This document defines pneumonia as an inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. It can affect 450 million people annually and is a major cause of death worldwide. Pneumonia has several classifications including bacterial, atypical, fungal, and viral. It also distinguishes between community acquired pneumonia and hospital acquired pneumonia. Risk factors include age, lung diseases like emphysema, and conditions that weaken the immune system. The document outlines the pathophysiology of pneumonia and discusses some common causes by age group like bacteria in adults and viruses in children.

1. Pneumonia
Fatima Al-Awadh

2. OBJECTIVES
• Define Pneumonia.
• Mention the classifications .
• Explain the pathophysiology of pneumonia.
• State the anatomy of the lung.
• Describe the risk factors and causes.
• Asses the relation between hypertension and pneumonia.

3. Definition and Epidemiology
• DEFINITION:
An inflammation of the lungs caused by an
infection.
• Epidemiology:
Pneumonia is a common illness affecting
approximately 450 million people a year and
occurring in all parts of the world. It is a
major cause of death among all age groups
resulting in 4 million deaths (7% of the
worlds yearly total).Rates are greatest in
children less than five and adults older than
75 years of age. It occurs about five times
more frequently in the developing world
versus the developed world. Viral
pneumonia accounts for about 200 million
cases.

4. Classification
pathogen Bacterial
Atypical
Fungal
Viral
Other; Rickettsias, Parasites, protozoa
Anatomy Lobar
Bronchial
Acquiring Community acquired Pneumonia CAP
Hospital acquired pneumonia HAP, NP
Nursing home acquired pneumonia NHAP
Immuno-compromised acquired pneumonia ICAP

5. The Lungs anatomy

6. Pathophysiology of pneumonia
Bacteria may The macrophages and
Bacteria enter the
neutrophils inactivate
lungs (from the throat invade the spaces
the bacteria. The
or nose, airborne between cells and neutrophils also
droplets, or blood). between alveoli. release cytokines
The neutrophils, Leading to the This cause
bacteria, and general
fluid fill the fever, chills, activation of the
alveoli and fatigue. immune system.
Resulting in the
consolidation
seen on chest X-
ray.

7. Cause
There are over a hundred microorganisms which can cause CAP.
The most common types of microorganisms are different among
different groups of people. Newborn infants, children, and
adults are at risk for different spectrums of disease causing
microorganisms.

8. • Breathing infected amniotic fluid or across the
Infants placenta.
• Commonly caused by Streptococcus agalactiae
• children less than five years are much less likely
Children to have pneumonia
• older children and teenagers are more likely to
acquire certain types of pneumonia than adults.
• Viruses; influenza, para-influenza.
Adults • Bacteria; Atypical organisms, Streptococcus
pneumonia, Hemophilus
influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

9. Risk factors
• Age; If you're age 65 or older, young children.
• Obstruction of bronchi, the lung is not able to clear fluid
when it accumulates.
• Lung disease; Diseases such as emphysema or habits such as
smoking
• Certain diseases; AIDS , immune deficiencies , heart disease.
• Exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants.

10. Hypertension and Pneumonia
• High blood pressure can be caused by lifestyle habits, a
chronic condition or a family history of it. In some cases an
infection can also cause a dramatic rise in blood pressure. High
blood pressure should be assessed by your physician and
treated with lifestyle changes and medication to prevent long-
term damage to vital organs. In addition, if an infection is
causing your high blood pressure, it should also be diagnosed
and treated.

11. References
• http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/jpkc/rjnk/3/ppt/28.ppt
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia
• High Blood Pressure & Infection | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/about_5557093_high-blood-pressure-
infection.html#ixzz2ChHotq1J