The MRI Scanner; historical facts, Understanding Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, The Scanner componenets, Radiofrequency coils, the casing, types of MRI magnets, understanding the principle of superconductivity. MRI applications
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
basic and brief but informative knowledge about how MRI works and what are its components ... easy to understand as well as presenting during lectures and in classes . share it
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
this power-point slide presentation includes lots of information like how MRI coil works. what is shimming, magnet, fringe, and design of mri coil and also magnet. this will help a lot for radiologist and technician radiographers.. thanks.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING QUESTION AND ANSWER 3 MARKS.pdfGanesan Yogananthem
Dear B.Sc MIT Students,
Attached is an essential document featuring comprehensive Questions & Answers for MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING. We encourage you to utilize this resource to deepen your understanding and excel in your studies. Wishing you all the success in your academic endeavors and future careers.
Best regards,
X ray of the upper limbs radiology raining resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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MRI Scanner, Instrumentation. MDIRT ST. Louis Bamenda, Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
1. MRI SCANNER HARDWARE
Lecture 1: MRI Scanner System Components
and Functions
Nchanji NKEH Keneth
kennchanji@yahoo.com/excellence660@gmail.com
671459765/662695118
HPD/B.TECH– MDIRT
Radiology Dept.
St. Louis UNIHEBS, Mile 3 Nkwen Bamenda, NWR, Cameroon
2016/2017 Academic Year
2. Introduction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging technique
used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality
images of the soft tissues of the human body.
It is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR), a spectroscopic technique to obtain microscopic
chemical and physical information about molecules
MRI has advanced beyond a tomographic imaging technique to
a volume imaging technique
11. History of MRI
NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance
nuclear: properties of nuclei of atoms
magnetic: magnetic field required
resonance: magnetic field x radio frequency
1946: Block and Purcell
atomic nuclei absorb and re-emit radio frequency energy
1992: Ogawa and colleagues
first functional images using BOLD signal
Bloch Purcell
NMR MRI: Why the name change?
most likely explanation:
nuclear has bad connotations
Ogawa less likely explanation:
NMR means Nouveau Mouvement Religieux
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Timeline of MR Imaging
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
1924 - Pauli suggests
that nuclear particles
may have angular
momentum (spin).
1937 – Rabi measures
magnetic moment of
nucleus. Coins
“magnetic resonance”.
1946 – Purcell shows
that matter absorbs
energy at a resonant
frequency.
1946 – Bloch demonstrates
that nuclear precession can be
measured in detector coils.
1972 – Damadian
patents idea for large
NMR scanner to
detect malignant
tissue.
1959 – Singer
measures blood flow
using NMR (in
mice).
1973 – Lauterbur
publishes method for
generating images
using NMR gradients.
1973 – Mansfield
independently
publishes gradient
approach to MR.
1975 – Ernst
develops 2D-Fourier
transform for MR.
NMR renamed MRI
MRI scanners
become clinically
prevalent.
1990 – Ogawa and
colleagues create
functional images
using endogenous,
blood-oxygenation
contrast.
1985 – Insurance
reimbursements for
MRI exams begin.
19.
20. Nobel Prizes for Magnetic Resonance
1944: Rabi
Physics (Measured magnetic moment of nucleus)
1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell
Physics (Basic science of NMR phenomenon)
1991: Richard Ernst
Chemistry (High-resolution pulsed FT-NMR)
2002: Kurt Wüthrich
Chemistry (3D molecular structure in solution by NMR)
2003: Paul Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield
Physiology or Medicine (MRI technology)
23. Main Components of a Scanner
Static Magnetic Field Coils
Gradient Magnetic Field Coils
Magnetic shim coils
Radiofrequency Coil
Subsystem control computer
Data transfer and storage computers
Physiological monitoring, stimulus display, and
behavioral recording hardware
25. The Magnet
The most expensive component of the
imaging system.
Most magnets are of the
superconducting type. This is a
picture of a 1.5 Tesla
A superconducting magnet is an
electromagnet made of
superconducting wire.
