Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
This document provides information on endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, and uterine sarcomas as assessed by MRI. It begins with an overview of endometrial carcinoma histology and prognosis factors. It then details the MRI protocol for evaluating these cancers, including sequences used. The document describes the typical MRI appearances of these cancers and their stages according to FIGO classification. It concludes with sections on the MRI features of various uterine sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
Mammography is the cornerstone imaging modality for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. It involves two standard views - craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Additional spot views may be needed based on findings. Image quality is optimized through use of specific equipment like molybdenum targets, grids, and compression to reduce thickness. Mammography finds masses and suspicious calcifications and uses the BI-RADS assessment system to characterize findings and guide need for biopsy. Regular screening can detect cancers early and improve outcomes.
Learn Chest X-Ray With Its Normal Positioning & Radio-AnatomyDr.Santosh Atreya
Learn Chest X-Ray With Its Normal Positioning & Radio-Anatomy..For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of endometrial carcinoma.Abdellah Nazeer
MRI is a valuable tool for assessing endometrial cancer by depicting tumor size, extension into the myometrium or parametrium, cervical invasion, and lymphadenopathy. It plays an important role in pre-operative planning by identifying high-risk features that may require lymph node dissection or adjuvant therapy. While endometrial cancer is surgically staged, MRI can accurately assess key features to guide treatment. It can also differentiate endometrial cancer from benign conditions like hyperplasia, adenomyosis, or fibroids.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of malignant breast diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various types of breast cancers and their radiological appearances. It begins by describing breast cancer in general, noting that it usually occurs in women and can begin in the ducts or lobules. It then summarizes the main types of breast cancers like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast carcinoma, and rare types like mucinous carcinoma and phyllodes tumor. For each type, it provides details on their clinical and radiological features like mammography and MRI appearances to aid in diagnosis.
MRI procedure of pelvis and hip suman duwalsuman duwal
The document provides information about pelvic MRI, including:
- The major organs in the male and female pelvis, including the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
- Patient preparation, positioning, common coils used, and protocols for imaging the prostate, uterus, and cervix.
- Indications for pelvic MRI include evaluating cancers, infections, abnormalities. Contraindications include certain implants.
- Key anatomy of the prostate includes the peripheral, central and transition zones. The uterus has endometrium, myometrium and serosa layers.
Describes ultrasound appearance of uterus through different ages, basic transvaginal ultrasound and ultrasound of the cervix. It talks of how to do transvaginal ultrasound.
Introduction to mammography and its equipment.
Different views on mammography & supplementary views.
Birads mammographic lexicon
Birads ultrasound lexicon
Imaging of suspicious mammary lymph nodes
Categories in BIRADS 2013.
This document provides information on endometrial carcinoma, cervical cancer, and uterine sarcomas as assessed by MRI. It begins with an overview of endometrial carcinoma histology and prognosis factors. It then details the MRI protocol for evaluating these cancers, including sequences used. The document describes the typical MRI appearances of these cancers and their stages according to FIGO classification. It concludes with sections on the MRI features of various uterine sarcomas, including leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, undifferentiated endometrial sarcoma, and adenosarcoma.
Mammography is the cornerstone imaging modality for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. It involves two standard views - craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique. Additional spot views may be needed based on findings. Image quality is optimized through use of specific equipment like molybdenum targets, grids, and compression to reduce thickness. Mammography finds masses and suspicious calcifications and uses the BI-RADS assessment system to characterize findings and guide need for biopsy. Regular screening can detect cancers early and improve outcomes.
Learn Chest X-Ray With Its Normal Positioning & Radio-AnatomyDr.Santosh Atreya
Learn Chest X-Ray With Its Normal Positioning & Radio-Anatomy..For some image description please go through the text book "David Sutton" because i have described these image during my presentation Verbally..There are many animations used inside this presentation so to see all the pictures which are placed layer by layer with the help of animations you simple need to download this presentation first.... Thanx.
Presentation1, radiological imaging of endometrial carcinoma.Abdellah Nazeer
MRI is a valuable tool for assessing endometrial cancer by depicting tumor size, extension into the myometrium or parametrium, cervical invasion, and lymphadenopathy. It plays an important role in pre-operative planning by identifying high-risk features that may require lymph node dissection or adjuvant therapy. While endometrial cancer is surgically staged, MRI can accurately assess key features to guide treatment. It can also differentiate endometrial cancer from benign conditions like hyperplasia, adenomyosis, or fibroids.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of malignant breast diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
The document discusses various types of breast cancers and their radiological appearances. It begins by describing breast cancer in general, noting that it usually occurs in women and can begin in the ducts or lobules. It then summarizes the main types of breast cancers like ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, inflammatory breast carcinoma, and rare types like mucinous carcinoma and phyllodes tumor. For each type, it provides details on their clinical and radiological features like mammography and MRI appearances to aid in diagnosis.
MRI procedure of pelvis and hip suman duwalsuman duwal
The document provides information about pelvic MRI, including:
- The major organs in the male and female pelvis, including the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
- Patient preparation, positioning, common coils used, and protocols for imaging the prostate, uterus, and cervix.
- Indications for pelvic MRI include evaluating cancers, infections, abnormalities. Contraindications include certain implants.
- Key anatomy of the prostate includes the peripheral, central and transition zones. The uterus has endometrium, myometrium and serosa layers.
Describes ultrasound appearance of uterus through different ages, basic transvaginal ultrasound and ultrasound of the cervix. It talks of how to do transvaginal ultrasound.
