This document provides information about transition metals and their coordination compounds. It discusses the key characteristics of transition metals, including having multiple oxidation states and forming colored compounds. Transition metals form coordination complexes by acting as Lewis acids and coordinating with ligands that donate lone pair electrons. The document explains crystal field theory and how ligands of different strengths cause splitting of the d-orbital energies, resulting in different colors for coordination complexes.
PPT on transition elements which includes properties, trends, oxidation states, color, and magnetic behavior and position of transition elements in the periodic table.
PPT on transition elements which includes properties, trends, oxidation states, color, and magnetic behavior and position of transition elements in the periodic table.
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Revision Slides for AQA A-Level Chemistry on the Group Two Elements. Designed for the new Exam Series of June 2017, but relevant for all series and exam boards.
• Ligands
– an ion or molecule which donates electron density to a metal
atom/ion to form a complex
- Lewis base bonded (coordinated) to a metal ion in a coordination complex.
• Coordination Complex
– a central metal atom/ion and its set of ligands
– often an ion itself
• Coordination Compounds
– a neutral species made up in some part of a complex
– often the salt of a coordination complex
• Coordination Number
– the number of ligands in the primary or inner shell of ligands
Nature of coordination compounds, coordination sphere, coordination number, oxidation state of central metal atom, lewis acids, types of ligands, types of complex(cationic and anionic), Valance bond theory, crystal field theory, werner theory of coordination compounds, Nomenclature of coordination compounds.Eg and t2g ,CFSE, Degeneracy, Application of coordination compounds, Charge of the coordination sphere.
Spatial arrangements, inner and outer orbital complexes, low and high spin complex, spin pair and spin free complexes, isomerism, types of isomerism.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
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1. Objective
A comprehensive knowledge of transition elements
chemistry will be gained by understanding the
structure of metals and coordination compounds.
2. Transition Metals
Occupy the d-block of periodic table
Have d-electrons in valence shell
Some characteristics of Transition Metals and their
compounds
1. Exhibit more than one oxidation state
2. Many of their compounds are colored
3. They exhibit interesting magnetic properties.
4. They form an extensive series of compounds
known as metal complexes or coordination
compounds.
3. e.g., Reduction of V5+ by metallic Zn
VO2(H2O)4
+ yellow-orange
VO(H2O)5
2+ blue
V(H2O)6
3+ green
V(H2O)6
2+ violet
Exhibit more than one oxidation state
Many of their compounds are colored
Transition Metals
4. ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
3d elements: Sc Zn
Ar 3s23p6 Sc [Ar]3d14s2
K [Ar]4s1 Ti [Ar]3d24s2
Ca [Ar]4s2 . .
. .
. .
Zn [Ar]3d104s2
Note: 4s is filled before 3d, but when oxidized, 4s electrons are lost
before 3d.
Ti [Ar]3d24s2
Ti2+ [Ar]3d24s0
Ti3+ [Ar]3d14s0
Ti4+ [Ar]3d04s0
Ti5+ does not exist!
5. TRANSITION METALS: ScMn
Oxidation States:
Highest oxidation states of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn = number of
valence (4s + 3d) electrons.
Sc [Ar]3d14s2 Sc3+ [Ar] maximum
Mn [Ar]3d54s2 Mn7+[Ar] maximum
Trend from Sc Mn:
The max. oxidation state becomes increasingly unstable.
Sc3+, Ti4+ are stable (maximum oxidation states).
Sc2O3 Stable oxide.
Mn7+ Exists but is easily reduced.
MnO4
- Strong oxidizing agent.
Transition Metals
6. Magnetic Properties
Diamagnetic:
unaffected by a magnetic field
no unpaired electrons
Paramagnetic:
influenced by a magnetic field
unpaired electrons
Transition metals and their compounds are often
paramagnetic
Have unpaired d-electrons
Eg. Ti2+
Mn2+
8. Lewis Acid - Lewis Base Chemistry
•Lewis Acid : e- acceptor
• (metals are good e- acceptor)
•Lewis Base : e- donor
• (Ligands with lone pair electrons)
•Ligands, atoms or cluster of atoms with
lone pair electrons available to donate
•Complexing Agent: H2O, NH3, Cl- CN-
9. Complex -
•Metal- Ligand compounds
• [MLn] i.e., [Ag(NH3)2]+ or [Co(NH3)6] Cl3
•[ ] denotes atoms bonded to each other
through covalent bonds. These atoms are
contained in the coordination sphere.
Coordinated sphere is the directly bonded to each other.
Counter ions are outside bracket, and are not part of the coordinate
sphere.
A coordinated compound behaves like an electrolyte in water: the
complex ion and counter separates from each other. But the complex
ion behaves like a polyatomic ion: the ligands and central metal ion
remain attached.
