There are several types of bacterial vaccines that work through different mechanisms of the immune system. Active immunization stimulates the body's own immune response by introducing an antigen from the bacteria. This induces long-term immunity through memory B and T cells. Passive immunization provides immediate, short-term protection by transferring pre-formed antibodies. Common bacterial vaccines include those targeting Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Lyme disease, anthrax, tuberculosis, and typhoid fever. These vaccines contain inactivated toxins, purified proteins, capsular polysaccharides, or live attenuated bacterial strains.

1. Bacterial vaccines

2. Immunity
•Sometimes called specific or adaptive
immunity, acquired immunity is those
features of the immune system that are
"learned" during a person's lifetime
rather than the ones the individual is
born with. This is the part of the
immune system that deals with specific
invaders and learns to recognise them
by exposure to them.

3. Immunity
•The other part of the immune
system, the one that we are born
with, is called the
innate immune system and consists
of many mechanisms which are all
nonspecific that is they are not
programmed to recognise any
particular invaders.

4. Acquired immunity
•Acquired immunity is further divided into
two parts:
•1-humoral immunitywhich
principally operates through a type
of lymphocyte called a B-cell
which originates in the
bone marrow and is matured both in
the marrow and thespleen.

5. •2-cell mediated immunity which
principally operates through a type
of lymphocyte called a T-cell which
also originates in the bone marrow
but is matured in an organ called
thethymus.

6. Immunization
•Historically, infectious disease has
been the leading cause of death in
the human population. Over the last
century, two important factors have
been developed to combat their
spread; Immunizations are
successful because they utilize the
immune system's natural specificity
as well as its inducibility.

7. Immunization
sanitationand immunization.
Immunization (commonly referred
to as vaccination) is the deliberate
induction of an immune response,
and represents the single most
effective manipulation of the
immune system mankind has
developed.

8. •The principle behind immunization
is to introduce an antigen, derived
from a disease causing organism,
that stimulates the immune system
to develop protective immunity
against that organism, but which
does not itself cause the pathogenic
effects of that organism.

9. •An antigen (short for antibody
generator), is defined as any
substance that binds to a specific
antibody and elicits an
adaptive immune response.

10. •Most viral vaccines are based on
live attenuated viruses, while many
bacterial vaccines are based on
acellular components of micro-
organisms, including harmless toxin
components.

11. •Many antigens derived from
acellular vaccines do not strongly
induce an adaptive response, and
most bacterial vaccines require the
addition of adjuvants that activate
the antigen presenting cells of the
innate immune system to enhance
immunogenicity.

12. •The most important elements of the
immune system that are improved
by immunization are the B cells
(and the antibodies they produce)
and T cells. Memory B cell and
memory T cells are responsible for
a swift response to a second
encounter with a foreign molecule.

13. Passive immunization
•Passive immunization is when these
elements are introduced directly
into the body, instead of when the
body itself has to make these
elements.

14. •Bacterial Vaccines Bacterial
diseases can be prevented by the
use of immunizations that induce
either active or passive immunity.
Active immunity is induced by
vaccines prepared from bacteria or
their products..

15. •Passive immunity is provided by
the administration of preformed
antibody in preparations called
immune globulins.

16. •The immune globulins usefil
against bacterial diseases. Passive-
active immunity involves giving
both immune globulins to provide
immediate protection and a vaccine
to provide longterm protection.

17. Passive immunization
•Passive immunization is where pre-
made elements of the immune
system are transferred to a person,
and the body doesn't have to create
these elements itself. Currently,
antibodies can be used for passive
immunization.

18. •This method of immunization
begins to work very quickly, but it
is short lasting, because the
antibodies are naturally broken
down, and if there are no B cells to
produce more antibodies, they will
disappear.

19. Passive immunization
•Passive immunization can be
naturally acquired when antibodies
are being transferred from mother
to fetus during pregnancy, to help
protect the fetus before and shortly
after birth.

20. •Artificial passive immunization is
normally given by injection and is
used if there has been a recent
outbreak of a particular disease or
as an emergency treatment to
poisons (for example, for tetanus).
The antibodies can be produced in
animals orin vitro.

21. Active immunization
•Active immunization entails the
introduction of a foreign molecule
into the body, which causes the
body itself to generate immunity
against the target. This immunity
comes from the T cells and the B
cells with their antibodies.

22. Active immunization
•Active immunization can occur
naturally when a person comes in
contact with, for example, a
microbe. If the person has not yet
come into contact with the microbe
and has no pre-made antibodies for
defense (like in passive
immunization),

23. Active immunization
•the person becomes immunized.
The immune system will eventually
create antibodies and other defenses
against the microbe. The next time,
the immune response against this
microbe can be very efficient; this
is the case in many of the childhood
infections that a person only
contracts once, but then is immune.

