Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Potential benefits of GMOs include increased pest and disease resistance in crops, growing food in harsh climates, and increased food supply. Potential drawbacks include introducing allergens and toxins, accidental cross-pollination, antibiotic resistance, and creation of "superweeds."
2. Golden rice provides more nutritional value by being genetically engineered to produce higher levels of vitamin A which could help reduce vitamin A deficiency.
3. A transgene is a gene that has moved between organisms, such as a gene inserted from one species into another in genetic engineering.
4. Corn is most often genetically modified.
5. Dog breeds are an example of artificial selection
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
The document discusses the benefits and risks of genetically modified foods, outlining the top genetically engineered crops which are soybeans, cotton, and corn. It explores the controversy around genetically modified foods in areas like regulatory policies, health effects on humans, and environmental and economic consequences. While genetically modified crops can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there is uncertainty around their long term impacts on human health and the environment.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the debate around GMOs between proponents and opponents. Proponents claim GMOs increase yields and reduce pesticide use, while opponents argue that GMOs can be toxic, increase chemical inputs, and damage the environment and biodiversity. The document questions whether sufficient human trials were conducted on GMOs before being introduced into the food supply and whether GMO corn regulated as an insecticide poses health risks to consumers. It concludes by polling whether Belizean authorities should permit GMO cultivation.
Genetically modified foods are organisms that have been altered through genetic engineering techniques, changing their DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The process of genetic modification involves isolating the gene of interest and inserting it into a transfer vector, which is then introduced into plant cells. Modified plant cells are selected and regenerated into whole plants. Genetically modified foods may have benefits like increased resistance to diseases and pests, but also potential risks to human health and the environment from negative health effects.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs have been developed to have various traits such as insect resistance in crops like corn and cotton, herbicide resistance in soybeans and canola, and the ability to produce pharmaceuticals in microbes. Transgenic animals and plants are also used for research. While GMO crops can help increase yields and reduce costs, there is ongoing debate about their safety for human consumption and environmental impacts.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes from one species to be artificially inserted into an unrelated species.
The document then reviews fundamental genetics concepts like DNA, genes, genotypes and phenotypes. It explains that genes determine traits and are made of DNA sequences. Genetic engineering methods like gene guns and microinjection are used to insert foreign genes into organisms.
The brief history outlines milestones like the discovery of DNA and the first genetically engineered animal. Both benefits and criticisms of GMOs are discussed. While GMO crops with pesticide traits raise concerns, the document argues that well-tested GMO
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides examples of GMO crops. It defines GMOs as plants or animals created through gene splicing, and notes debates around their safety. The document then examines four examples of GMO crops in detail: 1) pesticide-resistant rape plants, 2) insecticide-producing corn, 3) vitamin-A enriched "golden rice", and 4) longer-lasting tomatoes. Each example provides advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes by listing GMO crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato and papaya engineered for traits like herbicide/pest resistance and virus resistance.
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified (GMO) Foods Jack Olmsted
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified short presentation.
The Institute for Responsible Technology is a world leader in educating policy makers and the public about genetically modified (GM) foods and crops. This fully-scripted PowerPoint can be powerful presentation tool to share online, in front of groups or one-on-one with a laptop, tablet, smartphone or paper printout.
http://www.responsibletechnology.org/resources/powerpoint-presentation-on-gmos
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
The document discusses the benefits and risks of genetically modified foods, outlining the top genetically engineered crops which are soybeans, cotton, and corn. It explores the controversy around genetically modified foods in areas like regulatory policies, health effects on humans, and environmental and economic consequences. While genetically modified crops can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, there is uncertainty around their long term impacts on human health and the environment.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the debate around GMOs between proponents and opponents. Proponents claim GMOs increase yields and reduce pesticide use, while opponents argue that GMOs can be toxic, increase chemical inputs, and damage the environment and biodiversity. The document questions whether sufficient human trials were conducted on GMOs before being introduced into the food supply and whether GMO corn regulated as an insecticide poses health risks to consumers. It concludes by polling whether Belizean authorities should permit GMO cultivation.
Genetically modified foods are organisms that have been altered through genetic engineering techniques, changing their DNA in a way that does not occur naturally. The process of genetic modification involves isolating the gene of interest and inserting it into a transfer vector, which is then introduced into plant cells. Modified plant cells are selected and regenerated into whole plants. Genetically modified foods may have benefits like increased resistance to diseases and pests, but also potential risks to human health and the environment from negative health effects.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs have been developed to have various traits such as insect resistance in crops like corn and cotton, herbicide resistance in soybeans and canola, and the ability to produce pharmaceuticals in microbes. Transgenic animals and plants are also used for research. While GMO crops can help increase yields and reduce costs, there is ongoing debate about their safety for human consumption and environmental impacts.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes from one species to be artificially inserted into an unrelated species.
The document then reviews fundamental genetics concepts like DNA, genes, genotypes and phenotypes. It explains that genes determine traits and are made of DNA sequences. Genetic engineering methods like gene guns and microinjection are used to insert foreign genes into organisms.
The brief history outlines milestones like the discovery of DNA and the first genetically engineered animal. Both benefits and criticisms of GMOs are discussed. While GMO crops with pesticide traits raise concerns, the document argues that well-tested GMO
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides examples of GMO crops. It defines GMOs as plants or animals created through gene splicing, and notes debates around their safety. The document then examines four examples of GMO crops in detail: 1) pesticide-resistant rape plants, 2) insecticide-producing corn, 3) vitamin-A enriched "golden rice", and 4) longer-lasting tomatoes. Each example provides advantages and disadvantages. The document concludes by listing GMO crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato and papaya engineered for traits like herbicide/pest resistance and virus resistance.
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified (GMO) Foods Jack Olmsted
The Health Risks of Genetically Modified short presentation.
The Institute for Responsible Technology is a world leader in educating policy makers and the public about genetically modified (GM) foods and crops. This fully-scripted PowerPoint can be powerful presentation tool to share online, in front of groups or one-on-one with a laptop, tablet, smartphone or paper printout.
http://www.responsibletechnology.org/resources/powerpoint-presentation-on-gmos
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from organisms that have had their DNA modified in a way that does not occur naturally, through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Some common GM foods include tomatoes, corn, strawberries, and apples. GM foods are produced to improve crop protection from insects and bacteria, increase longevity and yields, and make crops more attractive. However, there are also disadvantages like increased allergies, toxicity, and unknown long term effects. Public views on GM foods have evolved from initial unawareness to current widespread concerns about safety and calls for labeling or bans of GM products. Islam views genetic modification as interfering with Allah's creation, though preventing harm could make it permissible.
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document lists many potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Some advantages mentioned include increased crop yields, reduced use of pesticides, development of drought-resistant crops, and potential health benefits. Some disadvantages include possible environmental and health risks, the rise of resistant pests and weeds, and ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms. The document discusses the debate around GMOs and concludes that while risks exist, consumer fears may be exaggerated, and the choice regarding GMOs should be left to informed consumers.
This document discusses genetically modified foods, providing a history of GM foods beginning with the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It outlines the process of genetic engineering and identifies potential benefits like increased yields and nutrition, as well as risks including monopolization of agriculture and unknown effects on ecosystems. While labeling is presented as informing consumers, it is also suggested this could hinder the industry. Ultimately the author argues that GM foods are safe and produce more affordable food, so labeling is not necessary.