10. Coordinated Complexes and Coordination
Number
•Coord Shape Example
•Number
• 2 Linear [CuCl2]-, [Ag(NH3)2]+, [AuCl2]-
• 4 Square Planar [Ni(CN)4] 2-, [PdCl4]2-
• [Pt(NH3)4] 2+, [Cu(NH3)4] 2+
• 4 Tetrahedral [Cu(CN)4] 3-, [Zn(NH3)4]2+
• [CdCl4] 2-, [MnCl4] 2-
• 6 Octahedral [Cu(H2O)6] 3+, [V(CN)6] 4-,
• [Cu(NH3)4Cl2] +, [Co(en)3] 3+
F
F
Br
F
F
F
F
F
S
F
F
F
11. Ligands
• Example of Typical mono-, bi- and poly dentate Ligands
Name of Neutral and Anionic Ligands:
Neutral: Anionic
Aqua H2O Fluoro Fl
-
Amine NH3 Chloro Cl
-
Nitrosyl NO Bromo Br-
Carbonyl CO Iodo I
-
Hydroxo OH
-
Cyano CN
-
12. Chelates
• Chelating Ligands have two or more donor atoms that
simultaneously coordinate to a single metal ion.
• Polydentate - (Many toothed - ligand)
• Chelating agent (Claw)
• Sequestering agent - sequester - to set apart or
separate
• en ethylenediamine (shown) - two toothed ligand:
– i.e., [Co(en)3]3+ [Pt(en)2]2+
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetate
– (picture) hexadentate
– EDTA is the antidote for
– heavy metal poisoning
13. Chelating agents in Living system
•Seven of 24 elements necessary for life,
based on ability to formed complexes
• V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn
•Fe - hemoglobin, chlorophyll (Mg)
•Co - Vitamin B
15. Nomenclature
• Cation - Anion: Salts: name cation before anions i.e.,
[Co(HN3)5Cl]Br2, we name [Co(HN3)5Cl] complex ion before bromides
counter ions .
• Complex: Within complex ion, the ligands are named in alphabetical
order before the metal i.e., pentaaminechlorocobalt(II), note that tetra is
an indication of the number of NH3 group, and not considered in the
alphabetizing of the ligand.
• Ligand: Anionic ligands end in -o and neutral ligands are name based
on their molecular name (excepts are aqua H2O, amine: NH3)
–Greek prefixes are used to indicate number of ligands, di-, tri-, tetra-,
penta-, hexa-. Exception occurs when ligand already has Greek prefix
in its name, The prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis, & hexakis. are
used instead.
– i.e., Ir(bpy)3 trisbipyridineiridium (III) bipyridine already has bi in its
name.
• If the complex is an anion, then its name ends with suffix -ate.
• Further more, oxidation state of the metal is given in roman numerals in
parenthesis at the end of the name.
16. Nomenclature
• Rules:
• 1. The cation is written before the anion.
• 2. The charge of the cation(s) is balanced by the charge of the
anion(s).
• 3. For the complex ion, neutral ligands are written before
anionic ligands (negative charge), and the whole ion is
placed in brackets.
• Procedure Outline:
• 1. The cation is named before the anion.
• 2. Within the complex ion, the ligands are named, in alphabetical
order.
• 3. Neutral ligands generally have the molecule name.
• Anionic ligands drop the -ide and add -o after the root
name.
• 4. Numerical prefixes denote the number of a particular ligand.
• 5. Oxidation state of metal ion is in Roman numeral in
parenthesis.
• 6. For anionic complex, the end of the metal name is replaced by
-ate.
17. Example: Naming from Formula
• Name from formula
• a) K3[Au(CN)4]
• Potassium Tetracyanoaurate(I)
• d) K[Co(C2O4)2(NH3)2]
• Potassium diaminedioxaloCobaltate(I)
• f) [Cr(en)2F2]NO3
• Bis(ethylenediamine)difluorochromium(III) nitrate
• Naming anionic metals
• Iron: Ferrate Copper: Cuprate
• Lead: Plumbate Silver:
Argentate
• Gold: Aurate Tin: Stannate
18. Example: Formula from Name
• Name from formula
• a) Hexaamminechromium(III) nitrate
• [Cr(NH3)6] (NO3)3
• d) dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)platinum(IV) bromide
• [PtCl2(en)2]Br2
• f) bis(ethylenediamine)zinc(II) tetraiodomercurate(II)
• [Zn(en)2][HgI4]
•
• More anionic metals
• Osmium: Osmate Cobalt: Cobaltate
• Amtimony: Antimonate Rhenium:
Rhenate
• Platinum: Platinate Rhodium: Rhodate