RDA)
RDA is 55 μg/d for persons 19 years or older, with a tolerable upper intake limit
of 400 μg/d.
The amount of selenium available in a diverse diet with meat, grains, vegetables,
and nuts is typically sufficient to negate the necessity for supplementation.
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Ourbiochemistry 8
9. Functions of Selenium
1) Selenoproteins
Selenium exerts various biological functions mainly as part of the amino acid,
selenocysteine.
Selenocysteine is found in at least 25 selenocysteine-containing proteins
(selenoproteins).
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Ourbiochemistry 9
10. Examples of selenoproteins
1) Glutathione peroxidase
Five selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases (GPx1-4 and GPx6) have been
identified.
GPx isoenzymes are all antioxidant enzymes that reduce potentially damaging
reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides,
to harmless products like water and alcohols by coupling their reduction with the
oxidation of glutathione.
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Ourbiochemistry 10
11. Reaction catalyzed by Glutathione peroxidase
Reduced glutathione is required for the activity of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant Selenium
containing metalloenzyme that decomposes hydrogen peroxide to water.
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Ourbiochemistry 11
12. Examples of selenoproteins
2) Thioredoxin reductases
The protein thioredoxin, together with thioredoxin reductase( TrxR), NADPH, and
FAD, constitute the thioredoxin antioxidant system involved in the reduction of
antioxidant enzymes (e.g. methionine sulfoxide reductases, and ribonucleotide
reductase-and of many oxidation/reduction (redox)-sensitive signaling proteins .
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Ourbiochemistry 12
14. Examples of selenoproteins
3) Iodothyronine deiodinases (thyroid hormone deiodinases)
The thyroid gland releases very small amounts of biologically active thyroid
hormone (triiodothyronine or T3) and larger amounts of an inactive form of thyroid
hormone (T3 precursor: thyroxine or T4) into the circulation.
Most of the biologically active T3 in the circulation and inside cells is generated by
the removal of one iodine atom from T4 in a reaction catalyzed by selenium-
dependent iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes
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Ourbiochemistry 14
16. Examples of selenoproteins
Selenoprotein P is predominantly produced by the liver and is secreted in the
plasma.
It functions as an antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage by
enabling full activity of thioredoxin reductases and glutathione peroxidases.
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Ourbiochemistry 16
17. Examples of selenoproteins
Selenoprotein W- It is expressed in numerous tissues, with highest levels found
in skeletal muscle and heart.
Its expression in the brain has been found to confer protection against oxidative
stress-induced neuronal cell death.
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Ourbiochemistry 17
18. Examples of selenoproteins
Methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 (formerly selenoprotein R)
The methionine sulfoxide reduction system is involved in the protection against
oxidative stress and is especially critical for the regeneration of proteins
damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Ourbiochemistry 18
19. Selenium deficiency
Insufficient selenium intake may negatively affect the activity of several
selenium-responsive enzymes, including glutathione peroxidases, iodothyronine
deiodinases, selenoprotein W, and methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase.
Prolonged selenium deficiency may likely contribute to Keshan and Kashin-Beck
diseases.
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Ourbiochemistry 19
20. Risk factors of Selenium deficiency
Chronically ill patients who were receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
without added selenium for prolonged periods of time.
Following bariatric surgery
Severe gastrointestinal conditions, such as Crohn's disease.
Metabolic disorders, including phenylketonuria, homocystinuria, and maple
syrup urine disease (if the treatment does not include supplementation with
Selenium)
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Ourbiochemistry 20
21. Keshan disease
Keshan disease is a fatal form of dilated cardiomyopathy that was first described
in young women and children in a selenium-deficient region in China.
The acute form of the disease is characterized by the sudden onset of cardiac
insufficiency, while the chronic form results in moderate-to-severe heart
enlargement with varying degrees of cardiac insufficiency.
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Ourbiochemistry 21
22. Clinical manifestations
Typical manifestations are :
fatigue after even mild exercise,
cardiac arrhythmia and palpitations,
loss of appetite,
cardiac insufficiency,
cardiomegaly, and
congestive heart failure.
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Ourbiochemistry 22
23. Prophylaxis
Once the disease is established, selenium is of little or no therapeutic value.
Prophylaxis consisting of oral administration of selenium 3 months before the
periods of highest anticipated risk is highly effective.
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Ourbiochemistry 23
24. Kashin-beck disease
A selenium-responsive bone and joint disease (osteoarthropathy) has been
detected in children aged 5–13 years in China and less extensively in south-east
Siberia.
The disease is characterized by joint necrosis resulting in structural shortening of
the fingers and long bones with consequent growth retardation and stunting.
Kashin-Beck disease also occurs in areas where the availability of soil selenium
for crop growth is low.
The selenium contents of hair and of whole blood are abnormally low and the
blood content of Glutathione peroxidase is reduced.
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Ourbiochemistry 24
25. Selenium Toxicity
Acute and fatal toxicities have occurred with accidental or suicidal ingestion of
gram quantities of selenium.
Chronic selenium toxicity (selenosis) may occur with smaller doses of selenium
over long periods of time.
The most frequently reported symptoms of selenosis are hair and nail brittleness
and loss.
Other symptoms may include gastrointestinal disturbances, skin rashes, a garlic
breath odor, fatigue, irritability, and neurologic disorders.
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Ourbiochemistry 25
26. Summary
1. Selenium is a trace element that is essential in small amounts, but like all
essential elements, selenium can be toxic at high levels.
2. Selenium exerts various biological functions mainly as part of the amino acid,
selenocysteine, which is found in at least 25 selenocysteine-containing proteins
(selenoproteins).
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Ourbiochemistry 26
27. Summary
3. Insufficient selenium intake may negatively affect the activity of several
selenium-responsive enzymes, including glutathione peroxidases, iodothyronine
deiodinases, selenoprotein W, and methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase.
4. Keshan disease is a fatal form of dilated cardiomyopathy that was first described
in young women and children in a selenium-deficient region in China.
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Ourbiochemistry 27
28. Summary
5. Kashin-Beck disease is characterized by joint necrosis – epiphyseal degeneration
of the arm and leg joints resulting in structural shortening of the fingers and long
bones with consequent growth retardation and stunting.
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Ourbiochemistry 28