24. •Artificial active immunization is
where the microbe, or parts of it,
are injected into the person before
they are able to take it in naturally.
If whole microbes are used, they
are pre-treated. Depending on the
type of disease, this technique also
works with dead microbes, parts of
the microbe, or treated toxins from
the microbe.

27. Bacterial vaccines
•1-Capsular poly saccride vaccines
•2-Toxoid vaccines
•3-Puriefied protein vaccines
•4-Live attenuated bacterial
vaccines
•5-Killed bacterial vaccines
•

29. A. CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE
VACCINES:
•(1)streptococcus pneumoniae
vaccine contains the capsular
polysaccharides of the 23 most
prevalent types. It is recommended
for persons over 60 years of age
and patients of any age with such
chronic diseases as diabetes and
cirrhosis or with compromised
spleen function or splenectomy.

30. •A second vaccine containing the
capsular polysaccharide of 7
pneumococcal serotypes coupled to
a carrier protein (diphtheria toxoid)
is available for the protection of
young children who do not respond
well to the unconjugated vaccine.

31. •A potential problem regarding the
use of the pneumococcal vaccine
containing 7 serotypes is that of
serotype replacement. Will the
vaccine reduce the incidence of
disease caused by the serotypes in
the vaccine but not the overall
incidence of pneumococcal disease
because other serotypes that are not
in the vaccine will now cause
disease

32. •(2)Neisseria meningitidis vaccine
contains capsular polysaccharide of
four important types (A, C, W-135
and y) It is given when there is a
high risk of meningitis during an
outbreak, when military recruits
enter boot camp, or for travelers to
areas where meningitis is
hyperendemic.

33. •(3)Haemophilus influenzae
vaccine contains the type b
polysaccharide conjugated to
diphtheria toxoid or other carrier
protein. It is given to children
between the ages of 2 and 15
months to prevent meningitis.

34. •The capsular polysaccharide alone
is a poor immunogen in young
children, but coupling it to a carrier
protein greatly enhances its
immunogenicity. A combined
vaccine consisting of this vaccine
plus the diphtheria, pertussis, and
tetanus (DPT) vaccines is available.

35. •(4)One of the vaccines against
typhoid fever contains the capsular
polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi.
It is indicated for persons living or
traveling in areas where there is a
high risk of typhoid fever and for
persons in close contact with either
infected patients or chronic carriers.

36. B.Toxoid Vaccines:
(1)Corynebacterium diphtheriae vaccine
contains the toxoid (formaldehyde-
treated exotoxin).
Immunization against diphtheria is
indicated for every child and is given in
three doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age,
with boosters given 1 year later and at
intervals thereafter.
•

37. •(2)Clostridium tetani vaccine
contains tetanus toxoid and is
given to everyone both early in
life and later as boosters for
protection against tetanus.

38. •(3)Bordetella pertussis vaccine
contains pertussis toxoid but
includes other proteins as well.

39. C. PURIFIED PROTEIN
VACCINES:
)1(There are two types of B.
pertussis vaccines:
an acellular vaccine containing
purified proteins and a vaccine
containing whole killed
bacteria. The acellular vaccine is
now recommended in the
United States.

40. •The principal antigen in the
acellular vaccine is inactivated
pertussis toxin )pertussis
toxoid(, but other proteins, such
as filamentous hemagglutinin
and pertactin, are also required
for full protection.

41. •Pertussis toxin for the vaccine is
inactivated genetically by
introducing two amino acid
changes that eliminate its toxic
)ADP-ribo sylating( activity but
retain its antigenicity

42. •It is the first vaccine to contain
a genetically inactivated toxoid.
The vaccine is indicated for
every child as a protection
against whooping cough It is
usually given in combination with
diphtheria and tetanus toxoids )DPT
or DtaP vaccine(

43. •)2(The vaccine against Lyme
disease contains a purified outer
surface protein )OspA( of
Borrelia burgdorferi as the
immunogen. OspA is made by
recombinant DNA techniques.

44. •It is recommended for those
who live in areas of endemic
disease and whose occupation
or recreation makes them likely
to be exposed.

45. •)3(Bacillus anthracis vaccine
contains "protective antigen"
purified from the organism. It is
given to persons whose
occupations place them at risk
of exposure to the organism.

46. D. LIVE. ATTENUATED BACTERIAL
VACCINES:
)1(The vaccine against
tuberculosis contains a live,
attenuated strain of
Mycobacterium bovis called
BCG and is recommended for
children at high risk for
exposure to active tuberculosis
in some countries.

