Post exposure prophylaxis refers to preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen to prevent infection. Common examples include rabies and tetanus vaccines and immunoglobulins after animal bites, and antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of HIV exposure. Prophylactic immunization aims to establish immunity before exposure through passive transfer of antibodies or active immunization using killed, attenuated, or recombinant vaccines to stimulate antibody production and prevent disease. Active immunization is often the most effective protection against infectious diseases.
Antibiotics are most common therapeutic agents used in hospitals across world, however, microbial world is becoming resistant day by day, posing special challenges to clinicians specially working in ICU set ups. There are multiple ways to curb this menace, if approached together in antibiotic stewardship way, can bring about wonders and retain therapeutic potentials of these drugs.
Antibiotics are most common therapeutic agents used in hospitals across world, however, microbial world is becoming resistant day by day, posing special challenges to clinicians specially working in ICU set ups. There are multiple ways to curb this menace, if approached together in antibiotic stewardship way, can bring about wonders and retain therapeutic potentials of these drugs.
The Slide covers for the- Hepatitis B Virus and Infection. INTRODUCTION, MODES OF TRANSMISSION, HIGH RISK GROUPS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSIS, PROPHYLAXIS, PREVENTION.
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
The Slide covers for the- Hepatitis B Virus and Infection. INTRODUCTION, MODES OF TRANSMISSION, HIGH RISK GROUPS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSIS, PROPHYLAXIS, PREVENTION.
Blood stream infections- clinical microbiologySijo A
Blood stream infections (BSI) refers to the presence of organisms in blood which are threat to every organ in the body.
It causes shock, multiple organ failure and DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation).
The presence of bacteria in blood is called Bacteremia.
The bacteria circulate and actively multiply in the blood stream is called Septicemia.
The presence of virus in blood is called Viremia.
The presence of parasite in blood is called Parasitemia.
The presence of fungi in blood is called Fungemia.
The new virus has made the jump from pigs to humans and has demonstrated it can also pass from human to human. This is why it is demanding so much attention from health authorities. The virus passes from human to human like other types of flu, either through coughing, sneezing, or by touching infected surfaces, although little is known about how the virus acts on humans.
It discusses laboratory tests involved in diagnosing meningitis with more emphasis on details of each test and findings, esp useful for microbiologists and medical students.
A vaccine is a biological agent that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine usually contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism. It is often made from killed or weakened forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Body's immune system is stimulated to recognize the agent as a threat and destroy it, and any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
David Haselwood | How vaccines prevent diseasesDavid Haselwood
David Haselwood - Vaccines provide immunity that protects you from disease without the risk of the infection. It contains a small amount of the germs or parts of the germs that cause disease. The germs in vaccines are either killed or weakened so they can't make you sick. Therefore, vaccination plays an important role in one’s health. #DavidHaselwood
http://davidhaselwood.blogspot.in/
https://medium.com/@davidhaselwood
https://davidhaselwood.wordpress.com/
https://gust.com/companies/david-haselwood
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Post exposure prophylaxis and Immuno prophylaxis
1. Post exposure prophylaxis
Aman Ullah
B.Sc. Med. Lab. Technology
M. Phil. Microbiology
Certificate in Health Professional Education
Lecturer, Department of Medical Lab. Technology
Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Khyber Medical
University, Peshawar, Pakistan
2. Definition
• Post-exposure prophylaxis or Post-exposure
prevention(PEP) is any preventive
medical treatment started immediately after
exposure to a pathogen (such as a disease-
causing virus), in order to prevent infection by
the pathogen and the development of disease
3. Common post exposure prophylaxis
Rabies
• PEP is commonly and very effectively used to
prevent the outbreak of rabies after a bite by a
rabid animal
• The treatment consists of repeated injections of
rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin
Tetanus
• Tetanus post-exposure consists of 2 to 3
injections of tetanus vaccine and tetanus
immunoglobulin
4. Common post exposure prophylaxis
HIV
• In the case of HIV exposure, post-exposure prophylaxis is a
course of antiretroviral drugs which reduces the risk of
seroconversion after events with high risk of exposure to
HIV (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex, needlestick
injuries, or sharing needles)
• The CDC recommends PEP for any HIV negative person who
has recently been exposed to HIV for any reason
