Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through inhaling droplets from an infected person when they cough, sneeze, or laugh. It is a chronic infection characterized by weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, and the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics like isoniazid and rifampin daily for 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications can include infection of bones, brain, liver or kidneys if left untreated. Prevention involves proper ventilation, covering coughs, mask wearing, vaccination, and completing the full drug regimen.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain, breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment. People with active TB can spread the bacteria through the air.
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic illness caused primarily by Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi and, to a lesser extent, related serovars paratyphi A, B, and C.
The protean manifestations of typhoid fever make this disease a true diagnostic challenge. The classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, and constipation. Untreated, typhoid fever is a grueling illness that may progress to delirium, obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. Survivors may be left with long-term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders COPD is a [preventable and treatable disease with some significant extra pulmonary effects that may contribute to the severity in individual clients.
It is characterized by airflow limitation that is not completely reversible.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
A Powerpoint presentation on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of the common types of amyloid.
amyloidosis(including history,physical and chemical properties, classification, variants, staining characteristics, lab diagnosis,morphological patterns according to organ involved ,), basically for undergraduates and residents in pathology
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health issue in Nepal, with a high burden of the disease among vulnerable populations. This PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of TB in Nepal, including the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
The presentation highlights the impact of TB on individuals, families, and communities in Nepal. We showcase the challenges of accessing healthcare in remote and impoverished areas, the lack of awareness and education about the disease, and the social stigma and discrimination faced by TB patients.
We also explore the efforts being made to address TB in Nepal. We showcase the national TB control program, which aims to improve access to diagnosis and treatment, and the partnerships between the government, non-governmental organizations, and international agencies to fight the disease.
Through this presentation, we aim to raise awareness about TB in Nepal and the importance of collaboration and innovation in finding solutions. We showcase the latest research and innovations in TB diagnosis and treatment, such as new drugs and vaccines, and the importance of integrating TB care with other health services.
We also highlight the importance of community engagement and empowerment in the fight against TB. We showcase the success stories of TB survivors and the role of community-based organizations in providing support and advocacy for TB patients and their families.
Overall, this PowerPoint presentation provides a valuable resource for understanding TB in Nepal and the efforts being made to address the disease. We hope to inspire action and collaboration to create a world where no one has to suffer from the devastating effects of TB.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
DEF:Tuberculosis is the infectious disease primarily
affecting lung parenchyma is most often caused by
mycobacterium tuberculosis.it may spread to any part
of the body including meninges,kidney,bones and
lymphnodes.
It’s the one of the most prevalent infections of
human beings and cotnributes considerably to
illness and death around the world . It is spread by
inhealing tiny droplets of salaiva from the coughs
or sneezes of an infected person . It is slowly
spreading ,chronic , granulomatus bacterial
infection charactarized by gradual wieght loss
5. CLASSIFICATION
Class I (TB exposure)
(+) exposure
(-) Mantoux tuberculin test
(-) signs and symptoms suggestive of TB
(-) chest radiograph
6. CLASSIFICATION
Class II (TB infection)
(±) exposure
(+) Mantoux tuberculin test
(-) signs and symptoms suggestive of TB
(-) chest radiograph
7. CLASSIFICATION
Class III (TB disease)
Has three or more of the ff. criteria
(+) history of exposure to an adult/adolescent with active TB
disease
(+) Mantoux tuberculin test
(+) signs and symptoms suggestive of TB
Cough/wheezing > 2 weeks; fever > 2 weeks
Painless cervical and/or other lymphadenopathy
Poor weight gain; failure to make a quick return to normal after
an infection (measles, tonsillitis, whooping cough) or failure to
respond to approriate antibiotic therapy (pneumonia, otitis media)
Abnormal Chest radiograph
Laboratory findings suggestive of TB (histological, cytological,
biochemical, immunological or molecular)
8. CLASSIFICATION
Class IV (TB inactive)
A child/adolescent with or without history of
previous TB and any of the ff:
(±) previous chemotherapy
(+) radiographic evidence of healed/calcified TB
(+) Mantoux tuberculin test
(-) signs and symptoms suggestive of TB
(-) smear/culture for M. tuberculosis
9. INCIDENCE
With the increased incidence of AIDS, TB has
become more a problem in the U.S., and the world.
It is currently estimated that 1/2 of the world's
population (3.1 billion) is infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Global Emergency Tuberculosis kills 5,000 people
a day
2.3 million die each year
11. Risk Factors
1. Age: infants and adolescents are at highest risk
of disease
2. Close contact with an untreated sputum positive
patient
3. Impaired host defenses: immunodeficiency
states, particularly that associated with HIV
infection; immunosuppression related to
accompanying viral infection, or drug induced;
malnutrition.
4. Other disease staes: Hodgkin’s lymphomas,
diabetes mellitus, leukemia, malignancy (head
and neck) severe kidney disease, silicosis,
prolonged treatment with corticosteroids
12. Risk Factors
5. Persons whose tuberculin skin test results
converted to (+) In the past 1-2 years.
6. Persons who have CXR suggestive of old TB.
7. IMMUNO COMPROMISED STATUS
(ELDERLY,CANCER).
