This document outlines the objectives and content of a seminar on acute glomerulonephritis (AGN). The objectives are to understand the structure and function of the nephron, define AGN, describe its incidence and etiology, explain its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, and discuss its diagnostic evaluation, management, complications, and prevention. The content will cover anatomy and physiology, introduction, definition, incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management, complications, prevention, and conclusions. AGN is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the renal glomeruli resulting from antigen-antibody complex deposition. It commonly presents in children with hematuria and can resolve or cause long

2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this seminar, students will be able to
understand about Acute Glomerulo Nephritis.
 Explain the structure and function of nephron.
 Define acute glomerulo nephritis.
 Describe the incidence of acute glomerulo
nephritis.
 List the etiological factors of acute glomerulo
nephritis.
 Explain the pathophysiology of acute glomerulo
nephritis.

3.  Enumerate the clinical manifestations.
 Explain the diagnostic evaluations and
managament of acute glomerulo nephritis.
 Enlist the complications of AGN.
 List out the preventive measures of acute
glomerulo nephritis.

4. CONTENT
 Anatomy and physiology
 Introduction
 Definition
 Incidence
 Etiology
 Pathophysiology
 Clinical manifestations
 Diagnostic evaluations

5.  Management
 Complications
 Prevention
 Research findings
 Summary
 Conclusion

8. Introduction
Acute glomerulo
nephritis is a common disease
in children and it is one of the
disease that are presented
commonly with hematuria.
Acute glomerulo nephritis can
result in long-term damage or
may resolve, depending upon
the cause and severity.

9. Definition
The antigen-antibody complex
deposition within the glomeruli results in
glomerular injury which is manifestated
as hematuria, oliguria, edema and
hypertension.
Acute glomerulo nephritis is an immune
mediated inflammatory disease of the
capillary loops in the renal glomeruli.

10. Incidence
 More common in males than in females.
 Most common in preschooler and in early school
age children with an age of 6-7 years.
 Rare in children under 2 years of age.
 An average responsible for 2-4% of pediatric
admissions in india.
 Accounts for above 90% of renal disease In
childhood.
 Various with the prevalence of nephritogenic
strains of streptococci and the likelihood of cross-
infection.

12. Etiology
 Antigen-antibody reaction.
 upper respiratory infection or a skin
infection
 nephritogenic strains of group-A beta-
hemolytic streptococcus,
 acute post-streptococcal glomerulo
nephritis.
 Fungal, bacterial, rickettsia, and parasite
infectious organisms.

13. Cont….
• pneumococcal,
• viral infections,
• acute post streptococcal glomerulo
nephritis(APSGN)
• Streptococcal pharyngitis

14. Pathophysiology
antigen-(group A
beta-hemolytic
streptococcus)
Antigen-antibody
product
Deposition of
antigen-antibody
complex in
glomerulus
Increased
production of
epithelial cells
lining the
glomerulus
Leukocytes infiltrate
the glomerulus
Thickening of the
glomerular filtration
membrane
Scaring and loss of
glomerular filtration
membrane
Decreased
glomerular filtration
rate(GFR)

15. Clinical manifestations
 oliguria
 Hematuria, proteinuria
 Hypertension
 Fluid overload
 Periorbital edema
 Fever
 G.I. disturbances
 Nocturia
 Cerebral symptoms

16. Diagnostic Evaluation
urinalysis
Serological tests
Kidney biopsy
Blood tests
Throat swab culture

17. Management
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
1. Antihypertensives:
 Vasodilators (eg: hydralazine)
 Calcium channel blockers (eg: amlodipine)
 ACE inhibitors (eg: enalapril)
2. Immuno-suppresants :
 (eg: cyclophosphamide)
3. Diuretics:
 Loop diuretics(eg: Furosemide )
4. Antibiotics: (eg: penicillin)

18. Therapeutic management
MONITORING:
 Monitor closely for the
presence of hematuria,
oliguria, edema and
hypertension.
 Record the general condition.
Monitor KFT.
BED REST:
 Indicated during
complications of acute renal
failure.

19. POSITION:
 Proper positioning.
DIET:
 Restriction of protein, salt and
fluid intake.
 CHO diet can be provided.
 Daily weight recording is
important.
Fluid balance:
 A record of daily weight is
important.
 Sodium and water is restricted.

20. NURSING MANAGEMENT
NURSING ASSESSMENT:
 Physical examination.
 Assess weight
 Monitor intake and output.
 Assess vital signs.
 Assess breath sounds.

21. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:
• Ineffective breathing pattern
• Altered urine elimination
• Excess fluid volume
• Risk for infection
• Imbalanced nutrition
• Risk for impaired skin integrity
• hyperthermia

22. complications
 Acute/chronic
renal failure
 Hyperkalemia

23.  Nephrotic
syndrome
 Hypertension

24.  Congestive heart
failure
 Pulmonary edema

25.  Chronic glomerulonephritis

26. Research findings
1. Acute glomerulonephritis mimicking
nephrotic syndrome.
- MB Abdulkadir(2016).
2. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of
acute glomerulonephritis in a teaching
hospital in North India.
- kapil Bhalla(2019 march).

27. 3. The Epidemiology, Clinical Features,
and Outcome of Infection-related
Glomerulonephritis from East India:
A Single Center Experience
- M. Trivedi(2017 july-aug)

28. Summary
We have discussed about :
Anatomy &physiology, Definition,
Incidence, Etiology, Pathophysiology,
clinical manifestations, diagnostic
evaluations, management, complications,

29. conclusion
The glomerulus is the part of nephron responsible
for filtration. Inflammation in glomeruli is known as
glomerulonephritis. Symptoms include protein and
blood in urine, edema, electrolyte imbalance, lethargy,
and frothy urine.
Causes of glomerulonephritis include infection,
autoimmune disease, and exposure to certain
medications and toxins. Diagnosis is done through
urine tests, blood tests, imaging techniques, and
kidney biopsy. Treatment is aimed at managing the
underlying cause and preventing the progression of the
disease.

30. Bibliography
A text book of medical surgical nursing,
author "brunner and suddarth's, 12th
edition, wolter publication, page
no:1316-1317.
https://nurseslabs.com/acute-
glomerulonephritis/
https://www.slideshare.net/yogeshdeyog
eshdengale/acute-glomerulonephritis-
agn.

31. Assignment
Write nursing care plan of patient with
Acute Glomerulonephritis.