Genetically modified foods have been developed since 1983 when the first genetically engineered plant was created. GM foods are produced by inserting genes from other organisms into crops to give them new traits like pest or disease resistance. While GM foods could increase yields and nutrition, there are also health and environmental concerns. In the Philippines, Bt corn was first introduced commercially in 2002 but the Catholic Church and some groups oppose GM foods due to safety issues. The regulatory system for GM foods in the Philippines is also limited.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. The process involves manipulating the DNA by identifying specific genes, copying them, and inserting them into other organisms. This is done to plants and animals by removing genes from bacteria and replacing them, or by injecting millions of copies of genes into fertilized eggs. Foods are modified by injecting genes or chemicals to make bananas larger or riper longer. While modification increases crop yields, it can also cause health concerns from potential allergic reactions to new ingredients. Most processed foods in the US contain genetically modified corn, soybeans, or cotton. Researchers are exploring new techniques like MAS to further boost agricultural production.
The document discusses GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and issues surrounding them. It provides definitions and examples of GMOs, notes that most developed nations have restrictions or bans on GMOs due to safety concerns, and lists perceived advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. It also discusses the Non-GMO Project's work in verifying non-GMO products and building consumer interest in non-GMO options.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document summarizes the history and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how the first GMO animal and plants were created in the 1970s and 1980s. It outlines some of the major commercially grown GMO crops and their objectives like insect or herbicide resistance. The document also discusses the development of Bt cotton in India and potential pros and cons of GMOs like increased yields but also human health and environmental concerns.
This document provides information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The document discusses how genetic engineering works by introducing DNA from other species. It then gives examples of common GMOs like Bt crops and Roundup Ready crops. The document also discusses debates around GMO safety and regulation. It concludes by discussing how genetically modified mosquitoes could help reduce diseases like malaria and how sterile insects were used to successfully eradicate screwworm flies in the southern US.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce novel traits like pesticide or herbicide resistance. While controversial, GMOs have potential benefits like increased crop yields from greater resistance to pests and diseases, requiring fewer agricultural chemicals. They may also have increased nutritional value by adding vitamins not found naturally in certain crops. GMOs could help ensure an adequate global food supply as the population grows dramatically in coming decades.
The document discusses genetically modified crops (GMCs), including their definition, methods of genetic modification, potential benefits and risks. Some key points:
- GMCs are plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered by inserting genes from other species, conferring traits like pest/disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, or improved nutrition.
- Potential benefits include increased crop yields and reduced need for pesticides, but risks include possible human health impacts and environmental effects like gene transfer to non-target species.
- Global adoption of major GM crops like soybean and maize has increased significantly since their introduction in the late 1990s, though uptake varies by country. Vietnam has conducted research on GM rice,
This document outlines a presentation on GMOs by Trixie Devine of GMO Free WV. The presentation defines GMOs and provides examples of genetically modified crops. It discusses potential health risks of GMOs like toxicity, mortality, growth defects, and infertility. Environmental risks mentioned include contaminating other crops, harming bees and other organisms, and creating "superweeds." The presentation recommends avoiding GMO ingredients and supporting companies working against GMOs. It shows a chart detailing company contributions against GMO labeling and concludes by taking questions.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM crops. It provides background on what GM crops are, including that they are plants that have been genetically engineered to express traits like herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. The document then discusses topics like the global acreage of GM crops, major GM crop producing countries, advantages and disadvantages of GM crops, food labeling policies regarding GMOs, and health and environmental risks of genetically engineered foods.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
GMO, Genetically modified organisms, agricultural and horticultural crops cur...jagathesan krishnasamy
A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in foods and medicines but have also led to concerns about potential dangers to human health and the environment. Key points made in the document include that GMOs are modified by eliminating, adding, or modifying specific genes, often from other organisms, and they are used in foods like soybeans, canola, and corn as well as in medicines. The history and growth of GMO usage is also discussed. Pros and criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined regarding environmental, health, economic, and other issues.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs). It provides a brief history of genetic modification, including the creation of the first transgenic plant in 1983. Commercially, four GMF crops - soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola - dominate global agriculture. While GMFs promise benefits like increased nutrients and crop protection, there are also risks to human health from allergic reactions and toxic effects. Additionally, GMFs can reduce biodiversity and lead to environmental problems through increased pesticide and herbicide use. The economic and social impacts of GMFs are an ongoing topic of debate.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
2. The history of GMOs began with the discovery of DNA and creation of the first recombinant bacteria in 1973. This led to both benefits from genetic engineering but also safety concerns.
3. GMOs can have advantages like increased yields, nutritional value, pest and disease resistance. However, there are also disadvantages like the risk of gene transfer to weeds and insects developing resistance over time.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
This document contains descriptions of 11 different insect orders. It provides key identifying features for each insect such as body shape, wing structure, antennae type, leg morphology, and mouthpart type. The insects described include silverfish, dragonflies, damselflies, grasshoppers, crickets, earwigs, cockroaches, mantises, and termites. Diagrams accompany each description to illustrate the distinguishing characteristics.
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from organisms that have had their DNA modified in a way that does not occur naturally, through the introduction of a gene from a different organism. Some common GM foods include tomatoes, corn, strawberries, and apples. GM foods are produced to improve crop protection from insects and bacteria, increase longevity and yields, and make crops more attractive. However, there are also disadvantages like increased allergies, toxicity, and unknown long term effects. Public views on GM foods have evolved from initial unawareness to current widespread concerns about safety and calls for labeling or bans of GM products. Islam views genetic modification as interfering with Allah's creation, though preventing harm could make it permissible.
Genetically modified organisms and limitationsZahra Naz
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The production of GMOs involves identifying a gene of interest, amplifying it, and inserting it into an organism's genome. Common examples of GMOs include plants engineered for herbicide and pest resistance, golden rice with increased vitamin A, and bacteria used to produce insulin and vaccines. While GMOs may increase yields and benefit farmers, there are also concerns about their impacts on health and the environment as well as ethical issues.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This summary will discuss some key points about GMOs. GMOs have been engineered for agriculture to create crops that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and diseases in order to increase yields. They have also been engineered for scientific research and to create new colors and varieties of plants. While GMOs have potential benefits, there are also concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. Proper testing, regulation, and labeling are important to address these issues surrounding the use of GMO technology.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document lists many potential advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. Some advantages mentioned include increased crop yields, reduced use of pesticides, development of drought-resistant crops, and potential health benefits. Some disadvantages include possible environmental and health risks, the rise of resistant pests and weeds, and ethical concerns regarding genetic modification of organisms. The document discusses the debate around GMOs and concludes that while risks exist, consumer fears may be exaggerated, and the choice regarding GMOs should be left to informed consumers.
This document discusses genetically modified foods, providing a history of GM foods beginning with the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. It outlines the process of genetic engineering and identifies potential benefits like increased yields and nutrition, as well as risks including monopolization of agriculture and unknown effects on ecosystems. While labeling is presented as informing consumers, it is also suggested this could hinder the industry. Ultimately the author argues that GM foods are safe and produce more affordable food, so labeling is not necessary.
Genetically modified foods have been developed since 1983 when the first genetically engineered plant was created. GM foods are produced by inserting genes from other organisms into crops to give them new traits like pest or disease resistance. While GM foods could increase yields and nutrition, there are also health and environmental concerns. In the Philippines, Bt corn was first introduced commercially in 2002 but the Catholic Church and some groups oppose GM foods due to safety issues. The regulatory system for GM foods in the Philippines is also limited.
Genetically modified foods are foods that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. The process involves manipulating the DNA by identifying specific genes, copying them, and inserting them into other organisms. This is done to plants and animals by removing genes from bacteria and replacing them, or by injecting millions of copies of genes into fertilized eggs. Foods are modified by injecting genes or chemicals to make bananas larger or riper longer. While modification increases crop yields, it can also cause health concerns from potential allergic reactions to new ingredients. Most processed foods in the US contain genetically modified corn, soybeans, or cotton. Researchers are exploring new techniques like MAS to further boost agricultural production.
