The document discusses Mr. Turner, a 38-year-old Vietnamese cane farmer who presents to the emergency department with pneumonia, having high fever, shortness of breath, and cough. It lists potential differential diagnoses for his condition and asks questions to further evaluate his medical history and risk factors. The pathogenesis of pneumonia is also briefly outlined, noting how pathogens can enter the lungs and cause inflammation.
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
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Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
ALL THE QUESTIONS ARE HAVING VERY STANDARD ANSWERS FROM THE STANDARD BOOKS)
REF : ROBBINS & COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE.
COMPREHENSIVE IMAGE BASED REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY BY SONI .
GARG & GUPTA PATHOLOGY REVIEW & GENETICS.
ALL THE QUESTIONS ARE HAVING VERY STANDARD ANSWERS FROM THE STANDARD BOOKS)
REF : ROBBINS & COTRAN PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF DISEASE.
COMPREHENSIVE IMAGE BASED REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY BY SONI .
GARG & GUPTA PATHOLOGY REVIEW & GENETICS.
Pneumonia is characterized by the emergence of new lung infiltrates, accompanied by clinical signs such as fever, purulent sputum, leukocytosis, and decreased oxygenation and Nosocomial Pneumonia is a non-incubating lower respiratory infection that presents clinically two or more days after hospitalization. In this presentation "Nosocomial Pneumonias" has been described including their causes, therapy, Principles, diagnosis, symptoms, management, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Teaching Clinical Pathology of Disorders of RBC covered using a clinical case of Anemia. Pathology lecture and tutorials are delivered through short video clips covering parts of topic. this is the first part with overview of whole topic and clinical case. Each powerpoint is screen recorded using camtasia studio and saved as MP4 video.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Pathology of Pneumonia
1. Pneumonia
9/3/2006
……..
I have no concerns that this group of students are in any way
resting on their laurels. So far the feedback from the medical staff
has been excellent. There have been a number of preceptors who
have noted the substantial difference between this years 4th yrs and
last years 4th yrs. A number of their preceptors in the hospital, who
are not easily impressed, have gone out of their way to tell me how
impressed they have been with this group.
…………
Impressive….! Keep it up…..!
1
2. Pneumonia
CPC-4
Mr. Turner is a 38 years old Vietnamese
cane farmer living near Cairns. He is married
to an indigenous woman and has 2 children
aged 10 and 12. He is sent by his GP to A&E
with high fever, shortness of breath and
cough. He feels very unwell and is flushed
and feeling breathless and faint.
2
5. Pneumonia
"In the presence of greatness, pettiness
disappears. In the absence of a great
dream, pettiness prevails."
Robert Fritz
Composer, Filmmaker and Author
5
42. Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia (patchy)
Extremes of age. (infancy and old age)
Secondary to Risk factors.
Staph, Strep, Pneumo & H. influenza
Patchy consolidation – not limited to lobes.
Suppurative inflammation
Usually bilateral
More in Lower lobes
42
48. Pneumonia
Interstitial / atypical Pneumonia
Primary atypical pneumonia in the
immunocompetant host (Mycoplasma or
Chlamydia)
Interstitial pneumonitis
immunocompromised host : Pneumocystic carinii; CMV
Immunocompetant host: Influenza A
Gross features:
Lungs are heavy but not firmly consolidated
Microscopic features:
Septal mononuclear infiltrate
Alveolar air spaces either ‘empty’ or filled with
proteinaceous fluid with few or no inflammatory cells
48
49. Pneumonia
Interstitial Pneumonia:
Lymphocyte
Infiltrate in
alveloar wall
49
60. First step to make your dreams
come true is to…...
wake up!
— Paul Valery
61. Pneumonia
CPC-1.5 – Pneum
Pathology - Core Learning Issues:
Pathology of pneumonia and the course of pathological changes.
Different diagnostic modalities in the diagnosis of pneumonia
(chest x-ray, blood gases, sputum culture, bronchial washings,
serology)
Histopathology of pneumonia – Lobar, Broncho.
Complications of pneumonia, ARDS, effusions, empyema etc.,.