This document discusses breast imaging modalities and the BI-RADS system for categorizing findings. Mammography remains the cornerstone imaging modality for breast screening and diagnosis. The BI-RADS system classifies lesions on a scale of 0-6 based on level of suspicion. Category 0 indicates need for more imaging. Categories 1-2 are benign or likely benign findings. Category 3 indicates short term follow up. Categories 4-5 indicate increasing suspicion of malignancy requiring biopsy. Category 6 is known biopsy-proven cancer. Common benign breast lesions discussed include fibroadenomas, papillomas, and duct ectasia.
Breast cysts can be benign or malignant. Ultrasound is often sufficient for diagnosis and uses morphology and Doppler features. Cysts are classified into types from I-VI based on features. Type I-III cysts are simple cysts assessed as BI-RADS 2 with very low risk. Type IV cysts are complicated with low level echoes and assessed as BI-RADS 3 with <2% risk. Types V-VI have solid components and are assessed as BI-RADS 4 due to higher 2-95% risk. Features, assessment, and recommended management are described for each cyst type.
Ultrasound is used to map the internal structures of the breast using high-frequency sound waves. While it cannot replace mammography for screening, ultrasound can detect cancers not seen on mammograms, particularly in dense breasts. Benign lesions usually appear smooth, well-circumscribed, and hypoechoic or isoechoic compared to breast tissue. Malignant lesions tend to be irregularly shaped, hypoechoic, with angular margins and posterior shadowing. Ultrasound criteria help characterize breast abnormalities detected on other imaging as benign or warranting biopsy.
Mammography positioning technique for Cranio Caudal (CC) Selin Prasad
The document provides guidance on positioning a patient for a cranio-caudal (CC) mammogram view. Key points include:
1. The CC view visualizes the sub-areolar, central, medial, and posteromedial breast tissue. Proper positioning brings the breast into its natural anatomical position with the nipple perpendicular to the chest wall.
2. Landmarks like the retroglandular fat space and pectoral muscle should be included when possible. The patient is positioned by leaning slightly forward at the waist with shoulders relaxed to allow medial breast tissue to fall onto the image receptor.
3. The image is assessed to ensure inclusion of key anatomical structures and adequate visualization of breast paren
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx based on a radiology report. It discusses the boundaries and divisions of the larynx and describes the cartilages that make up the laryngeal framework, including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. It also summarizes the imaging appearance of the larynx on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
This document provides information on performing and interpreting CT angiography of the lower limbs. It discusses scanning techniques, protocols, contrast injection, and principles of timing acquisitions. Image post-processing includes MIP, VR, and MPR. Interpretation requires scrutinizing calcifications and stents to avoid overestimating stenosis. Peripheral CTA is useful for evaluating occlusive disease, aneurysms, trauma, infections, embolism, and postoperative surveillance. Examples demonstrate various vascular pathologies.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological vascular anatomy of the chest and abdomen.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological vascular anatomy of the chest and abdomen. It describes the anatomy and branches of the major arteries and veins in these regions, including the coronary arteries, abdominal aorta, celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, inferior vena cava, portal vein system, and iliac arteries. Diagrams and CT images are included to illustrate the typical anatomy and branching patterns of these important blood vessels.
Chest x-rays are commonly used to examine the lungs but have limitations as they provide a 2D image of a 3D structure. It is important to follow proper protocol for chest x-ray imaging including checking patient details, film quality, inspiration level, and positioning. Key aspects of positioning involve ensuring proper centering, angles, and inspiration to obtain quality images and accurately interpret findings. Following standardized guidelines is vital for consistent and accurate chest x-ray interpretation.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the shoulder joint.Abdellah Nazeer
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy as visualized through various imaging modalities including x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and arthrography. It details the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles of the shoulder and describes normal anatomy as well as common variants and injuries seen on imaging. Key anatomical structures discussed include the rotator cuff muscles and tendons, labrum, glenohumeral ligaments, biceps tendon, coracoacromial arch, and supporting muscles of the shoulder joint.
This document contains 23 cases of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary findings from imaging studies. Each case includes a description of findings and differential diagnoses. The cases cover a wide range of conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver and bile ducts.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used for breast and gynecologic imaging. For breast imaging, it describes mammography technique including breast compression and views obtained. It also discusses ultrasound, MRI, and other modalities. Common benign and malignant breast lesions are shown. For gynecologic imaging, it describes ultrasound technique and anatomy seen, hysterosalpingography technique and findings, and the roles of CT and MRI.
This document provides an overview of basic equipment used in interventional radiology, including needles, wires, catheters, and sheaths. It describes the nomenclature and properties of different types of needles, wires, catheters, and sheaths. Examples are provided of how to select and use the appropriate equipment for common procedures like placing a Hickman catheter, draining an abdominal abscess, and accessing a renal calyx. Conversions between measurement systems for needle gauges, wire diameters, and catheter/sheath sizes are also reviewed.
This document provides information about mammography, including its indications, types of examinations, basics, instrumentation, and procedures. Mammography uses low-energy x-rays to detect breast pathologies. It can be used for screening asymptomatic women, investigating breast lumps, or following up after breast surgery. Diagnostic mammograms use two or three views of each breast, while screening mammograms use a two-view protocol. Modern instrumentation includes flat panel detectors, grids, compression paddles, and automatic exposure control. Procedures involve craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Reporting follows the BI-RADS system for risk assessment.
Presentation2.pptx, radiological imaging of the rectal diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging of rectal diseases. It describes barium enema radiographs showing evidence of imperforate anus and symptoms of proctitis such as pain, bleeding, and loose stools. Complications of proctitis including ulcers and abscesses are mentioned. Images show amoebic proctitis in an HIV-infected patient and small rectal polyps. Rectal cancer staging and treatment options involving transanal excision, total mesorectal excision, and chemotherapy are summarized. Endorectal ultrasound and MRI are identified as accurate techniques for tumor staging, with MRI having the highest accuracy for T, N, and circumferential resection margin staging of rectal cancer.