47. •)2(One of the vaccines against
typhoid fever contains live,
attenuated Salmonella typhi. It
is indicated for persons living or
traveling in areas where there is
a high risk of typhoid fever and
for persons in close contact with
either infected patients or
chronic carriers.

48. •)3(The vaccine against
tularemia contains live,
attenuated Francisella tularensis
organisms and is used primarily
in people who are exposed in
their occupation, such as
laboratory personnel,
veterinarians, and hunters.

50. E. KILLED BACTERIAL
VACCINES:
•)1(Vibrio cholerae vaccine
contains killed organisms and is
given to persons traveling to
areas where cholera is endemic.

51. •)2(Yersinia pestis vaccine
contains killed organisms and is
indicated for persons at high
risk for contracting plague.

52. •)3(The vaccine against typhus
contains killed Rickettsia
rickettsiae organisms and is
used primarily to immunize
members of the armed forces.

53. •)4(The vaccine against Q fever
contains killed Coxiella burnetii
organisms and is used to
immunize those who are at high
risk for being exposed to
animals infected with the
organism.

54. Passive immunity
•Antitoxins )immune globulins(
can be used for either the
treatment or prevention of
certain bacterial diseases. The
following preparations are
available.

55. •)1(Tetanus antitoxin is used in the
treatment of tetanus and in its
prevention )prophylaxis(. In
treatment, because the goal is to
neutralize any unbound toxin to
prevent the disease from getting
worse, the antitoxin should be given
promptly.

56. •In prevention, the antitoxin is given
to inadequately immunized persons
with contaminated )"dirty"(
wounds. The antitoxin is made in
humans to avoid hypersensitivity
reactions. In addition to the
antitoxin, these people should
receive tetanus toxoid.

57. •.The toxoid and the antitoxin
should be given at different
sites in the body to prevent
the antitoxin from
neutralizing the toxoid

58. •.)2(Botulinum antitoxin is used
in the treatment of botulism.
Because the antitoxin can
neutralize unbound toxin to
prevent the disease from
progressing, it should be given
promptly

59. •It contains antibodies against
botulinum toxins A, B, and E,
the most commonly occurring
types. The antitoxin is made in
horses, so hypersensitivity may
be a problem.

60. •)3(Diphtheria antitoxin is used
in the treatment of diphtheria.
The antitoxin can neutralize
unbound toxin to prevent the
disease from progressing;
therefore, the antitoxin should
be given promptly.

61. •The antitoxin is made in horses,
so hypersensitivity may be a
problem.

64. Bacterial vaccines - Gaza
At birthfirst registration
BCG Mycobacterium bovis .single dose
0.05 ml
Intradermal left upper arm
2month:
DPT first primary 0.5 ml intramuscular in
lateral aspect of thigh
4.6.12.month will give DPT

65. SCHOOL CHILDREN:
6years TD Tetanus Toxoid
0.5ml intramuscular left upper
arm
15years TD
0.5ml intramuscular left upper
arm

66. Hib Haemophilus influenzae
type b
For first 3 monthes
Polysaccrides capsule

67. Cold chains
•Cold chains are common in the
food and pharmaceutical
industries and also some
chemical shipments. One
common temperature range for
a cold chain in pharmaceutical
industries is 2 to 8 °C.

68. but the specific temperature )and
time at temperature( tolerances
depend on the actual product
being shipped.

69. •This is important in the supply of
vaccines to distant clinics in hot
climates served by poorly
developed transport networks.
Disruption of a cold chain due to
war may produce consequences
similar to the Smallpox outbreaks in
the Philippines during the Spanish-
American war.

70. Cold chains need to be evaluated and
controlled.
Carriers and logistics providers can assist
shippers
The use of Refrigerator trucks,
Refrigerator cars, Reefer )ship(s, Reefer
)container(s, and refrigerated
warehouses is common.

71. Shipment in insulated shipping
containers or other specialised
packaging
Temperature data loggers help
monitor the temperature history of
the truck, warehouse, etc and the
temperature history of the product
being shipped.
Documentation is critical

72. Normal reaction
*Pain and tenderness at the injection site
but are mild and transient and end
within 2-3days
*Fever in 2%of cases
*Paracetamol may be needed for pain and
fever
*Mild skin rash
*Skin eruption ,consist of small red spots

73. DPT SIDE EFFECT
Injection site abscess and
neurological symptoms and
signs
)convulsions,encephalitis,encep
halopathy, should be
investigated
Pain
Fever

74. •Thank you
Thank you