Basic science - Core Learning Issues:
Anatomy of the lobes of the lung. Why does aspiration occur on
right side?
Spread of infectious disease - mechanisms
Physiology of Respiration, Blood gases and Pulse Oxymetry.
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis.
Importance of oxygenation and oxygen delivery
Common respiratory pathogens
61
69. Pneumonia
Peter is 58 years old and is a non-smoker and he suffers aspiration of
gastric contents during cardiac resuscitation. Over the next 10 days he
develops a non-productive cough & fever. A chest radiograph reveals a 4
cm diameter mass with an air-fluid level in the right lung. A sputum gram
stain reveals mixed flora.
Of the following conditions which is he most likely to have?
1. Lobar pneumonia
2. Broncho pneumonia
3. Interstitial pneumonia
4. Fungal pneumonia
5. Lung abscess
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5
69
70. Pneumonia
59y F, Recurrent fever, cough, dyspnoea,
Lung biopsy. ? Diagnosis
A. Lobar pneumonia
B. Broncho pneumonia
C. Interstitial pneumonia
D. Fungal pneumonia
E. Lung abscess
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
1 2 3 4 5
70
83. Pneumonia
History
49-year-old white male with a
productive cough (green–yellow
sputum) for the past
3 days presents to his General
Practitioner (GP) with progressive
dyspnoea, which is severe upon
minimal exertion
83
84. Pneumonia
Comm – Pneumonia - Nosoc
In healthy adults In *sick patients.
Gram positive. gram-negative bacilli
Streptococcus Pseudomonas
pneumoniae (90%) aeruginosa, Escherichia
Strep. coli, Enterobacter, Proteu
Pyogenes, Staph, H. s, and Klebsiella.
influenzae and
Klebsiella in elderly
or with COPD.
84
85. Pneumonia
History
Patient’s past medical history includes:
arterial hypertension for 5 years
urinary tract infection 1 month previously, which
was treated with ciprofloxacin 200 mg three-times
daily for 5 days
Patient has smoked 20 cigarettes/day for
35 years, although obstructive lung disease
is not evident
Current medication:
metoprolol tartrate 100 mg/day
85
86. Pneumonia
Examination
Clinical findings:
awake
deteriorated clinical state
dyspnoea during rest (32 breaths/min)
rales (abnormal respiratory sound) over the
left lung
prolonged exhalation
no pathological findings in other organs
arterial blood pressure 100/50 mmHg
pulse rate 108/min
temperature 39.0°C
86
88. Pneumonia
Additional investigations
Chest X-ray is requested by the GP
X-ray shows a large infiltration in the
left upper and lower lobe of the lung,
suggestive of pneumonia
88
90. Pneumonia
Treatment decision
Patient is admitted to hospital on the
basis of his clinical and X-ray
findings, together with his smoking
history
90
91. Pneumonia
lnvestigations
lnvestigations
Diagnostic tests performed include:
bronchoscopy with lavage of the left upper
lobe for microbiological investigation
blood cultures (three pairs)
urine screening for Legionella spp. antigen
91
92. Pneumonia
Initial empiric treatment
The patient receives oral azithromycin
500 mg once daily
92
93. Pneumonia
Hospital Day 3 examination
Clinical findings:
clinical state has not improved. Patient is
slightly disorientated
respiratory rate 35 breaths/min
blood pressure 100/65 mmHg
pulse rate 136/min
temperature 38.9–39.9°C
93
95. Pneumonia
Hospital Day 3 investigations
Chest X-ray is repeated:
shows enlarged infiltration in the left upper
and lower lobes of the lung, with possible
pleural effusion (left)
Microbiological tests show:
all cultures negative (tracheal secretion, blood
culture)
Legionella spp. antigen negative
What would you do now?
95
97. Pneumonia
Hospital Day 3 diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL) is performed
differential cell count: 48% granulocytes,
10% lymphocytes, 42% macrophages
S. pneumoniae antigen is positive in the
urine
Patient is switched to levofloxacin 500 mg
IV three-times daily and is transferred to
the intensive care unit (ICU)
97