This document provides information about various breast imaging techniques including mammography. It describes what a mammogram is, the history of mammography, how mammograms are performed, what they can detect like masses and microcalcifications, and how results are categorized using BI-RADS. Other modalities like ultrasound and MRI are also discussed. Limitations of mammography include false negatives, overdiagnosis, and difficulty in dense breasts. Mammogram plans vary depending on a woman's history and any breast surgery or implants. Newer techniques like tomosynthesis aim to improve cancer detection.
The document provides information about various breast imaging techniques and biopsy procedures. It discusses the appearance of masses and lesions on mammography including characteristics like shape, margin, density, and enhancement patterns. It also describes different types of calcifications and their typical benign or suspicious morphologies. Additionally, the document outlines procedures for fine needle biopsy, core needle biopsy, and vacuum-assisted biopsy. Key details about each technique are given, such as how samples are obtained and analyzed to determine if a growth is benign or malignant.
Radioanatomy of mediastinum and approach to mediastinal massesAkankshaMalviya3
The document discusses the anatomy, divisions, and contents of the mediastinum. It describes approaches to evaluating mediastinal masses through investigations such as chest x-rays, CT, MRI, and biopsy. Differential diagnoses are provided for masses in various mediastinal compartments, including the anterior mediastinum where the five most common masses are thymoma, thyroid masses, lymphoma, teratomas, and aortic aneurysms. Evaluation of mediastinal masses involves determining the location and narrowing the differential diagnosis through imaging studies and biopsy.
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
Chest x ray cxr and pathologies radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Comprehensive Chest X ray. basics of Chest Gross Anatomy. Chest X-ray Projections, Radiographs, Pathologies and Critique of the Chest Radiograph. Chest X-Ray findings among Covid-19 patients
This document discusses breast imaging modalities and the BI-RADS system for categorizing findings. Mammography remains the cornerstone imaging modality for breast screening and diagnosis. The BI-RADS system classifies lesions on a scale of 0-6 based on level of suspicion. Category 0 indicates need for more imaging. Categories 1-2 are benign or likely benign findings. Category 3 indicates short term follow up. Categories 4-5 indicate increasing suspicion of malignancy requiring biopsy. Category 6 is known biopsy-proven cancer. Common benign breast lesions discussed include fibroadenomas, papillomas, and duct ectasia.
Breast cysts can be benign or malignant. Ultrasound is often sufficient for diagnosis and uses morphology and Doppler features. Cysts are classified into types from I-VI based on features. Type I-III cysts are simple cysts assessed as BI-RADS 2 with very low risk. Type IV cysts are complicated with low level echoes and assessed as BI-RADS 3 with <2% risk. Types V-VI have solid components and are assessed as BI-RADS 4 due to higher 2-95% risk. Features, assessment, and recommended management are described for each cyst type.
Ultrasound is used to map the internal structures of the breast using high-frequency sound waves. While it cannot replace mammography for screening, ultrasound can detect cancers not seen on mammograms, particularly in dense breasts. Benign lesions usually appear smooth, well-circumscribed, and hypoechoic or isoechoic compared to breast tissue. Malignant lesions tend to be irregularly shaped, hypoechoic, with angular margins and posterior shadowing. Ultrasound criteria help characterize breast abnormalities detected on other imaging as benign or warranting biopsy.
Mammography positioning technique for Cranio Caudal (CC) Selin Prasad
The document provides guidance on positioning a patient for a cranio-caudal (CC) mammogram view. Key points include:
1. The CC view visualizes the sub-areolar, central, medial, and posteromedial breast tissue. Proper positioning brings the breast into its natural anatomical position with the nipple perpendicular to the chest wall.
2. Landmarks like the retroglandular fat space and pectoral muscle should be included when possible. The patient is positioned by leaning slightly forward at the waist with shoulders relaxed to allow medial breast tissue to fall onto the image receptor.
3. The image is assessed to ensure inclusion of key anatomical structures and adequate visualization of breast paren
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx based on a radiology report. It discusses the boundaries and divisions of the larynx and describes the cartilages that make up the laryngeal framework, including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. It also summarizes the imaging appearance of the larynx on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
This document provides information on performing and interpreting CT angiography of the lower limbs. It discusses scanning techniques, protocols, contrast injection, and principles of timing acquisitions. Image post-processing includes MIP, VR, and MPR. Interpretation requires scrutinizing calcifications and stents to avoid overestimating stenosis. Peripheral CTA is useful for evaluating occlusive disease, aneurysms, trauma, infections, embolism, and postoperative surveillance. Examples demonstrate various vascular pathologies.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological vascular anatomy of the chest and abdomen.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological vascular anatomy of the chest and abdomen. It describes the anatomy and branches of the major arteries and veins in these regions, including the coronary arteries, abdominal aorta, celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, renal arteries, inferior vena cava, portal vein system, and iliac arteries. Diagrams and CT images are included to illustrate the typical anatomy and branching patterns of these important blood vessels.
