This document discusses hydrocarbons and their derivatives. It begins by defining organic compounds and their main classes - hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon derivatives. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic. The document then discusses hydrocarbon nomenclature, including naming conventions for alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and branched hydrocarbons. It concludes by mentioning some common hydrocarbon derivatives like halides, alcohols, and ethers and instructing the reader to investigate their general formulas, functional groups, and properties.

1. UNIT 1.
HYDROCARBONS
DERIVATIVES

2. Organic Compounds
 Organic compounds are compounds
containing C, H, O, N, P, S
 These six elements comprise 99% of the
mass of all living things.
 Organic Chemistry is know as chemistry of
living things.
 Are divided into two main classes:
hydrocarbons and
hydrocarbon derivatives

3. Hydrocarbons
 Are the simplest type of organic compounds
 Containing only carbon and hydrogen, they
can be straight-chain, branched chain, or
cyclic molecules.
 Carbon tends to form four bonds in a
tetrahedral geometry

4. Carbon structure
 Carbon is located in the goup 4A from the
periodic table, this atom needs four electrons
to form covalent bonds in a tetrahedral
geometry.
 Each pair of electrons shared is represented
by a single bond.

6. Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
 ALKANES.
 The IUPAC names assigned to simple bonds and
continuous-chain alkanes add a
common "ane" suffix identifies these compounds as
alkanes. Longer chain alkanes are well known, and
their names may be found in many reference and
text books. The
names methane through decane should be
memorized, since they constitute the root of many
IUPAC names. Fortunately, common numerical
prefixes are used in naming chains of five or more
carbon atoms.

7. Activity #1 Alkanes, Alkenes
and Alkynes Nomenclature
Portfolio.
Complete the following charts in your
notebook (classwork)

8. Alkanes
Condensed Structural
Formula Formula

9. Alkenes
#C Name Molecular Condensed Structural
Formula Formula Formula
2 Ethene C2 H4 CH2 CH2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

10. Alkynes
#C Name Molecular Condensed Structural
Formula Formula Formula
H H
2 Ethyne C2 H2 CH CH2 C C
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11. Branched Hydrocarbons
 Beginning with butane (C4H10), and
becoming more numerous with larger
alkanes, we note the existence of alkane
isomers.
 Somers are hydrocarbons with the same
molecular formula (# of H and C) but
different structure

12.  For example, there are five C6H14 isomers, shown
below as abbreviated line formulas (A through E):
 Although these distinct compounds all have the same
molecular formula, only one (A) can be called hexane. How
then are we to name the others?

13.  The IUPAC system requires first that we have
names for simple unbranched chains, as noted
above, and second that we have names for simple
alkyl groups that may be attached to the chains.
 Examples of some common alkyl groups are
given in the following table. Note that the "ane"
suffix is replaced by "yl" in naming groups. The
symbol R is used to designate a generic
(unspecified) alkyl group.

16. Nomenclature of Branched
Hydrocarbons
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end
nearest a substituent group.
4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an
appropriate number and name.
5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical
order using the full name (e.g. cyclopropyl before isobutyl).
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several
groups of the same kind, are not considered when
alphabetizing.

17.  For the above isomers of hexane the IUPAC names are:
A. Hexane
B. 2-methylpentane
C. 3-methylpentane
D. 2,2-dimethylbutane
E. 2,3-dimethylbutane

18. Naming Branched Hydrocarbons
The IUPAC name is thus: 3-
methylhexane

19. 3,3-dimethylpentane.

20. Remembering the alphabetical
priority, we assign the following
IUPAC name: 3-ethyl-2,2,5-
trimethylhexane.

21. Activity #2. Hydrocarbon
Derivatives
 Investigate the General Formula, Functional
Group, Chemical properties and Physical
Properties of the following Hydrocarbon
Derivates:
 Halides
 Alcohols
 Ethers
Portfolio in your notebook (homework)

22. Hydrocarbon Derivatives
 Hydrocarbon Derivatives are formed when
there is a substitution of a functional group at
one or more of these positions.