Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Pneumonia (Pathophysiology and management) by Sunil Kumar Dahasunil kumar daha
Please find the power point on Management and pathophysiology of Pneumonia . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
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Pathology of Pneumonia:
Broncho- pneumonia,
Lobar Pneumonia,
Lung Abscess,
Lung Fungal Absces,
Normal Lung
Please leave a comment after downloading.
THANK YOU ^^
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening. It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli. Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing. Severity is variable.
Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough such as following a stroke, and a weak immune system. Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination. Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm the diagnosis. The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.
Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics. If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
Pneumonia affects approximately 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about four million deaths per year. Pneumonia was regarded by William Osler in the 19th century as "the captain of the men of death". With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival improved. Nevertheless, in developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death. Pneumonia often shortens suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend"
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7. Bronchopneumonia:
• Infants + young children and the elderly.
• Usually secondary to other conditions associated with local
and
general defence mechanisms:
- viral infections (influenza, measles)
- aspiration of food or vomitus
- obstruction of a bronchus (foreign body or neoplasm)
- inhalation of irritant gases
- major surgery
- chronic debilitating diseases, malnutrition
9. Pathology of lobar pneumonia:
4 phases:
Congestion
Lasts < 24 hours: Alveoli filled with
oedema fluid and bacteria.
10. Red hepatization
• Firm, 'meaty' and airless appearance of lung.
• Alveolar capillary dilatation.
• Strands of fibrin extending from one alveolus
to
another via inter-alveolar pores of Kohn.
• Also neutrophils in alveoli.
• Pleura: Fibrinous exudate.
12. Resolution
- Lysis and removal of fibrin via sputum +
lymphatics.
- Begins after 8-9 days (without antibiotics).
- Sudden improvement of patient's condition.
13. Complications of lobar pneumonia
1. Abscess formation
2. Empyema
3. Failure of resolution ⇒ intra-alveolar scarring
('carnification') ⇒ permanent loss of ventilatory
function of affected parts of lung.
4. Bacteraemia:
- Infective endocarditis
- Cerebral abscess / meningitis
- Septic arthritis
14. Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Common inhabitant of oral cavity (poor
oral hygiene).
• Lobar pneumonia in the elderly, diabetics,
alcoholics (aspiration of saliva).
15. Community acquired vs. nosocomial infection
Nosocomial infection:
- Often patients in ICU
- ↓ Local resistance to infection in lungs
- Intubation of respiratory tract
- Altered normal flora due to antibiotics
- E.coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas,
Staph. aureus.
16. Immune status
Infection by usually non-pathogenic
organisms
('opportunistic infection')
- Pneumocystis carinii
- Other fungi
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
17. Fig. A viral pneumonia with interstitial lymphocytic
infiltrates. Note that there is no alveolar exudate.
Thus, the patient with this type of pneumonia will
probably not have a productive cough.
18. The most common causes for viral pneumonia are:
• Influenza
• Parainfluenza
• Adenovirus
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
- appears mostly in children
• Cytomegalovirus
- in immunocompromised hosts.
19. Fig. RSV accounts for many cases of pneumonia in children
under 2 years, and can be a cause for death in infants 1 to 6
months of age or older.