Chest x-rays are commonly used to examine the lungs but have limitations as they provide a 2D image of a 3D structure. It is important to follow proper protocol for chest x-ray imaging including checking patient details, film quality, inspiration level, and positioning. Key aspects of positioning involve ensuring proper centering, angles, and inspiration to obtain quality images and accurately interpret findings. Following standardized guidelines is vital for consistent and accurate chest x-ray interpretation.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the shoulder joint.Abdellah Nazeer
The document provides an overview of shoulder anatomy as visualized through various imaging modalities including x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and arthrography. It details the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles of the shoulder and describes normal anatomy as well as common variants and injuries seen on imaging. Key anatomical structures discussed include the rotator cuff muscles and tendons, labrum, glenohumeral ligaments, biceps tendon, coracoacromial arch, and supporting muscles of the shoulder joint.
This document contains 23 cases of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary findings from imaging studies. Each case includes a description of findings and differential diagnoses. The cases cover a wide range of conditions affecting the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver and bile ducts.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used for breast and gynecologic imaging. For breast imaging, it describes mammography technique including breast compression and views obtained. It also discusses ultrasound, MRI, and other modalities. Common benign and malignant breast lesions are shown. For gynecologic imaging, it describes ultrasound technique and anatomy seen, hysterosalpingography technique and findings, and the roles of CT and MRI.
This document provides an overview of basic equipment used in interventional radiology, including needles, wires, catheters, and sheaths. It describes the nomenclature and properties of different types of needles, wires, catheters, and sheaths. Examples are provided of how to select and use the appropriate equipment for common procedures like placing a Hickman catheter, draining an abdominal abscess, and accessing a renal calyx. Conversions between measurement systems for needle gauges, wire diameters, and catheter/sheath sizes are also reviewed.
This document provides information about mammography, including its indications, types of examinations, basics, instrumentation, and procedures. Mammography uses low-energy x-rays to detect breast pathologies. It can be used for screening asymptomatic women, investigating breast lumps, or following up after breast surgery. Diagnostic mammograms use two or three views of each breast, while screening mammograms use a two-view protocol. Modern instrumentation includes flat panel detectors, grids, compression paddles, and automatic exposure control. Procedures involve craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views. Reporting follows the BI-RADS system for risk assessment.
Presentation2.pptx, radiological imaging of the rectal diseases.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses radiological imaging of rectal diseases. It describes barium enema radiographs showing evidence of imperforate anus and symptoms of proctitis such as pain, bleeding, and loose stools. Complications of proctitis including ulcers and abscesses are mentioned. Images show amoebic proctitis in an HIV-infected patient and small rectal polyps. Rectal cancer staging and treatment options involving transanal excision, total mesorectal excision, and chemotherapy are summarized. Endorectal ultrasound and MRI are identified as accurate techniques for tumor staging, with MRI having the highest accuracy for T, N, and circumferential resection margin staging of rectal cancer.
This document provides information about various breast imaging techniques including mammography. It describes what a mammogram is, the history of mammography, how mammograms are performed, what they can detect like masses and microcalcifications, and how results are categorized using BI-RADS. Other modalities like ultrasound and MRI are also discussed. Limitations of mammography include false negatives, overdiagnosis, and difficulty in dense breasts. Mammogram plans vary depending on a woman's history and any breast surgery or implants. Newer techniques like tomosynthesis aim to improve cancer detection.
The document provides information about various breast imaging techniques and biopsy procedures. It discusses the appearance of masses and lesions on mammography including characteristics like shape, margin, density, and enhancement patterns. It also describes different types of calcifications and their typical benign or suspicious morphologies. Additionally, the document outlines procedures for fine needle biopsy, core needle biopsy, and vacuum-assisted biopsy. Key details about each technique are given, such as how samples are obtained and analyzed to determine if a growth is benign or malignant.
Radioanatomy of mediastinum and approach to mediastinal massesAkankshaMalviya3
The document discusses the anatomy, divisions, and contents of the mediastinum. It describes approaches to evaluating mediastinal masses through investigations such as chest x-rays, CT, MRI, and biopsy. Differential diagnoses are provided for masses in various mediastinal compartments, including the anterior mediastinum where the five most common masses are thymoma, thyroid masses, lymphoma, teratomas, and aortic aneurysms. Evaluation of mediastinal masses involves determining the location and narrowing the differential diagnosis through imaging studies and biopsy.
17-three D 4D fetal ultrasound Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
17 3 d,4d fetal ultrasound dr ahmed esawy
THREE D FOUR D Principle “Physical Basics
image quality in
3D,4D image
Chewing
Sleepy
First whinge
Smiling
TWINS
triplets
CLEFT LIP
Cleft lip and palate
Lateral cleft of the fetal face
Micrognathia
Binder syndrome
Skin tag
Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome
hypotelorism
hypertelorism
Otocephaly
Apert syndrome
Spina Bifida
ANENCEPHALLY
ACRANIA
Trigonocephaly
Polydactyly
Bilateral club hand
Chest x ray cxr and pathologies radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Comprehensive Chest X ray. basics of Chest Gross Anatomy. Chest X-ray Projections, Radiographs, Pathologies and Critique of the Chest Radiograph. Chest X-Ray findings among Covid-19 patients
TARGET DELINEATION IN CERVIX CANCER BY DR KANHUKanhu Charan
This document outlines the 10 step workflow for target delineation in cervical cancer radiotherapy treatment planning. It describes the clinical target volumes that should be contoured for the primary gross tumor (GTVp), primary clinical target (CTVp), nodal gross tumor (GTVn), nodal clinical targets (CTVn) and elective nodal volumes. It provides explanations and guidelines for delineating each target volume, including the parametrium and nodal regions. Diagrams and images are included to illustrate the anatomical locations and boundaries of the target volumes.