The document discusses GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and issues surrounding them. It provides definitions and examples of GMOs, notes that most developed nations have restrictions or bans on GMOs due to safety concerns, and lists perceived advantages and disadvantages of GMOs. It also discusses the Non-GMO Project's work in verifying non-GMO products and building consumer interest in non-GMO options.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It begins by defining a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. Common types of GMOs include food crops like soybeans, corn, and canola, as well as some medicines produced through genetic engineering. The document then provides a brief history of GMO development, including the creation of the first GMO in 1973 and the commercialization of genetically engineered foods in the 1990s. It discusses both perceived benefits of GMOs, such as increased crop yields and disease resistance, as well as concerns about their environmental and health impacts. In conclusion, the document notes that the debate around GMOs centers on whether the risks outweigh the benefits.
This document summarizes the history and development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It discusses how the first GMO animal and plants were created in the 1970s and 1980s. It outlines some of the major commercially grown GMO crops and their objectives like insect or herbicide resistance. The document also discusses the development of Bt cotton in India and potential pros and cons of GMOs like increased yields but also human health and environmental concerns.
This document provides information about genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines a GMO as an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The document discusses how genetic engineering works by introducing DNA from other species. It then gives examples of common GMOs like Bt crops and Roundup Ready crops. The document also discusses debates around GMO safety and regulation. It concludes by discussing how genetically modified mosquitoes could help reduce diseases like malaria and how sterile insects were used to successfully eradicate screwworm flies in the southern US.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This allows genes from different species to be combined to produce novel traits like pesticide or herbicide resistance. While controversial, GMOs have potential benefits like increased crop yields from greater resistance to pests and diseases, requiring fewer agricultural chemicals. They may also have increased nutritional value by adding vitamins not found naturally in certain crops. GMOs could help ensure an adequate global food supply as the population grows dramatically in coming decades.
The document discusses genetically modified crops (GMCs), including their definition, methods of genetic modification, potential benefits and risks. Some key points:
- GMCs are plants whose genetic characteristics have been altered by inserting genes from other species, conferring traits like pest/disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, or improved nutrition.
- Potential benefits include increased crop yields and reduced need for pesticides, but risks include possible human health impacts and environmental effects like gene transfer to non-target species.
- Global adoption of major GM crops like soybean and maize has increased significantly since their introduction in the late 1990s, though uptake varies by country. Vietnam has conducted research on GM rice,
This document outlines a presentation on GMOs by Trixie Devine of GMO Free WV. The presentation defines GMOs and provides examples of genetically modified crops. It discusses potential health risks of GMOs like toxicity, mortality, growth defects, and infertility. Environmental risks mentioned include contaminating other crops, harming bees and other organisms, and creating "superweeds." The presentation recommends avoiding GMO ingredients and supporting companies working against GMOs. It shows a chart detailing company contributions against GMO labeling and concludes by taking questions.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM crops. It provides background on what GM crops are, including that they are plants that have been genetically engineered to express traits like herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. The document then discusses topics like the global acreage of GM crops, major GM crop producing countries, advantages and disadvantages of GM crops, food labeling policies regarding GMOs, and health and environmental risks of genetically engineered foods.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genes, which are then transferred to an organism to give it modified or novel genes. GMOs have widespread applications in biological research, medicine, agriculture, and more. Some advantages of GMOs include higher crop yields, lower food prices, and using fewer pesticides. However, some disadvantages include possible harm to other organisms, cross-pollination with non-GMO plants, and concerns about risks to health and the environment. Views on GMOs are mixed, as some see benefits in addressing issues like hunger and malnutrition, while others have concerns about their effects.
GMO, Genetically modified organisms, agricultural and horticultural crops cur...jagathesan krishnasamy
A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in foods and medicines but have also led to concerns about potential dangers to human health and the environment. Key points made in the document include that GMOs are modified by eliminating, adding, or modifying specific genes, often from other organisms, and they are used in foods like soybeans, canola, and corn as well as in medicines. The history and growth of GMO usage is also discussed. Pros and criticisms of genetically modified foods are outlined regarding environmental, health, economic, and other issues.
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GMFs). It provides a brief history of genetic modification, including the creation of the first transgenic plant in 1983. Commercially, four GMF crops - soybeans, maize, cotton, and canola - dominate global agriculture. While GMFs promise benefits like increased nutrients and crop protection, there are also risks to human health from allergic reactions and toxic effects. Additionally, GMFs can reduce biodiversity and lead to environmental problems through increased pesticide and herbicide use. The economic and social impacts of GMFs are an ongoing topic of debate.
1. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves combining DNA from different sources to create novel genes.
2. The history of GMOs began with the discovery of DNA and creation of the first recombinant bacteria in 1973. This led to both benefits from genetic engineering but also safety concerns.
3. GMOs can have advantages like increased yields, nutritional value, pest and disease resistance. However, there are also disadvantages like the risk of gene transfer to weeds and insects developing resistance over time.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This involves inserting or deleting genes, usually from a different species, to give the organism modified or novel genes. GMOs have a variety of uses including agricultural crops that are resistant to herbicides or pests. Common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, and papaya. While GMOs can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, they remain a controversial application of biotechnology.
This document contains descriptions of 11 different insect orders. It provides key identifying features for each insect such as body shape, wing structure, antennae type, leg morphology, and mouthpart type. The insects described include silverfish, dragonflies, damselflies, grasshoppers, crickets, earwigs, cockroaches, mantises, and termites. Diagrams accompany each description to illustrate the distinguishing characteristics.
Post exposure prophylaxis and Immuno prophylaxisAman Ullah
Post exposure prophylaxis refers to preventive medical treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen to prevent infection. Common examples include rabies and tetanus vaccines and immunoglobulins after animal bites, and antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of HIV exposure. Prophylactic immunization aims to establish immunity before exposure through passive transfer of antibodies or active immunization using killed, attenuated, or recombinant vaccines to stimulate antibody production and prevent disease. Active immunization is often the most effective protection against infectious diseases.
This document discusses human genetics and inheritance through three main topics: genetic disorders, types of recessive genetic disorders (including cystic fibrosis, albinism, and Tay-Sachs disease), and dominant genetic disorders (including Huntington's disease and achondroplasia). It also covers pedigrees, which are diagrams used to track the inheritance of traits through generations using symbolic representations of individuals and their genetic statuses. Key points are that recessive traits only appear if homozygous, while dominants can be inherited heterozygous or homozygous, and conditions like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are caused by genetic defects on specific chromosomes.
This document discusses several concepts for classifying and organizing life's diversity, including typological, biological, and phylogenetic species concepts. It also describes how scientists use morphological and biochemical characters, as well as molecular clocks based on gene and DNA comparisons, to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and construct cladograms showing evolutionary relationships among species.
This document discusses human genetics and inheritance through three main topics: genetic disorders, types of recessive genetic disorders (including cystic fibrosis, albinism, and Tay-Sachs disease), and dominant genetic disorders (including Huntington's disease and achondroplasia). It also covers pedigrees, which are diagrams used to track the inheritance of traits through generations using symbolic representations of individuals and their genetic statuses. Key points are that recessive traits only appear if homozygous, while dominants can be inherited heterozygous or homozygous, and conditions like cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease are caused by genetic defects on specific chromosomes.