• To be most effective, treatment should begin within an
hour of exposure
• After 72 hours post-exposure PEP is much less effective,
and may not be effective at all
• Prophylactic treatment for HIV typically lasts four weeks
5. Common post exposure prophylaxis
Hepatitis B
• If the person exposed is an HBsAg positive source
(a known responder to HBV vaccine) then if
exposed to hepatitis B a booster dose should be
given
• If they are in the process of being vaccinated or
are a non-responder they need to have hepatitis
B immune globulin (HBIG) and the vaccine
Hepatitis C
• Neither immunoglobulin nor antiviral agents are
recommended for HCV post-exposure prophylaxis
7. Prophylactic immunization
• Prophylactic immunization refers to the artificial
establishment of specific immunity, a technique that has
significantly reduced suffering and death from a variety of
infectious diseases
• There are two types of prophylactic immunization:
1. Passive immunization, in which protection is conferred by
introducing preformed antibodies or lymphocytes from
another individual whose immune system was stimulated
by the appropriate antigen
2. Active immunization, in which protection results from the
administration of a vaccine, with dead or harmless living
forms of an organism or with an inactivated toxin, that
stimulates the immune system to produce lymphocytes
and antibodies against that organism or toxin
8. Passive Immunization
• It is sometimes the case that an infectious organism or a poisonous
substance can have such a rapid deleterious effect that the victim does
not have time to develop an immune response spontaneously
• At such times passive immunization with preformed antibodies can
provide life-saving assistance in combating the pathogen or poison
• This situation may arise in victims of poisonous snakebites or botulism, as
well as in those in whom such infections as diphtheria, tetanus, or gas
gangrene have progressed to the point at which bacterial toxins have been
absorbed into the bloodstream
• It is also the case with bites from a rabid animal, although active
immunization is begun at the same time, since the spread of the rabies
infection to the central nervous system is relatively slow
9. Active immunization
• Active immunization aims to ensure that a
sufficient supply of antibodies or T and B cells
that react against a potential infectious agent or
toxin are present in the body before infection
occurs or the toxin is encountered
• Once it has been primed, the immune system
either can prevent the pathogen from
establishing itself or can rapidly mobilize the
various protective mechanisms described above
to abort the infection or toxin in its earliest stages
10. Active immunization
• The vaccines used to provide active
immunization need not contain living
microbes
• What matters is that they include the antigens
important in evoking a protective response
and that those antigens be administered in a
harmless form sufficient in amount and
persistence to produce an immune response
similar to the natural infection
11. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
• Bacterial toxins, such as those that cause tetanus or
diphtheria, can be rendered harmless by treatment
with formaldehyde without affecting their ability to act
as immunogens
• These modified toxins, or toxoids, elicit effective, long-
lasting immunity against bacterial toxins
• When immunization against several antigenic
determinants is desired or the important antigenic
component is not known, it may be prudent to use the
entire microbe, which has been killed in a manner that
does not alter it significantly
• Such so-called “killed” vaccines are used to immunize
against typhoid, pertussis (whooping cough), plague,
and influenza
12. Active immunization
• In other cases, researchers have developed attenuated (i.e.,
weakened) strains of bacteria or viruses
• Attenuated vaccines cause an infection but do not produce
the full array of signs and symptoms of the disease,
because the infectious agent multiplies to only a limited
extent in the body and never reverts to the virulent form
• The use of such live microbes provides the most effective
prophylaxis of all, since they truly imitate a mild form of the
natural infection
• The vaccines for yellow fever, poliomyelitis (oral vaccine),
measles, rubella, and tuberculosis
• Although sufficiently attenuated as far as healthy persons
are concerned, live vaccines may cause the full disease in
persons who have an immune deficiency
13. Active immunization
• Recombinant DNA technology has allowed researchers to
use modified bacteria and viruses that are not harmful to
humans to immunize individuals against an antigen from a
pathogenic microorganism
• This approach involves introducing into the DNA of the
harmless microorganism a gene from a pathogenic
organism that encodes an antigen capable of eliciting a
protective immune response but not the full-blown disease
• Once inoculated into the host, the microorganism
generates the protective antigen of the pathogen and
immunizes the host
• An effective oral vaccine against cholera was developed
based on this approach
14. Active immunization
• Active immunization is often the most
effective and least costly method of protecting
against an infectious disease
• Vaccination campaigns against many diseases,
such as diphtheria, polio, and measles, have
been tremendously successful