X-Ray of the Dorso-Lumbar Spine. Skeletal Anatomy and Pathologies. Radiographic Findings on Lumbo-Sacral Spine and Dorsal Spine. Radiographic Projections. Pediatric and Adult SPinal Disorder. Radiology Useful Training Resource for Medics and Paramedics
Skull x ray and pathologies radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
The Human Skull Anatomy. Skull Injuries. Skull X Ray, Indications, Basic Projections. Pathological Findings on Skull X-ray. Reading Skull radiographs. radiation Protection in Skull radiography
X ray of the upper limbs radiology raining resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
X-Ray of the Upper Limbs. The Shoulder Girdles, Shoulder Joints, The Humerus, Elbow Joint, the Forearm, the Wrist and the hand. Indications and Radiographic Findings
Abdominal X-rays and CT scans are important imaging modalities for evaluating abdominal abnormalities. X-rays provide basic structural information by assessing bowel gas patterns, soft tissues, and bones. CT scans provide more detailed images of abdominal organs and structures and are better for detecting subtle abnormalities. Common abdominal conditions that can be identified on these imaging studies include bowel obstructions, perforations, infections like hydatid cysts, liver lesions such as hepatocellular carcinoma, and abscesses. Systematic analysis of imaging features can help diagnose the underlying cause of abdominal symptoms or conditions.
Application of Ultrasound Imaging/Sonogram in Biomedical/Clinical/HealthcareFazla Rabbi Mashrur
Ultrasound imaging has various biomedical applications in different medical specialties:
1) Gynecology and obstetrics uses ultrasound to examine female pelvic organs and monitor fetal development during pregnancy.
2) Gastroenterology uses abdominal ultrasound to image organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder to diagnose conditions.
3) Angiology uses Doppler ultrasound to image blood vessels and analyze arterial and venous blood flow.
4) Musculoskeletal ultrasound is used to examine soft tissues like tendons, muscles, and ligaments in real-time.
5) Emergency ultrasound provides immediate diagnoses of injuries or conditions in emergency settings.
The document provides information about the Athens Medical Center, a large medical group in Greece that operates several hospitals and clinics. It details the services offered by the Surgical Clinic of Athens Medical Center, including its leadership in robotic surgery. Robotic surgery was first performed in Greece in 2006 at Athens Medical Center for a robotic cholecystectomy. The document discusses the future applications of augmented reality technology in robotic surgery.
This document discusses different approaches to breast radiotherapy at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center. It begins with introductions and disclosures from the presenters. It then provides an overview of radiotherapy facilities and patient volumes at OSU. The remainder of the document focuses on comparing supine versus prone positioning for intact breast radiotherapy. It covers breast anatomy, challenges with large breasts, and rationale for the prone approach including dose reductions to organs at risk. Guidelines for target volumes and dose constraints are also reviewed.
This document discusses the history and advancements in endoscopic imaging techniques for gastric cancer detection and diagnosis. It describes technologies developed from 1957 to the present, including white light endoscopy, narrow-band imaging, autofluorescence imaging, confocal laser endomicroscopy, and endocytoscopy. New techniques allow for microscopic imaging, magnification, enhanced contrast, and virtual histology to better characterize lesions and detect early cancers.
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by a blocked drainage duct from a gallstone. It can be acute with sudden severe pain or chronic with recurring swelling. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT or MRI to detect gallstones and inflammation. Treatment options include antibiotics, drainage tubes, or removing the gallbladder through surgery.
Overview of medical imaging, radiology training resource nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Overview of Medical Imaging (radiology). Historical Evolution of Medical Imaging. Definition of Key Concepts. Division of Medical Imaging. Aspects of Radiation Protection. Medical Imaging Training and research.
5. SRN 300 Chest X-Ray and Pathologies.pdfkensacademia
This document provides an overview of a course on medical imaging techniques focusing on chest x-rays (CXRs). The 5-module course will cover basics of CXR, terminology, indications, patient preparation, radiographic projections, pathological findings, and radiation protection. The goal is for students to learn how to properly perform and interpret CXRs to diagnose common cardiopulmonary diseases. The course lecturer is Nchanji Nkeh Keneth, a radiologic technologist, and will review relevant anatomy and pathology for accurate CXR analysis.
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Gestational trophoblastic disease radiology training nchanji nkeh kenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Molar Gestation. Overview, Types of Molar Pregnancy. Radiologic evaluation of Molar Pregnancy. Ultrasound scan Findings in Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Radiology Training Resource for Medics and Paramedics
This document provides an overview of a training module on medical imaging technology for nurses. It outlines the objectives of demonstrating various radiologic equipment and educating on radiation safety. The bulk of the document consists of over 50 pictures with captions labeling different equipment used in diagnostic radiology, therapeutic radiology, ultrasound, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, and fluoroscopy. It discusses equipment components, use, and safety issues including radiation protection practices. The presentation concludes by announcing the next module will cover conventional radiography.
This document outlines a training course on medical imaging technology for state registered nurses. It introduces key concepts in the field, including a brief history of medical imaging from X-rays to modern modalities like CT and MRI scans. It defines common terminology, describes different diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, and discusses ionizing radiation, its medical uses, and importance of radiation safety. The goal is for nurses to gain basic knowledge of medical imaging to improve patient care, especially in emergency and rural settings.
Electrocardiography fundamentals, common cardiovascular diseases, use of ECG in the detection of MI, abnormal bllod electrolyte levels, abnormal rhythms of the heart, tachcardia and bradycardia, prevention of heart diseases, the relevance of sports and exercise, CVD among women and prevention
Understanding cholera, prevalence, causative agent of cholera, risk factors, how to detect cholera, preparation of home made ORS solution, cholera and breast feeding, myths about cholera, diagnosis, and treatment.