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
This document discusses the debate around labeling genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food. Pro-labeling arguments are that consumers have a right to know what is in their food and some want to avoid GMOs. However, opponents argue that labels could increase food costs and falsely alarm consumers when there is no scientific evidence that GMOs are dangerous. The document also outlines genetically modified animals and plants that have been created or proposed for various purposes, such as glowing cats, pollution-eating trees, and fast-growing forestry plants.
11.2 & 11.3 Complex Patterns of Inheritancekathy_lambert
This document discusses several types of complex inheritance patterns:
1) In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. An example given is red and white flowers producing pink flowers.
2) Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition, such as with sickle-cell anemia where people produce both normal and sickle-shaped red blood cells.
3) Multiple alleles exist, such as the three alleles that determine blood type (A, B, and O) and the alleles that determine rabbit coat color.
This chapter discusses eukaryotic cells and microorganisms. It begins by describing the early evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes approximately 2 billion years ago through endosymbiosis. Eukaryotic cells developed organelles, complexity, and specialization over time. The chapter then examines the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells, including external structures like flagella, cilia, and glycocalyx layers, as well as internal structures such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton. It also covers the kingdoms of fungi and protists, looking at their morphology, nutrition, reproduction,
Contain membrane-bound organelles
Larger and more complex cells found in plants,
animals, fungi, and protists
Prokaryotic cells
Lack membrane-bound organelles
Smaller and simpler cells found in bacteria and
archaea
1. The chapter discusses the fundamental building blocks of matter including atoms, bonds, and molecules. It describes the basic atomic structure of elements and how different types of chemical bonds form compounds and molecules.
2. The chapter then examines macromolecules that are essential to life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains how each macromolecule is formed
This chapter discusses the distinguishing features of prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes, including their lack of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. It describes the typical structures found in bacterial cells, such as the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and circular chromosomes. Some bacteria possess additional structures like flagella, pili, or endospores. The chapter contrasts gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria based on differences in their cell envelopes. It also examines bacterial shapes, arrangements, classification systems, and examples of important prokaryotic groups including pathogens and photosynthetic bacteria.
The document outlines the process of how genetic information in DNA is used to produce proteins. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus, and then how mRNA is translated into proteins with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The mRNA code uses three-letter combinations called codons to specify which of 20 amino acids should be included in the protein chain.
This chapter discusses the basic tools and techniques used in microbiology laboratories. It describes the five basic techniques to culture microorganisms: inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, and identification. Various media types and methods for culturing microorganisms are also explained. Additionally, the chapter outlines the principles and types of light microscopes used to examine microorganisms, including brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, and fluorescence microscopes. Electron microscopy techniques like transmission and scanning electron microscopy are also summarized. Finally, methods for preparing specimens for examination under optical microscopes are provided.
This chapter introduces the key concepts of microbiology. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without magnification. The major groups of microorganisms are bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminthes, fungi, and viruses. Microorganisms have profoundly impacted Earth through processes like photosynthesis and nutrient recycling. Humans have harnessed microbes for applications like brewing and biotechnology. The development of microscopy and the scientific method were crucial to establishing microbiology as a field and linking pathogens to infectious diseases. Taxonomy involves naming, classifying, and identifying microbes.
Genetically engineered microorganisms can be used to reduce various types of pollution, including air, water, and soil pollution. For air pollution, microbes can be engineered and placed in biofilters to break down toxic pollutants like pesticides. For water and soil pollution, plants can be genetically modified to absorb and break down contaminants, like poplar trees engineered with mercury-degrading genes to extract mercury from soil and water. Overall, genetically engineered organisms show promise as a sustainable approach to pollution remediation by harnessing natural processes to degrade pollutants.
Extraction of DNA from human cheek cellsErin Mucci
This document provides instructions for extracting DNA from human cheek cells in 3 steps:
1. Adding detergent to cheek cell solution breaks open cell and nuclear membranes, releasing DNA.
2. Adding meat tenderizer enzyme cuts proteins and unwinds DNA strands.
3. Adding cold alcohol causes DNA to precipitate out while lipids and proteins remain in solution, allowing visible clumps of extracted DNA.
This document provides instructions for extracting DNA from dried split peas. It explains that blending the peas breaks open the pea cells. Dishwashing detergent is then added to break apart the cell and nuclear membranes, releasing the DNA. Meat tenderizer contains enzymes that break apart surrounding proteins to further isolate the DNA. Finally, a layer of isopropyl alcohol is added, causing the DNA to float to the top and be separated from the mixture.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Potential benefits of GMOs include increased pest and disease resistance, increased food supply and more nutritional value. Potential drawbacks include introducing allergens and toxins, accidental cross-pollination and environmental risks like creating "superweeds."
2. Golden rice provides more vitamin A which can help prevent blindness in children in developing countries where vitamin A deficiency is common.
3. A transgene is a gene that has moved between organisms, such as a gene inserted from one species into another in genetic engineering.
4. Corn and soybeans are most often genetically modified.
5. Dog breeds are an example of artificial selection, where humans selectively breed animals for
Biotechnology can help address increasing global food demand through more efficient food production methods. As populations grow, cereal production will need to increase 50% worldwide and rice production in the Philippines will need to increase 40% to feed everyone. Agricultural resources are limited by issues like deforestation, overgrazing, and land conversion. Biotechnology techniques like genetic engineering can help develop crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, have higher yields, and improved post-harvest qualities. The Philippines is researching biotech applications like papaya with delayed ripening, vitamin A-enriched rice, and disease-resistant banana, coconut, and sweet potato varieties to improve agriculture. Some biotech products are already being commercialized like Bt corn resistant to
This document discusses genetically modified foods and outlines some of the key issues. It covers the testing done by regulatory agencies on food safety. It also examines the effects on natural ecosystems, including potential reductions in pesticide usage but also risks to biodiversity from farming GM crops. The document also addresses concerns about gene flow from GM foods into non-GM organisms and the evolution of pest or bacteria resistance. Both pros and cons of GM foods are acknowledged around increased food production but also disrupting ecosystems and contaminating other organisms.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are plants and animals that have been genetically engineered. The document discusses both the benefits and risks of GMOs. It notes that GMOs are designed to increase yields, withstand herbicides and pesticides, and resist diseases. However, there is also a risk of "super bugs" and "super weeds" developing resistance. The document also explains that most processed foods contain GMOs, but shopping organic is the easiest way to avoid GMOs, though organic does not guarantee non-GMO. It concludes by discussing both the advantages and disadvantages of GMOs reported in other research.
Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA. Common GM foods include corn, soybeans, potatoes, and tomatoes. GM foods may be modified to increase crop yields, improve nutrition, or make crops resistant to pests and herbicides. While GM foods could offer benefits like higher yields and more nutritious foods, there are also health risks to consider like allergic reactions and antibiotic resistance. Public opinion on GM foods is mixed, with some expecting benefits and others concerned about potential negative effects. Further research is needed to fully assess both the risks and benefits of genetically modified crops and foods.
Genetically modified foods are derived from organisms that have had their DNA artificially altered to produce desired characteristics. Recombinant DNA technology is used to transfer genes between organisms, such as adding fish genes to tomatoes to allow them to survive frost. Potential benefits include increased crop yields, reduced pesticide use, and improved nutrition. However, there are also risks like unintended harm to human health from new allergens or to the environment. Government agencies regulate GM foods for safety but labeling is only required in some countries. Overall, GM foods could help address hunger but require cautious assessment of risks.
This document discusses genetically modified foods and explores both the positive and negative effects. It defines genetically modified foods as foods derived from organisms that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. The most common genetically modified crops are soy, corn, cotton, and canola. The document summarizes benefits like increased crop yields and pest resistance, but also lists potential health risks and environmental concerns. It also examines the debate around labeling genetically modified ingredients.
