Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by bacteria or viruses that enter the lungs. When pathogens enter the alveoli, or air sacs, white blood cells rush to fight the infection, filling the sacs with fluid and pus. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause. Risk factors include old age, smoking, lung diseases, and weakened immunity. Symptoms include fever, chills, cough with colored mucus, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-rays, and tests of sputum or blood. Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia while rest and fluids help viral cases. Vaccines can prevent pneumococcal pneumonia.

1. PNEUMONIA
Presented by – Maniz Joshi
B.Pharmacy 8th Semester
HOPE International College
Satdobato, Lalitpur, Nepal.

2. Introduction
1) Pneumonia Is an inflammatory process of the lung
parenchyma that is commonly caused by infectious
agents.
2) It is characterized primarily by inflammation of the
alveoli in the lungs.
3) At times a very serious condition, pneumonia can make
a person very sick or even cause death. Although the
disease can occur in young and healthy people, it is
most dangerous for older adults, babies, and people
with other diseases or impaired immune systems.
4) It is the leading cause of death in children younger than
5 years of age worldwide.

3. #People considered at high risk for pneumonia include the
elderly (over 65 years of age), the very young and those with
underlying health problems.
#The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) is
recommended for anyone over 65 years of age and all those
over 2 years of age who have asthma or long-term health
problems.

4. Classification of Pneumonia
According to causes
• Bacterial (the most common cause of pneumonia)
• Viral pneumonia
• Fungal pneumonia
• Chemical pneumonia (ingestion of kerosene or
inhalation of irritating substance)
• Inhalation pneumonia (aspiration pneumonia)

5. According to areas involved
• Lobar pneumonia; if one or more lobe is involved
• Broncho-pneumonia; the pneumonic process has
originated in one or more bronchi and extends to the
surrounding lung tissue.

6. Mode of transmission
• Ways you can get pneumonia
include:
• Bacteria and viruses living in your nose, sinuses, or
mouth may spread to your lungs.
• You may breathe some of these germs directly into
your lungs (droplets infection).
• You breathe in (inhale) food, liquids, vomit, or fluids
into your lungs (aspiration pneumonia).

7. Who gets pneumonia?
Some people are more likely than others to develop pneumonia. Individuals at
higher risk include those who:
• Smoke.
• Abuse alcohol.
• Have other medical conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), emphysema, asthma, or HIV/AIDS.
• Are younger than 1 year of age or older than 65.
• Have a weakened or impaired immune system.
• Take medicines for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Have recently recovered from a cold or influenza infection.
• Are malnourished.
• Have been recently hospitalized in an intensive care unit.
• Have been exposed to certain chemicals or pollutants.
• Are Native Alaskan or certain Native American ethnicity.
• Have any increased risk of breathing mucus or saliva from the nose or mouth,
liquids, or food from the stomach into the lungs.
•

8. Pathophysiology
• The streptococci reach the alveoli and lead to
inflammation and pouring of an exudates into the air
spaces.
• WBCs migrates to alveoli, the alveoli become more thick
due to its filling consolidation, involved areas by
inflammation are not adequately ventilated, due to
secretion and edema. This will lead to partial occlusion of
alveoli and bronchi causing a decrease in alveolar oxygen
content.
• Venous blood that goes to affected areas without being
oxygenated and returns to the heart. This will lead to
arterial hypoxemia and even death due to interference
with ventilation.

10. In brief….
Bacteria and viruses are the primary causes of pneumonia.
When a person breathes pneumonia-causing germs into his
lungs and his body's immune system cannot otherwise
prevent entry, the organisms settle in small air sacs called
alveoli and continue multiplying. As the body sends white
blood cells to attack the infection, the sacs become filled with
fluid and pus- causing pneumonia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

11. Clinical manifestations
• Shaking chills Stabbing chest pain aggravated by
coughing

12. • Rapidly rising fever ( 39.5 to 40.5 degree)
Tachypnea, nasal flaring

13. • Patient is very ill and lies on the affected side to decrease
pain
• Use of accessory muscles of respiration e.g. abdomen
and intercostals muscles
• Cough with purulent, blood tinged, rusty sputum

14. • Shortness of breath
• Flushed cheeks

15. • Loss of appetite, low energy, and fatigue

16. • Cyanosed lips and nail beds

17. How is pneumonia diagnosed?
• A pneumonia diagnosis usually
begins with a physical exam and a
discussion about your symptoms
and medical history. A doctor may
suspect pneumonia if they hear
coarse breathing, wheezing,
crackling sounds, or rumblings
when listening to the chest
through a stethoscope.

18. Chest x-rays and blood tests may be ordered to confirm a
pneumonia diagnosis. A chest x-ray can confirm
pneumonia and determine its location and extent in the
lungs. Blood tests measure white blood cell count to
determine the severity of pneumonia and can be used to
determine whether the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal,
etc. An analysis of sputum also can be used to determine
the organism that is causing the pneumonia.

19. • A more invasive diagnostic tool is the bronchoscopy - a
procedure whereby the patient is under anesthesia and a
thin, flexible, and lighted tube is inserted into the nose or
mouth to directly examine the infected parts of the lung.

20. How is pneumonia treated?
• Pneumonia treatments depend on the type of pneumonia
and the severity of symptoms. Bacterial pneumonias are
usually treated with antibiotics, whereas viral pneumonias
are treated with rest and plenty of fluids. Fungal
pneumonias are usually treated with antifungal
medications.
• Amoxycillin is the recommended treatment for the
bacteria that commonly cause pneumonia (Streptococcus
pneumoniae). If the patient has a reaction to amoxycillin,
Doxycycline or Clarithromycin is recommended.

21. • Over-the-counter medications are also commonly
prescribed to better manage pneumonia symptoms.
These include treatments for reducing fever, reducing
aches and pains, and suppressing coughs. In addition, it
is important to get plenty of rest and sleep and drink lots
of fluids.
• Hospitalization for pneumonia may be required if
symptoms are especially bad or a patient has a weakened
immune system or other serious illness. At the hospital,
patients generally are treated with intravenous antibiotics
and possibly put on oxygen.

22. How can pneumonia be prevented?
• There are several ways to prevent
pneumonia. There are two vaccines
that are available to
prevent pneumococcal disease (the
bacterial infection that is the most
common cause of pneumonia):
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
(Prevnar) and pneumococcal
polysaccharide vaccine
(Pneumovax).
Prevnar is generally administered as
part of the normal infant immunization
procedure and is recommended for
children less than 2 years of age or
between two and four years with
certain medical conditions.

23. • Pneumovax is provided for adults who are at increased
risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia, such as the
elderly, diabetics, those with chronic heart, lung, or kidney
disease, alcoholics, smokers, and those without a spleen.
The pneumonia vaccine may not completely prevent older
adults from getting pneumonia, but it can reduce the
severity of a future pneumonia.
• In addition to vaccinations, physicians recommend that
people wash hands, refrain from smoking, eat healthfully,
exercise, and stay away from sputum or cough particles
from others with pneumonia.

24. Thank You!
Any Query??