Appendicitis and role of ultrasound scan in diagnosis Nchanji Nkeh KenethNchanji Nkeh Keneth
Appendicitis, Understanding its causes, review of abdominopelvic anatomy. epidemiological aspects, signs and symptoms, diagnosis of appendicitis and treatment
Understanding work, the value of work, factors at the job place promoting stress, effects of stress at work, signs of stressed workers, management of work related stress
Uterine Fibroid: Prevalence in women, risk factors, age group most frequently affected, signs and symptoms, physical examination, Ultrasound scan examination, fibroid in pregnancy and complications of uterine fibroids
Understanding the value of Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound Scan in women. MDIRT...Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
The document discusses the value of ultrasound in women's health. It provides an overview of common uses of ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology, including evaluating pregnancies, detecting fetal abnormalities, and identifying issues like uterine fibroids or cysts. The document also outlines some common pathological conditions that can be seen on ultrasound scans of women, such as ectopic pregnancies, dermoid cysts, and fetal anomalies. Finally, it emphasizes that ultrasound is a safe, widely-used, and important medical imaging tool for evaluating women's health.
AUB. Prevalence. Magnitude of the problem. common risk factors, Age group most at risk. diagnosis of AUB. Use of Ultrasound scan. Common Causes; PALM-COIEN mnemonic
Intestinal Parasites. Types of parasites, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the value of good hygienic and sanitation practices in preventing worm infections
Understanding the wrist joint, wrist bones, tendons and ligaments. common wrist injuries and management. Labelled anatomic and plain radiographic images
Ionising Radiations and Radiologic Equipments
Understanding the various types of ionising radiations. radiation measuring instruments and units of measurements
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Abdominal x ray axr radiology training resource nchanji nkeh keneth
1. RADIOLOGY TRAINING RESOURCE FOR MEDICAL
IMAGING TECHNOLOGISTS/SONOGRAPHERS,
NURSES, MIDWIVES AND RELATED MEDICS
Module 5b: Abdominal X-Ray (AXR)
Course lecturer
Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiologic Technologist/Sonographer
CSMRR: 001012016
+237 671459765
B.TECH/HPD in MDIRT
(St. LOUIS UNIHEBS, Univ Buea)
excellence660@gmail.com
MedicalImagingTrainingResourceForMedicalImag
Tech,Nurses,MidwivesandMedics,NchanjiNkehKeneth
1
10/23/2020
2. Presentation outline
Review of Abdominal Radiographic
Anatomy
Basic Terminologies used in AXR
Plain Radiography (KUB Film) of the
Abdomen Abnormal Findings
Basics on How to Read an AXR
Radiation Protection and Safety in AXR
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3. Outcome
At the end of this presentation, students
would have:
Learned about AXR, Basic radiographic
projections and their uses
Be able to recognize abnormal
radiographic findings and correlate with
clinical presentations
Radiation protection
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Tech, Nurses, Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh
Keneth
3
4. Requirements for applicable comprehension of this
module:
All Students are Urged to review their anatomy and
physiology lectures on:
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Musculoskeletal System
And Pathological conditions
associated with these body systems
10/23/2020
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For Medical Imag Tech, Nurses,
Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh
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5. Requirements for applicable comprehension of this
module:
All Students are Urged to review their anatomy and
physiology lectures on:
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Musculoskeletal System
And Pathological conditions
associated with these body systems
10/23/2020
Medical Imaging Training Resource
For Medical Imag Tech, Nurses,
Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh
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6. Introduction to Abdominal X-ray
(AXR)
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7. Facts
AXRs are efficient in detecting bowel perforations
and obstruction
An AXR can show calcifications
AXR reveals the Liver, Kidneys, Psaos muscles,
spleen, vertebrae and the bony pelvis
AXR can detect the urinary bladder if filled
with urine at the time of the exam
Stomach can be seen
False positive findings are also common with
AXR
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For Medical Imag Tech, Nurses,
Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh
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8. AXR facts con’t
Calcifications on the pancreas, gall bladder,
liver and renal stones besides the aorta are
seen on AXR
Non-calcified normal GB, pancreas and
Blood vessels are not detected on AXR
Foreign objects are also detected on the AXR
Reading the Abdominal radiograph requires a
good knowledge of Gross and Radiographic
anatomy of the Abdomen
10/23/2020
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For Medical Imag Tech, Nurses,
Midwives and Medics , Nchanji Nkeh
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9. The Abdominal X-Ray:
The abdominal x-ray (AXR) has a much more limited
value in diagnosis than a chest x-ray.
The radiation exposure of an AXR compared to a
CXR is also considerably higher. Radiation dose in One
AXR is equivalent to that gotten from 35 CXRs!!!!!!
The AXR is of mostly used in the patient with an
acute abdomen . It may guide further imaging with
other imaging modalities.
As with a CXR , an appreciation of normal structures
is vital.
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10. AXR Radiographic
And Gross Anatomy
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11. AXR aka KUB (Kidney, Ureter and Bladder )
Film
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12. Atlas of Human Anatomy
Third edition (260)
Review This
Four quadrants intersect umbilicus
(RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ)
Nine regions
Right hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right inguinal (iliac)
Epigastric
Umbilical
Pubic (hypogastric)
+ Left hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left inguinal (iliac)
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13. Atlas of Human Anatomy
Third edition (260)
Note
Seven landmarks
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS}
Pubic symphysis
Greater trochanter
Xiphoid tip (T9-T10)
Inferior costal margin
Ischial tuberosity
+
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19. Why (in two words or less,) is
it difficult to differentiate
abdominal organs, and not
possible to visualize others
at all?