Genetically modified foods are created by altering the DNA of food crops. The top three reasons for genetic modification are to make crops resistant to herbicides, improve nutritional content, and increase crop yields. Potential benefits include lower costs for farmers and more durable, nutritious foods. However, critics argue that GM foods could lead to antibiotic resistance, new diseases, and harm the environment through gene transfer to weeds and loss of biodiversity. There is ongoing debate around labeling and regulation of genetically modified organisms in food.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and presents both the potential benefits and risks of genetic modification. It notes that GMOs have been developed for crops like corn, soybeans, and rice, as well as for animals like Dolly the sheep. The potential benefits mentioned include increased food production, improved nutrition, and a reduced need for pesticides. However, the document also discusses risks like harm to other organisms, the creation of "super weeds" and pests, and potential human health or environmental impacts. It examines issues around the ethics, labeling, access, and intellectual property concerns regarding GMOs.
Intro. to Food_Sci_1.pptbbbbbiochemistryAnnie Annie
This document provides an outline for a course on foods and food science. It covers topics like the definitions of food science and related terms, different food production, processing, and preservation methods, sensory food evaluation, perspectives on nutrition, nutrients and diet, functional and genetically modified foods, food fortification versus enrichment, issues around global food supply and access, and organic versus conventional agricultural practices. The document also discusses biotechnology and genetically engineered crops, animals, and other applications as well as debates around organic foods and genetically modified foods.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document discusses the history of GMOs from their creation in 1973 through their widespread use today, particularly in food crops like soybeans and corn. It also outlines some benefits of GMOs such as increased yields and herbicide resistance, as well as concerns about their safety and environmental impacts. The document concludes by noting that while GMOs may help address issues like world hunger, their development and use remains an ongoing topic of debate.
The organisms ( plant ,animal , micro organisms) in which genetic material ( DNA) has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and or natural recombination.
The technology is called as gene technology or genetic engineering . The selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another.
Safety of genetically modified (gm) nufs 427 fall 14 Angele L'Heureux
This document summarizes information about genetically modified (GM) foods. It discusses what genetic modification means, potential benefits of GM foods like increased crop yields and drought resistance. It also covers controversies around GM foods like safety concerns and social equity issues. The document provides examples of GM products like cheeses made with a genetically modified enzyme called chymosin. It examines reviews of GM crop safety research that have found no differences in risks between GM and traditionally bred crops. The document also discusses debates around the safety of GM salmon and analyses of risks from the growth hormone gene and containment measures.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering, including plants, animals, microbes, and foods. The document outlines the process of genetic modification involving inserting or deleting genes. It describes existing GMO models like transgenic plants engineered for research or improved crops, microbes used to produce medicines, and genetically engineered animals and fish used for research. The document also compares genetic engineering to traditional breeding and discusses both the pros and cons of genetic engineering.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. The document then describes how GMOs are produced through inserting or deleting genes from different species. It provides examples of genetically modified plants, microbes, mammals, and fish that have been created for various purposes like producing useful goods, scientific research, and improved crops. The document also discusses the principles of genetic engineering compared to traditional breeding and lists some pros and cons of genetic modification.
Presented on February 15, 2016 to the U.S. Grains Council in Sarasota, FL. The presentation talks about modern methods of plant genetic improvement and how these strategies will be augmented with the next wave of breeding technologies, like CRISPR/cas9.
Consumer rights for safe food include the rights for food to be safe, nutritious, affordable, available, and sustainable. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms like crops that have been altered by changing their gene sequence to induce desired traits, such as making crops pest-resistant or herbicide-tolerant. While GMOs may have benefits, there is no long-term research on their safety as human food and growing evidence they can be hazardous. To avoid GMOs, consumers should eat local, unprocessed, organic food and fight for their right to safe food and GMO labeling.
This document discusses evolution of populations and the Hardy-Weinberg principle of population genetics. It introduces the five agents of evolutionary change and explains that a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium will maintain constant allele frequencies over time if these agents are removed. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem uses equations to calculate expected genotype frequencies based on allele frequencies. Examples are provided to show how observed genotype frequencies can be analyzed to determine if evolutionary forces are acting on a population. The document also discusses how sickle cell anemia provides an example of heterozygote advantage, with the sickle cell allele maintained at high levels in areas with malaria due to protection provided to heterozygotes.
The document discusses the classification of living things. It states that the broadest category is domains, of which there are three - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Within these domains are six kingdoms - Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Each kingdom has distinct characteristics, such as Bacteria containing cells with peptidoglycan cell walls, Archaea living in extreme environments, and Animalia being multicellular and heterotrophic.
Aristotle developed one of the earliest systems of biological classification over 2000 years ago, classifying organisms as either animals or plants. Animals were further divided based on whether they had red blood and their habitat and physical characteristics. Plants were classified by size and structure. Later, Linnaeus developed the first formal taxonomic system that is still used today, assigning each species a binomial scientific name. His system involved classifying organisms into a nested hierarchy of taxonomic ranks from broad to specific, including domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 15 on evolution from a biology textbook. Section 15.1 discusses Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, which proposes that evolution occurs through natural selection acting on random genetic variations in populations over multiple generations. The four main principles of natural selection are described. Section 15.2 reviews various lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and geographic distribution of species. Section 15.3 discusses how evolutionary theory has been refined over time, including ideas around genetic drift, speciation factors, gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium, and sexual selection.
Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle and observations of species on the Galapagos Islands led him to develop the theory of natural selection. Natural selection proposes that heritable traits better suited to the environment will help individuals survive and reproduce, leading to evolution over generations as beneficial traits become more common. Darwin published his theory in On the Origin of Species in 1859. Modern evidence from fossils, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology provide strong support for evolution by natural selection.
This document contains information about two sections from a biology textbook chapter on the history of life. Section 1 discusses fossil evidence of change and how fossils are used to date major events in Earth's history. Section 2 covers theories about the origin of life, including the primordial soup hypothesis and the endosymbiotic theory explaining the origin of organelles. The document provides learning goals and content for both sections, including the formation of early Earth and atmosphere, fossil formation processes, dating methods, and early events in life's evolution.
Mutations are changes to DNA that can alter genes and traits. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations, which change a single DNA nucleotide, and frameshift mutations, which add or delete nucleotides, altering the reading frame. Point mutations can be silent, changing no amino acids, missense, changing an amino acid, or nonsense, creating a stop codon. Frameshift mutations typically have larger effects by changing many amino acids downstream. Examples given are sickle cell anemia from a point mutation and cystic fibrosis from a frameshift deletion.
DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA, then RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one old and one new strand.
Mutations are changes to DNA that can alter genes and traits. There are two main types of mutations: point mutations, which change a single DNA nucleotide, and frameshift mutations, which add or delete nucleotides, altering the reading frame. Point mutations can be silent, changing no amino acids, missense, changing an amino acid, or nonsense, creating a stop codon. Frameshift mutations typically have more significant effects by changing all subsequent amino acids. Examples given are sickle cell anemia from a point mutation and cystic fibrosis from a frameshift deletion.
The document outlines the process by which DNA is translated into proteins. It begins with DNA in the nucleus containing genes which provide instructions. During transcription, mRNA is produced from DNA and transports the genetic code to the cytoplasm. Translation then occurs as the mRNA code is read by ribosomes to produce proteins according to the three-letter mRNA codons that correspond to specific amino acids. Proteins are essential to cells and carry out functions specified by the genes in DNA.
DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves several key enzymes. DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the parental DNA, then RNA primase adds short RNA primers to each strand. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand in the 5' to 3' direction, with the leading strand synthesized continuously and the lagging strand synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together. The end result is two double-stranded DNA molecules that each contain one old and one new strand.
The document summarizes key experiments in the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It describes Griffith's experiment showing a "transforming principle" could pass from dead to live bacteria. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod found DNA was the transforming agent. Hershey and Chase's blender experiment showed viral DNA, not protein, entered host cells. Watson and Crick then modeled DNA's double helix structure from evidence including Chargaff's rules and Franklin's X-ray data.
This document discusses several types of complex inheritance patterns:
1) In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.
2) Codominance occurs when both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous condition, such as in sickle-cell anemia where people produce both normal and sickle blood cells.
3) Multiple alleles exist, such as the three alleles that determine blood type (A, B, AB, and O) and the alleles that determine rabbit coat color.
This document discusses meiosis and how it differs from mitosis. Meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells rather than two diploid cells. It allows for genetic recombination through processes like synapsis, crossing over, segregation and independent assortment during prophase I and anaphase I. Meiosis is important for sexual reproduction as it generates gametes like sperm and eggs that each contain half the normal number of chromosomes.
Cellular respiration harvests chemical energy from food like carbohydrates to make ATP, the energy currency of cells. It involves three main stages - glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose without oxygen to make a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle further breaks down these products and makes more ATP. Finally, the electron transport chain uses oxygen to generate the most ATP through chemiosmosis. When oxygen is absent, fermentation pathways like lactic acid fermentation allow some ATP production through anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are where most ATP is produced through aerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis allows plants to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It occurs in two phases within the chloroplast - the light dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light independent Calvin cycle where glucose is assembled from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH. The overall equation is carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight) → glucose + oxygen.
Organisms obtain energy through cellular processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Cellular respiration breaks down food molecules to release energy, some as heat and some stored as ATP, which cells can use like money. Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to produce food molecules. Autotrophs like plants can produce their own food using photosynthesis, while heterotrophs must ingest food to get energy through cellular respiration.
This document discusses cell membranes and movement across them. It explains that cell membranes are made of phospholipids arranged in a bilayer that acts as a semi-permeable barrier. Materials can cross the membrane through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion using membrane channels, or active transport using protein pumps. Water specifically crosses by osmosis, moving from high to low concentration areas. Cells need to regulate water movement to avoid bursting in hypotonic solutions or shriveling in hypertonic solutions, maintaining an isotonic balance.
The microscope enabled the discovery that all living things are made of cells. In 1665, Robert Hooke used a simple microscope to observe box-shaped structures in cork that he called "cells". In the late 1600s, Anton van Leeuwenhoek used an improved microscope to observe living organisms in pond water and milk. Over subsequent decades, scientists including Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow contributed observations that led to the accepted Cell Theory - that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure, and cells come from pre-existing cells. More advanced microscopes like electron microscopes have since allowed scientists to study cells in even greater detail.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells and cell organelles. It explains that cells have three main jobs: producing energy through cellular respiration and photosynthesis using mitochondria and chloroplasts, producing proteins using the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, and reproducing by copying DNA and dividing organelles and cells using the nucleus and centrioles. Each organelle performs a specialized function that allows the cell to carry out these essential life processes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. What is a Genetically Modified Organism?
• It involves the insertion of DNA from
one organism into another OR
modification of an organism’s DNA in
order to achieve a desired trait.
Suntory "blue" rose
3. How does this differ from Mendel and his peas?
GM vs Selective Breeding
Selective breeding
• Slow
• Imprecise
• Modification of genes that naturally occur in
the organism
GM
• Very fast
• Precise
• Can introduce genes into an organisms that
would not naturally occur!
4. Genetic engineering vs agricultural breeding
• Artificial selection has influenced the genetic
makeup of livestock and crops for thousands of
years.
• Proponents of GM crops say GM foods are safe.
• Critics of GM foods say:
– Traditional breeding uses genes from the same
species.
– Selective breeding deals with whole organisms, not
just genes.
– In traditional breeding, genes come together on their
own.
7. Biotechnology is impacting our lives
• Biotechnology: the material
application of biological science to
create products derived from
organisms
• Transgenic organism: an organism
that contains DNA from another
species
–Transgenes: the genes that have
moved between organisms
8. GMO in Medicine
• Insulin (e.g., SemBioSys Genetics
Inc- saflower)
• Clotting factors
• Atryn (anticoagulant).
• Banana vaccines
• Cancer fighting eggs
21. Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods
Experts say 60% to 70% of processed
foods on U.S. grocery shelves have
genetically modified ingredients.
Common GM crops:
• Soybeans
• Corn
• Cotton
22. Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods
ConsCons
• Introducing allergens and toxins to food
• Accidental cross pollination
• Antibiotic resistance
• Creation of "super" weeds and other
environmental risks
23. Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods
ProsPros
• Increased pest and disease resistance
• Grow food in harsh climate
• Increased food supply (more food/acre)
• More nutritional value
• Make drugs
Ring spot virus
25. GMO Controversy in Hawaii
http://hawaiiseed.org/local-issues/taro/
• Undermines the genetic integrity of taro, sacred to the
Hawaiian people;
• Threatens the taro market and livelihood of taro farmers.
Taro production yields over 6 million pounds annually
valued at $3.3 million.
• Threatens the biodiversity of the taro plant;
• Could cause new, unexpected problems in taro
cultivation;
• Could contaminate traditional varieties of taro and take
away taro farmers’ ability to choose what they grow in
their lo’i; and
• Overlooks the wealth of traditional knowledge about
growing taro that has been passed down through
generations.
26. Inquiry
1. Provide three potential benefits
and drawbacks of GMOs.
2. What benefit does golden rice
provide?
3. What is a transgene?
4. Which organism is most often
used in GM?
27. 5. Dog breeds are an example of
A) Artificial selection
B) Natural selection
C) Genetic modification
Inquiry
Editor's Notes
The drug, ATryn, an anticoagulant used to reduce blood clots during surgery or childbirth. It is extracted from the goat's milk
Banana vaccines
People may soon be getting vaccinated for diseases like hepatitis B and cholera by simply taking a bite of banana. Researchers have successfully engineered bananas, potatoes, lettuce, carrots and tobacco to produce vaccines, but they say bananas are the ideal production and delivery vehicle. When an altered form of a virus is injected into a banana sapling, the virus’ genetic material quickly becomes a permanent part of the plant’s cells. As the plant grows, its cells produce the virus proteins — but not the infectious part of the virus. When people eat a bite of a genetically engineered banana, which is full of virus proteins, their immune systems build up antibodies to fight the disease — just like a traditional vaccine.
Scientists at the University of Washington are engineering poplar trees that can clean up contamination sites by absorbing groundwater pollutants through their roots. The plants then break the pollutants down into harmless byproducts that are incorporated into their roots, stems and leaves or released into the air. In laboratory tests, the transgenic plants are able to remove as much as 91 percent of trichloroethylene — the most common groundwater contaminant at U.S. Superfund sites — out of a liquid solution. Regular poplar plants removed just 3 percent of the contaminant.
The Enviropig, or “Frankenswine,” as critics call it, is a pig that’s been genetically altered to better digest and process phosphorus. Pig manure is high in phytate, a form of phosphorus, so when farmers use the manure as fertilizer, the chemical enters the watershed and causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen in the water and kill marine life. So scientists added an E. Coli bacteria and mouse DNA to a pig embryo. This modification decreases a pig’s phosphorous output by as much as 70 percent — making the pig more environmentally friendly.