Superconducting wire has a
resistance close to zero when it is
cooled to a zero temperature (-
273.15o C or 0 K, by emersion in
liquid helium).
Once current flows in the coil, it will
continue to flow as long as the coil is
kept at liquid helium temperatures.
Return
38. Open Superconducting Magnet
• In 1997 Toshiba introduced the worlds
first open superconducting magnet.
•The system uses a special metal alloy,
which conducts the low temperature
needed for superconductivity.•Does not need any helium refills,
which dramatically reduces running costs.
•The open design reduces anxiety and
claustrophobia.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. RF Coils
RF coils are needed to transmit and receive
radio-frequency waves used in MRI
scanners.
volume coils and surface coils:
52. Quadrature Coils:they contain at least two
loops of wire, which are placed at right angles
to one another.
Phased array coils consist of multiple surface
coils. Surface coils have the highest SNR but
have a limited sensitive area.
53. Radio Frequency (RF) chain
A very important part is the Radio Frequency (RF)
chain, which produces the RF signal transmitted
into the patient, and receives the RF signal from the
patient.
The frequency range used in MRI is the same as
used for radio transmissions. That’s why MRI
scanners are placed in a Faraday cage to prevent
radio waves to enter the scanner room, which may
cause artifacts on the MRI image. Someone once
said: “MRI is like watching television with a radio”.
57. R F Coils contd…
RF coils create the B1 field which rotates the net
magnetization in a pulse sequence.
RF coils can be divided into three general categories
1) transmit and receive coils
2) receive only coils
3) transmit only coils
Return
58. Safety
A third degree RF burn
The patient's arm was against the wall of a
body coil being operated in a transmit
mode with a surface coil as the receiver.
The burn first appeared as a simple blister
and progressed to a charring that had to be
surgically removed.
Return
60. Gradient Coils Principles
These are room temperature coils
A gradient in Bo in the Z direction is achieved with an
antihelmholtz type of coil.
Current in the two coils flow in opposite directions
creating a magnetic field gradient between the two coils.
The B field at one coil adds to the Bo field while the B field
at the center of the other coil subtracts from the Bo field
The X and Y gradients in the Bo field are created by a
pair of figure-8 coils. The X axis figure-8 coils create a
gradient in Bo in the X direction due to the direction of
the current through the coils.
The Y axis figure-8 coils provides a similar gradient in Bo
along the Y axis. Return
61.
62. Gradient Coils
There are 3 sets of wires. Each set can create a
magnetic field in a specific direction: Z, X or Y.
65. Gradient Coils Priciples
These are room temperature coils
A gradient in Bo in the Z direction is achieved with an antihelmholtz
type of coil.
Current in the two coils flow in opposite directions creating a
magnetic field gradient between the two coils.
The B field at one coil adds to the Bo field while the B field at the
center of the other coil subtracts from the Bo field
The X and Y gradients in the Bo field are created by a pair of figure-8
coils. The X axis figure-8 coils create a gradient in Bo in the X
direction due to the direction of the current through the coils.
The Y axis figure-8 coils provides a similar gradient in Bo along the Y
axis.
Return
67. R F Coils contd…
RF coils create the B1 field which rotates the net
magnetization in a pulse sequence.
RF coils can be divided into three general categories
1) transmit and receive coils
2) receive only coils
3) transmit only coils
Return
68. Safety
A third degree RF burn
The patient's arm was against the wall of a
body coil being operated in a transmit
mode with a surface coil as the receiver.
The burn first appeared as a simple blister
and progressed to a charring that had to be
surgically removed.
Return
72. REFERENCES
Lecture delivered with help of resources
from Simply Physics, Parth Partel-
MRI Simplified, MRI Introduction by
Mohammed Ali, Fundamentals of
Magnetic Resonance by James D.
Christensen, MRI Principles by Yves
De Deene and MRI and MRS by
Victor R. Lasar