Radiographic Anatomy of
the plain film abdomen
A radiograph of the kidneys,
ureters, and bladder (KUB)
demonstrates the:
1. Size
2. Shape
3. & Position
of some, but not all the
organs in the abdominal &
pelvic cavities.
Subject Contrast
An old term was
“flat plate of the abdomen”10/23/2020
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20. What is normally visible
1. Liver
2. Spleen
3. psoas muscles
4. kidneys
5. flank stripes
6. bone (like crazy)
7. Calcifications
What is sometimes visible
1. Stomach and colon (gas)
2. Bladder (urine filled)
3. Arteries (calcified aorta)
What is not visible
1. Gallbladder
2. Pancreas
3. Small bowel (unless
pathological, with gas)
4. Ureters
5. Adrenal glands
6. Veins
7. Everything else
Radiographic Anatomy of
the plain film abdomen
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21. Liver (homogeneous
shadow in RUQ)
Spleen
Stomach (c gas)
Parts of colon (c gas)
hepatic flexure
transverse colon
cecum & ascending colon
Gas, though natural,
is a negative contrast
media. In the history
of radiography, gas (air)
was injected in the bladder
and ventricles of the brain.
Carbonated soda is given
to children to create a
“window” to the kidneys
Radiographic Anatomy of the plain film abdomen
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22. Gas filled transverse
colon demonstrating
haustrations.
Entire colon, from
cecum to sigmoid,
filled with gas.
Unless obstructed,
distention of this
degree should be
relieved by
flautulence
More Gas
Patterns
Radiographic Anatomy of
the plain film abdomen
A child’s stomach
and colon filled with
gas and feces, (speckled
appearance).
Note how the hepatic
flexure and transverse
colon define the liver
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23. Detail of liver in RUQ Detail of spleen in LUQRadiographic Anatomy of
the plain film abdomen
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24. The bladder is
often seen, if
contrasted by
urine.
Gas in the
sigmoid colon
may obscure it
Detail of flank stripe Detail of urine filled bladder Radiographic Anatomy
of the plain film
abdomen
Flank stripes are not
always seen due to
lack of contrast or
clipping on larger
persons.
When visible, bowing
of the stripes may
be a sign of a mass.
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25. Subject contrast of the
kidneys is enhanced by the
perirenal fat capsule. They
are best seen in the asthenic
body habitus
Kidneys
Radiographic Anatomy of the plain
film abdomen
Placement of Rt marker is less than desirable
= Psoas muscles
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26. Calcifications can form
in various tissues, and
especially fluid filled
organs where minerals
consolidate. In the
plain film abdomen
those seen are:
* gallstones (calcium
not cholesterol)
* kidneystones
* bladderstones
* arteriosclerosis
(mostly of abdominal
aorta)
Calcifications
Radiographic Anatomy of the plain
film abdomen
Large gallstone in RUQ
If not in the RUQ, where else could it be?
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27. Anatomy Review: Where is it, or, at least, where should it be?
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28. Anatomy Review: Where is it, or, at least, where should it be?
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29. Indications for AXR and
AXR Projections
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30. An AXR may be done for the
Following Reasons
1. Rule out the cause of Acute Abdomen
2. Assessment of the integrity of abdominal organs
post traumatic incident
3. Assessment of suspected calculi in the gall
bladder, pancreas, kidneys
4. Assessment of intestinal obstruction and
Perforation
5. Paralytic ileus evaluation
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31. Note!!
An Acute Abdomen is the
main indication for an
AXR
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32. Abdominal X-Ray Projections:
• Supine 99%, most preferred
• AP Erect +- PA CXR
• Lateral decubitus.
Knowledge of the anatomy of the
abdomen allows localization of the
abnormalities observed on the AXR.
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33. Definitions
AP: Anterior Posterior: This projection is
done with the patient in Supine Position; It is
the Standard Examination of the Abdomen
on Plain x-rays
PA/AP- erect: Posterior or Anterior
Projection with Patient in erect Position;
useful in assessing bowel obstruction
Lateral decubitus Position. Indicated for
assessment of the Abdominal Aorta and
bowels
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34. Radiographic Positioning of the Abdomen
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40. Routine Upright Positioning
1. Same as KUB,
but center top
of film to axilla.
Positioning
4.
Setup and Preparation
Same as supine, expect upright.
And, patient must be in position
for at least 5 minutes prior to
exposure. Bring by WC if possible
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41. Standard Upright Abdomen Positioning
What (else) does the upright
demonstrate?
1. Air-fluid levels in the
bowel
2. Free air in the abdomen
(peritoneal cavity) under the
diaphragm
3. Ptosis (Change in position)
Might a change in technique be
called for on the upright?
Residual barium x 3 weeks
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48. Colon with barium contrast
Large bowel
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50. Ascites
Fluid accumulation in the
abdominal cavity, secondary
to serious disease.
Ascites creates a gray, low
contrast effect, and as in this
film, may make gas in the
bowel look trapped, or encased
by the extrinsic pressures from
the fluid.
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56. Barium meal, stomach, duodenum and jejunum
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58. Assess the Film in Detail:
Intra-luminal Gas:
Low Small Bowel Obstruction
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70. GREY SHADOWS:
‘GREY SHADOWS’ = Soft Tissues
Soft tissues represent most of the contents of the
abdomen and feature heavily in the AXR. However,
these tissues are poorly seen when compared to
other imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT.
The kidneys, spleen, liver and bladder (if filled) can
be seen in addition to psoas muscle shadows and
abdominal fat. Rarely would action be taken on the
basis of this imaging alone.