Monsanto also produces seeds which grow into plants genetically engineered to be tolerant to glyphosate, which are known as Roundup Ready crops. The genes contained in these seeds are patented. Such crops allow farmers to use glyphosate as a post-emergence herbicide against most broadleaf and cereal weeds. Soy was the first Roundup Ready crop, and was produced at Monsanto's Agracetus Campus located in Middleton, Wisconsin.
The success of the agricultural world is heavily dependent on the weather. Cold weather conditions are directly responsible for the appearance of frost on plants and most importantly, crops. In the United States alone, it has been estimated that frost accounts for approximately $1 billion in crop damage each year. As P. syringae commonly inhabits plant surfaces, its ice nucleating nature incites frost development, freezing the buds of the plant and destroying the occurring crop. The introduction of an ice-minus strain of P. syringae to the surface of plants would incur competition between the strains. Should the ice-minus strain win out, the ice nucleate provided by P. syringae would no longer be present, lowering the level of frost development on plant surfaces at normal water freezing temperature (0oC). Even if the ice-minus strain does not win out, the amount of ice nucleate present from ice-plus P. syringae would be reduced due to competition. Decreased levels of frost generation at normal water freezing temperature would translate into a lowered quantity of crops lost due to frost damage, rendering higher crop yields overall.
What is StarLink corn?StarLink corn is one of several kinds of Bt corn that have been genetically engineered to produce insecticide within the plant itself so that external applications of pesticides to fields can be reduced or eliminated. While other Bt corns on the market in 1999 and 2000 produced a Bt toxin called Cry1A(b), StarLink had Cry9C, a slightly different version of the protein.
In tests required for government approval to grow the crop, the Cry9C protein had been slower to break down under artificial digestibility tests than Cry1A(b) and had raised the suspicions of EPA reviewers by exhibiting several other characteristics of allergens. Because the issue of Cry9C allergenicity was unresolved, the EPA granted permission to grow the crop as long as it was not used for human food. Since the majority of the corn harvest in the United States is used for animal feed and the production of fuel alcohol, this restriction did not spell the end of the line for StarLink corn as a crop. Farmers would simply have to ensure that their StarLink harvest was directed into channels that didn't lead to the human food supply.
Globally, in 2007, more than 12 million farmers grew GM foods on 114 million ha of farmland, producing $6.9 billion worth of crops.
Globally, in 2007, more than 12 million farmers grew GM foods on 114 million ha of farmland, producing $6.9 billion worth of crops.
Good For You
With so many food choices available, Hawaii Business looks at what goes into what we eat
By Keala Francis photo: istockphoto
“When I ask students where their food comes from, they say, ‘The supermarket,’” says Carol Okada, plant quarantine branch manager for the Hawaii Department of Agriculture.
These students aren’t alone. Even with raw sewage spills, controversy over taro patents and threats of an avian flu pandemic, studies show that local consumers are almost completely unaware of how their food is grown and what goes into it.
Most Hawaii consumers, like their national counterparts, don’t know that more than 70 percent of processed foods in the U.S. market contain at least one genetically modified (GM) ingredient. Most have never heard of GM foods, even though Hawaii’s papaya industry is more than 50 percent GM and the University of Hawaii’s patents on genetic modifications to taro are a source of deep controversy. In addition, many countries have banned GM foods.
Organic consumers and farmers, whose crops by definition cannot have any genetically modified organisms (GMOs), are the most vocal opponents of biotechnology, the industry behind GM. However, both organics and biotechnology are decades-old agricultural production methods, each with a distinct philosophy, history and industrial scale.
TWEAKING CONVENTION
Modern biotechnology began in the early 1970s, with the discovery of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, and was designed to introduce beneficial genetic traits, such as pesticide resistance, and add nutritional value.
rDNA technology enables scientists to insert a genetic trait directly into a plant’s DNA and, over the past decade, most biotechnology applications have attempted to introduce traits that reduce pesticide use, increase herbicide resistance and increase crop yields to solve supply problems. Most GM foods, such as corn and soybeans, are grown on an industrial scale.
But GM food sales are hard to quantify, because, unlike organic foods, they are not labeled. A 2005 national consumer study commissioned by the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology found only 41 percent of consumers nationwide are aware of GM foods. Hawaii consumer awareness is at 42 percent, according to preliminary data from a recent statewide survey of 550 consumers conducted by Sabry Shehata, professor of agricultural economics at the University of Hawaii.
Most consumers, even if they are aware, do not understand biotechnology. Although the idea of using genes to cultivate certain traits in a plant began with conventional breeding in the 1860s, with Gregor Mendel’s laws of heredity, biotechnology’s method is very different. The final product, supporters argue, is the same.
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), GM crops are considered to have “substantial equivalence” to conventional crops. There is no reason then, biotechnology supporters argue, to distinguish GM foods from conventional foods.
INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Organic foods distinguish themselves from conventional foods mainly through production methods, which are designed on principle to protect the environment, soil and biodiversity. Organic standards prohibit the use of irradiation, sewage sludge and genetic modification.
The organic movement began in the 1920s, with the concept of interrelationship among plants, soil, livestock and people, and grew in reaction to industrialized farming’s use of pesticides in the 1940s.
Based on growing consumer and producer demands for standards, certification programs were created, but it wasn’t until 2002 that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) implemented national organic standards on organic production and processing to strictly regulate the use of chemicals and other agricultural inputs.
Organic farmers manage pests and other growing problems through various methods, such as: biological, using beneficial pests and parasites; cultural, choosing strategic planting and harvesting dates; mechanical, working with the native soil; and chemical, using organically acceptable pesticides, as defined by the USDA.
Organic foods have always been a niche market, only recently moving onto mainstream shelves in local supermarkets, Wal-Mart and Costco. Organic food sales have grown at a rapid 20 percent per year nationwide over the past decade, but the category still accounted for less than 2 percent of total food sales in 2003.
Most organic farmers in the U.S., and all local organic farmers, are extremely small producers. Currently, demand for organic foods outweighs supply — local organic farmers say they could sell five to 10 times their current production — but organic production accounted for only .001 percent of Hawaii’s overall market value for agricultural products in 2002, according to USDA data.
Hawaii already imports 80 percent of all food, and the percentage of organic product imports is potentially even higher. Down to Earth CEO Mark Fergusson said the local natural foods chain imports at least 80 percent of its organic produce from the Mainland. “We have seen a significant increase in demand since the 1980s, but the supply side is very limited,” he said.
With Whole Foods Market, a national natural foods chain, scheduled to enter the Hawaii market in 2008, local organic supply will grow even tighter — and prices will go up.
Hawaii consumers are long inured to high prices and nationwide consumers are used to paying a premium for organic foods. But even with labeling, they are not necessarily educated on what they are buying. “A lot of people don’t understand organics,” Fergusson said. “Once we start talking about attributes, such as chemical free, people become more interested.”
Organic foods are not risk free, though. There are risks of pathogen contamination from manure-based fertilizers and fungal diseases, according to Carl Evensen, chair and extension specialist in the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management at the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) at the University of Hawaii – Manoa.
Farmers’ decisions are based on economics, necessity and beliefs. Organic farmers are more concerned about biotechnology than consumers, because they worry a GM crop will “contaminate” (or cross-pollinate) their organic crop, which by definition must be GMO free.
However, many conventional farmers support biotechnology as a growing method. Richard Ha, owner of Hamakua Springs on the Big Island, would like to see the development of a GM banana to fight the banana bunchy-top virus (BBTV), which conventional means have not successfully prevented.
“At some point, we have to decide whether we live with BBTV or not, but we’ll also have to live with a real low supply of bananas,” he says.
Ha is experimenting with other growing methods, but has been unable to make organics work economically.
