This covers the Most talked vaccine, it covers mode of its action, doses, forms and other considerable information about vaccines

1. vaccine
GROUP 3

2. objectives
By the end of this presentation we should know:
• The classification of vaccines
• Forms of vaccines
• Modes of action of vaccines
• Indications and contraindications of vaccines
• Nursing considerations and responsibilities
• Side effects of vaccines

3. introduction
• Vaccine is the biological preparation introduced in the body to boost
immune system. This is simple, safe and effective way of protecting
the body against harmful diseases before coming in contact with
them. It uses body’s natural defense to build resistance to specific
infections and make immune stronger. It was discovered by Edward
Jenner in 1796.

4. classifications
1.Live attenuated vaccines
Contains a living version of microbe weakened in the lab . It is unable
to cause diseases
Induce higher antibody level provides lifelong immunity
Disadvantages
Take time to develop
Vaccine can mutate and change to virulent form that can cause
disease

5. Example of live attenuated vaccine
1) BCG[Bacille Calmette-Guerin]
• Administered as a freeze-dried vaccine
• Administered intradermally 0.05mls at birth stat
• In children above 1 year 0.1mls is given stat
• The vaccine is taken up by antigen presenting cells at the injection site and
transported to regional lymph nodes
• It stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity
• The vaccine antigens stimulate the immune system for an extended period , this
leads to development of long lasting immune memory against mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• BCG does not cause active Tb disease but primes the immune system to amount a
rapid effective response upon subsequent exposure to Tb bacterium

6. Indications and contraindications of BCG
INDICATIONS
• To prevent TB
• Infants and children
• High risk population
• Travel to high TB burden areas
• Occupation exposure [health workers]
Contraindications
• Pregnancy
• Immunocompromised patients
• TB patients
• Immunosuppressant drugs
• Acquired immune deficiencies

7. Side effects of BCG
• Local skin reaction
• Fever
• Swollen glands near injection site
• Infections[uncommon]

8. classification cont’d
2. Toxoid vaccine
• Some pathogens secrete toxins which causes symptoms of infection. When
they are introduced as a type of vaccination, toxoids induce the formation of
antibodies that are capable of neutralizing the real toxins
Example of toxoid vaccine
1) DTP[Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis]
• Introduces harmless components of DTP bacteria[inactivated toxins] in order
to stimulate the immune system
• This prompts the production of antibodies that provide immunity against the
toxins produced by diphtheria and tetanus bacteria
• the vaccine is administered intramuscularly
• 0.5mls at all stages, first contact, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 1 year

9. Indications and
contraindications of dtp
INDICATIONS
• Routine immunization
• Primary immunization
• Booster dosages
• Pregnancy
• Travel to endemic areas
Contraindications
• Patients with severe allergic reactions e.g. anaprophylaxis
• Fever over 45°c[temp]
• Severe reactions such as shock

10. Side effects of dtp
• Redness/soreness/swelling at injection site
• Mild fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches

11. classification cont’d
3. conjugated
This is type of vaccine which combine a weak antigen with a strong antigen
as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to weak
antigen.
Example of conjugated vaccine
1) Typhoid conjugate vaccine
• Consists if Vi polysaccharide[Vi-PS] conjugated to tetanus toxoid
• Can be administered to children under two years, in Malawi it was 78% effective in
protecting children of nine months to 12 years for at least four years
• It is a single dose intramuscular injection
• Tcv contains purified vi antigen linked to a carrier protein which enhances immune
response and leads to formation of antibodies against the antigen

12. Indications and contraindications
of tcv
INDICATIONS
• Infants and children above six months
• Endemic areas
• Preventing infection
Contraindications
• Allergic reactions
• Weakened immune system
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding

13. Side effects of tcv
• Pain at injection site
• Fever
• Headache
• General discomfort
• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea and nausea
• Vomiting
• Skin rash

14. classification cont’d
4. viral vector
• These vaccines are used a modified virus called a vector to deliver genetic material
from the target virus or bacteria into the body to stimulate the immune response.
Example of viral vector vaccine
1) Johnson Johnson vaccine
• Given as 0.5mls of a single dose intramuscular injection
• It uses a harmless adenovirus as a vector to deliver genetical material from the
SARS-Cov-2 virus into the body's cells
• Once inside the cell, the genetic material instructs cells to produce a spike protein
found on the surface of coronavirus
• The immune system recognizes this spike protein as foreign and mounts an immune
response producing antibodies and activating T-cells
• This prepares the immune system to fight future infections with the actual SARS-
Cov-2 virus if encountered

15. Indications and contraindications of Johnson Johnson
vaccine
INDICATIONS
• Prevention of Covid-19 in individuals above age 18
Contraindications
• Allergies to previous dose of any Covid-19 vaccine
• History of severe allergy to polysorbate, which is a component of the
vaccine

16. Side effects of Johnson Johnson
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle pains
• Chills
• Fever
• nausea

17. classification cont’d
5. subunit vaccine
• They contain only specific antigens or part of pathogen rather than the whole pathogen
itself, these antigens stimulate an immune response in the body with causing disease
Example of subunit vaccine
1) Hepatitis b
• It is given in three doses[birth, one month then 6 months]
• Given as an intramuscular injection, usually in the upper arm or thigh
• 0.5mls for adults and children or 1ml given to immunosuppressed patients i.e. HIV infected
patients
• contains only the surface antigen of the hepatitis b virus which is produced in the lab and
then combined with an adjuvant to help the body produce an immune antibody response

18. Indications and contraindications of
hepatitis B vaccine
INDICATIONS
• Infants and children
• High risk individuals[health workers, drug users]
• Unvaccinated individuals
Contraindications
• Known allergies[yeast]
• Immunosuppressed individuals

19. Side effects of hepatitis B vaccine
• Pain and soreness at injection site
• Headache
• Mild fever
• Fatigue
• Joint pain
• Skin reactions
• anaphylaxis

20. forms of vaccines
•Liquid
•Powders
•Tablets

21. Modes of action
• Vaccines help the body to prevent the sickness. They do this by
introducing antigen into the body which imitates infection and cause
immune system to respond. This helps to quickly recognize and fight
off the pathogen if it is encountered in the future, providing immunity

22. Indication of vaccines
• An indication is a sign/disease that requires the use of a drug/vaccine.
Indications
 Malnutrition
 Preventing diseases
contraindication
Is a sign that gives a reason as to why one should not receive a
drug/vaccine.

23. Contraindications
• Allergic reaction
• Age
• HIV positive
• Immunosuppressants
• Concurrent infection
• Pregnancy
• Reduced immunity

24. Nursing considerations and
responsibilities
1. vaccine administration
• Nurses are responsible for safely administering, storing and handling of
vaccines
• Nurses must follow guidelines for vaccine administration
2. Patient education
• Nurses educate patients on vaccines and their importance in disease
prevention
• Teaching the patients on vaccines helps them make informed choices
3. Promote trust
• When nurses receives the vaccinations it ensures the community on the
safety of the vaccine

25. Nursing considerations and
responsibilities
4. Using quality resources
• Nurses should encourage on using reliable sources of information on vaccines
like WHO
5. Public health education
• Nurses should educate on the role vaccines play in preventing various
diseases and stopping disease transmissions

26. Side effects of vaccines
• Pain at the injection site
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle and joint aches
• Chills
• Diarrhea

27. references
• Pharmacology of nursing 9th edition
• Basic and clinical pharmacology Bertram G Katzung, Susan B Masters,
Anthony J Trevor, 11th edition ,Pages1151-1158