8. DRUG ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM.
9. PEOPLE LACKING ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE.
10. IMMIGRANTS FROM COUNTRIES WITH HIGHER
INCIDENCE OF TB.
11. INSTITUTIONALISATION(LONG TERM CARE
FACILITIES).
13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(INITIAL INFECTION OR PRIMARY INFECTION)
ENTRY OF MICRO ORGANISM THROUGH DROPLET NUCLEI
BACTERIA IS TRANSMITTED TO ALVEOLI THROUGH AIRWAYS
DEPOSITION AND MULTIPLICATION OF BACTERIA
BACILLI ARE ALSO TRANSPORTED TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY THROUGH
BLOOD STREAM AND LYMPHNODE
INFLAMMATION
14. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PHAGOCYTOSIS BY NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
ACCUMULATION OF EXUDATE IN ALVEOLI
BRONCHO PNEMONIA
NEW TISSUE MASSES OF LIVE AND DEAD BACILLI ARE SURROUNDED BY
MACROPHAGES WHICH FORM A PROTECTIVE MASS AROUND GRANULOMAS
GRANULOMAS THEN TRANSFORMS TO FIBROUS TISSUE MASS AND CENTRAL
PORTION OF WHICH IS CALLED GHON TUBERCLE
15. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
THE MATERIAL (BACTERIA AND MACROPHAGES
BECOMES NECROTIC FORMING CHEESY MASS
MASS BECOMES CALCIFIED AND BECOMES COLAGENOUS SCAR
BACTERIA BECOME DORMANT AND NO
FURTHER PROGRESSION OF ACTIVE DISEASE
(ACTIVE DISEASE OR RE INFECTION)
INADEQUATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
ACTIVATION OF DORMANT BACTERIA
16. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
GHON TUBERCLE ULCERATES AND RELEASING CHEESY MATERIAL INTO BRONCHI
BACTERIA THEN BECOME AIRBORNE RESULTING IN FURTHER SPREAD OF INFECTION
ULCERATED TUBERCLE HEALS AND BECOMES SCAR TISSUE
INFECTED LUNG BECOME INFLAMMED
FURTHER DEVOLOPMENT OF PNEUMONIA AND TUBERCLE FORMATION
UNLESS THE PROCESS IS ARRESTED IT SPREADS DOWNWARDS TO THE HILUM OF LUNGS
AND LATER EXTENDS TO ADJASCENT LOBES
17. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
CONSTITUTIONAL SYMPTOMS
Anorexia
Low grade fever
Night sweats
Fatique
Weight loss
PULMONARY SYMPTOMS
Dyspnea
Non resolving bronchopneumonia
Chest tightness
Non productive cough
Mucopurulent sputum with hemoptpysis
Chest pain
EXTRA PULMONARY SYMPTOMS
Pain
Inflammation
18. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC
FINDINGS
HISTORY COLLECTION
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Clubbing of the fingers or toes (in people with advanced disease)
Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas
Fluid around a lung (pleural effusion)
Unusual breath sounds (crackles)
IF MILIARY TB;
A physical exam may show:
Swollen liver
Swollen lymph nodes
Swollen spleen
19. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC
FINDINGS
Tests may include:
Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare)
Bronchoscopy
Chest CT scan
Chest x-ray
Interferon-gamma release blood
test such as the QFT-Gold test
to test for TB infection
Sputum examination and cultures
Thoracentesis
Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
20. QUANTIFERON GOLD TEST
QFT-Gold test measures interferon-gamma in
the testee's blood after incubating the blood
with specific antigens from M. Tuberculosis
proteins
21. COMPLICATIONS
Bones. Spinal pain and joint destruction may result
from TB that infects your bones(TB spine or potss
spine)
Brain(meningitis)
Liver or kidneys
Heart(cardiac tamponade)
Pleural effusion
Tb pneumonia
Serious reactions to drug therapy(hepato
toxicity;hypersentivity)
22. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
PULMONARY TB is treated primarily with antituberculosis agents
for 6 to 12 months.
Pharmacological management
Streptomycin 15mg/kg
Isoniazid or INH(Nydrazid) 5 mg/kg(300 mg max perday)
Rifampin 10 mg/kg
Pyrazinamide 15 – 30 mg/kg
Ethambutol(Myambutol) 15 -25 mg/kg daily for 8 weeks and
continuing for up to 4 to 7 months
23. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Capreomycin 12 -15 mg/kg
Ethionamide 15mg/kg
Paraaminosalycilate sodium 200 -300 mg/kg
Cycloserine 15 mg/kg
Vitamin b(pyridoxine) usually adminstered with INH
24. Other drugs that may be useful, but are not on the
WHO list of SLDs:
Rifabutin
Macrolides:e.g.,clarithromycin (CLR)
Linezolid(LZD)
Thioacetazone(T)
Thioridazine
Arginine
25. MULTIDRUG THERAPY
Multiple-drug therapy to treat TB means taking
several different antitubercular drugs at the same
time.
The standard treatment is to take isoniazid,
rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 2
months. Treatment is then continued for at least
4months with fewer medicines