“With our tomatoes, we deliberately chose hydroponic [a non-soil growing method] over organic to reduce pesticide use,” he says. “With organic, you cannot grow on a large enough scale to make a dent in the local supply of produce. If we felt we could do organic, we would do it. We’re trying, but it’s an economic thing. It can’t just be a philosophy.”
Susan Matsushima, president of Alluvion, a local wholesale nursery, has been involved in agricultural issues in the state for years. She is pro-GMO as a way to help farmers remain viable. “In order to feed the masses, I would rather have a process more scientific, so we don’t need pesticides,” Matsushima says. “The most important thing is we need to do things safely.”
CONSUMERS WANT LABELING
Both the Pew study and Shehata’s preliminary findings show consumers overwhelmingly favor labeling of biotechnology products, with support by 90 percent of consumers nationwide and 80 percent statewide (more than 90 percent on Kauai and Maui).
“The most important finding in my study is labeling,” said Shehata. “Consumers want labeling and want to understand why the biotechnology industry is fighting against labeling. Their question is: ‘Why are they fighting it if the technology is kosher?’”
Many anti-GMO organizations believe biotechnology companies are trying to put their products on the market surreptitiously. However, the labeling issue is more complex.
Because the FDA considers GM products to have “substantial equivalence,” the agency only requires labeling if the GMO substantially changes the nutritional content or introduces a new allergen. The FDA also considers GM foods on the market to be safe, and the Pew study shows the majority of Americans trust the FDA. Biotechnology companies undergo a voluntary consultative process, in which the company submits data to petition that a GM crop no longer requires regulatory oversight and states that it is free from risk under current standards.
Global Commercial GM Crops - Traits source: World Health Organization
Multiple scientific groups, such as the American Medical Association, also support the safety of biotechnology. The World Health Organization (WHO) released an international study in 2005, stating that GM foods had undergone risk assessments and were unlikely to present health risks any more than conventional foods. The report did recommend ongoing testing on long-term effects and assessment of ethical and religious issues.
The biotechnology industry has actively fought against mandatory labeling, including a $5.5 million campaign to help defeat a proposed labeling law in Oregon in 2002. Biotechnology proponents argue that labeling is proscribed for food safety reasons, such as quality, nutrition and health hazards, not for production methods. However, organic certification requirements and labeling standards are predominantly focused on production methods, not safety.
Studies show labeling would increase costs by up to 10 percent. Interestingly, consumer support for labeling dropped as prices rose. According to Shehata’s preliminary data, even though 73 percent of Hawaii consumers were willing to purchase GM foods, only 30 percent were willing to buy them if the cost was 10 percent higher.
In comparison, organic products command up to a 50 percent price premium and are the fastest growing agricultural category in the U.S.
Joseph Mendelson, legal director of the Center for Food Safety, a nonprofit public interest and environmental advocacy group, believes biotechnology companies have ignored consumer attitudes. “They are the only purveyor of a new technology that is not selling us on the innovation of that technology,” he said. “The only way it’s accepted is by consumers not knowing that it’s happening.”
Biotechnology representatives say they are trying to change that perception. The Hawaii Crop Improvement Association (HCIA), a local biotechnology trade organization, has an outreach and education group to help legislators and consumers better understand biotechnology. According to Paul Koehler, president of HCIA and the Hawaii business and communications affairs manager for the largest biotechnology company, Monsanto, HCIA’s outreach and education group, gives presentations to local community organizations, legislators and students. Monsanto also provides community tours of its Maui facilities based on consumer interest.
CONSUMERS SUPPORT RESEARCH AND RISK
Globally, governments and consumers continue to demand more transparency from the biotechnology industry. More than 22 countries plan to institute some form of mandatory labeling, and major countries, including those in the European Union, have banned many GM products, although those bans are currently under review. Some American companies, such as Frito Lay refuse to purchase GM products.
Even with the controversy surrounding biotechnology, the 2005 WHO report found that consumers did not demand “zero risk” from biotechnology products. The Pew study shows 65 percent of consumers favor research into GM foods, especially if the purpose is to enhance health and safety. More than 70 percent of consumers favor research into using biotechnology to reduce the use of pesticides. The preliminary Hawaii findings show local consumers are willing to purchase GM foods if the genetic modification reduces the use of pesticides (60 percent) or improves nutrition (65 percent).
Risk assessment also plays a large role in understanding the value of biotechnology. Ania Wieczorek, an assistant professor in biotechnology at CTAHR, notes that all agricultural products have risks.
“All crops we eat contain toxins, but the level of toxins is very low, based on the amount we consume,” Wieczorek says. “On one side, biotechnology crops show a lot of potential. On the other hand, they have a small risk of a negative impact. At what point do you decide what is acceptable? The consumer will have to decide.”
Food safety and the true benefits of biotechnology remain sticking points among proponents and foes. Biotechnology opponents fear weeds will acquire herbicide resistance and need even more chemical spraying. Worldwide, 72 percent of commercial GM crops have an herbicide-tolerant trait, according to the WHO report. That Monsanto, the top biotechnology company, is also one of the largest producers of herbicide has only increased opponents’ distrust.
Conflicting statistics confuse the issue further. HCIA cites lowered pesticide use, down by 380 million pounds globally from 1996 to 2004, as a key benefit to biotechnology. In contrast, a 2004 study by Charles M. Benbrook, a scientist and expert in pesticide regulatory law, reported pesticide use in the U.S. had increased 122 million pounds from 1996 to 2004.
However, in the end, it is consumers, informed or not, who will determine which foods get bought and eaten.
Shehata says, “When consumers are educated, they are the king.”
Hawaii’s Rainbow Connection All commercial papayas grown in the U.S. are grown in Hawaii. More than 50 percent of them are genetically modified to resist the papaya ring virus, which devastated the local papaya industry in the early 1990s.
However, Japan, a major export market for Hawaiian papaya, does not accept genetically modified (GM) papayas. To solve the problem, local farmers adopted an “identity preservation protocol” to ensure papayas sold in the Japanese market did not contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The protocol essentially serves as a voluntary labeling standard, with strict certification processes and testing.
Loren Mochida, owner of Tropical Hawaiian Products on the Big Island, has farmed both conventional and GM papayas since 1998 and has only had to destroy two trees that tested “false positive” for GMOs. Using geographic isolation, with defined perimeters and berms to prevent cross-pollination between papaya trees, he actually surrounds his conventional papaya tree plantings with GM papaya plantings to reduce the chance of ring virus infecting his conventional crop.
Mochida says farming conventional papayas is difficult for economic reasons. “Growers are reluctant to plant Kapoho [conventional papaya], because they make more money with Rainbow [GM papaya], because with Rainbow they don’t lose trees and can keep the trees producing longer,” he says. “We are working with the Japanese government to allow Rainbow into their markets. I hope one of these days I can just plant transgenic [GM].”
In the past two years, the commodities branch of Hawaii’s Department of Agriculture has rejected “way less than 1 percent” of conventional papayas shipped to Japan, according to Darrel Kohara, acting Hawaii district supervisor for the Commodities Branch. “Our last rejection was over a year-and-a-half ago, and it was due to an applicant not following procedure,” he says.
However, commercial papayas are the only ones monitored by such a program. GM papayas are unlabeled in stores and home gardeners unknowingly using these seeds are planting GM papaya.
“Hawaii’s GM papayas are a real threat to organic papaya growers,” says Nancy Redfeather, a local organic farmer and GMO-free advocate. “Once a GM crop is introduced into a regional area, it’s only a matter of time until you can no longer grow the crop with the genetic certainty you had before.