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75. BRIGHT WHITE SHADOWS:
‘BRIGHT WHITE BITS’ = Foreign Bodies
Foreign Bodies represent an interesting final
observation . Objects that may be seen include
ingested foreign bodies , items in the path of the
x-ray beam such as belt buckles, dress buttons and
jewelry . Other objects may have been deliberately
placed for example an aortic stent, an inferior vena
cava filter or a suprapubic urinary catheter.
Sterilization clips and an intra-uterine device are
common findings in women.
10/23/2020
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76. Assess the Film in Detail:
Sterilisation and Surgical Clips Intra-abdominal foreign bodies
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79. Finals Radiology Cases:
Abdominal X-Ray
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80. Case 1:
This 67 year-old women
presented to the surgical
ward with a distended
abdomen and vomiting.
Present this x-ray
Give a diagnosis and
potential causes
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81. Case 1: Answer
Radiology Report:
Plain abdominal radiograph.
Multiple dilated loops of small bowel
within the central abdomen. Gas is not
seen in the large bowel. No evidence
of hernia or gallstone to suggest
potential cause of the dilated loops.
These findings are in keep with a low
small bowel obstruction.
I would like to know if the patient has
a history of abdominal surgery as the
commonest cause is surgical
admissions.
The three commonest causes of small bowel obstruction are:
• Surgical adhesions
• Herniae
• Intraluminal mass eg, small bowel lymphoma or gallstone (in gallstone
ileus)
10/23/2020
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82. Case 2:
This 71 year-old gentleman
visits his GP complaining of
in his urine. He has had a
number of UTI’s in recent
years.
Present this x-ray
Give a diagnosis and
potential causes
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83. Case 2: Answer
Radiology Report:
Plain abdominal radiograph.
Two rounded radio-opacities
measuring 4cm within the pelvis.
Both opacities are smooth in
outline, laminated in nature, have
the same density as bone and
project over the bladder . No
other renal tract calcification.
Does the patient have a history of
neurogenic bladder?
Given the size of these stones
and history of UTI’s these are
bladder calculi.
Bladder calculi are more common in those with a history of:
•UTI’s
•A neurogenic bladder
•Bladder diverticulum10/23/2020
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84. Case 3:
This patient was
admitted with poor renal
function.
Present this x-ray
Give a diagnosis and
potential causes
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85. Case 3: Answer
Radiology Report:
Plain abdominal radiograph
Multiple areas of punctuate
calcification project over the renal
outlines bilaterally.
The calcification is within the medulla
of the renal parenchyma. The bones
are normal in appearance.
These findings are consistent with
nephrocalcinosis
Causes of Nephrocalcinosis include:
• Hyperparathyroidism
•Medullary sponge kidney
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86. Systematic approach to viewing
an abdominal film:
1. Start by identifying the name on the film
and the date.
2. What is the projection of the film? Is if PA
or AP? Most are PA.
3. Is the view Supine, Erect or Lateral
Decubitus? Are there erect and supine
films? If so decide which is which.
4. Confirm that an adequate area has been
covered.
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87. 5. Check exposure. If the spine is visible
most structures to be seen will be visible.
6. Artefacts may be immediately obvious.
Piercing of the umbilicus is very popular,
especially in young women but genital
piercing is not infrequent. Metallic objects
are obvious. There may be clips or
materials from previous surgery.
Occasionally a retained surgical
instrument is seen. Swabs contain a radio-
opaque band.
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88. Solid organs, hollow organs
and bones can be classified as:
Visible or not visible
Normal in size, enlarged, or too small
Distorted or displaced
Abnormally calcified
Containing abnormal gas, fluid, or
discrete calculi
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89. Bones Look in a specific order
and keep to your regime:
Lower Rib Cage
Lumbar Spine
Sacrum
Pelvis
Hip Joints
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90. Check bones for:
Cortical Outline
Joint and Disc Space
Trabecular Pattern
General Bone Density
Lysis, Fracture, Sclerosis
Epiphyseal Lines
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91. Solid organs
Liver – There is soft tissue density in the
right upper quadrant that displaces any
bowel from this area.
Spleen - Soft tissue mass in the left upper
quadrant about the size of a fist. It may
be clear or obscured but usually is not
seen at all.
Kidneys – A shadow may be visible. The
left kidney is higher than the right. The
upper poles tilt medially. They should be
about 3 vertebrae in size.10/23/2020
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92. Psoas Muscles - Form straight lines
extending infero-laterally from the
lumbar spine to the lesser trochanter of
the femur.
Bladder - If the bladder is full, it will
appear as a soft tissue density in the
pelvis.
Uterus - Sits on top of and may indent the
bladder. It is often not seen on plain
films.
Prostate - Sits deep in the pelvis. Usually
only seen if calcified10/23/2020
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93. Hollow organs
Stomach - When supine, air in stomach
will rise anteriorly and fluid will pool
posteriorly.
Small Bowel - Gas will be seen in
polygonal shapes due to perstalsis.
Normal small bowel is 2.5 to 3.0 cm in
diameter. Valvulae may be seen crossing
the entire lumen. Often little small bowel
is seen on a plain film.10/23/2020
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94. Appendix - Occasionally an appendicolith
is seen. Less commonly barium from an
old study, or ingested foreign bodies
appear in the appendix.
Colon - Start in the right iliac fossa with
the caecum that may show fluid levels.
Follow it up to the hepatic flexure, over to
the splenic flexure, and down into the
pelvis. It may be filled with air or faeces.
Shape may altered by redundant bowel.
The colon is in the periphery of the
abdomen.10/23/2020
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95. Normal Calcification
* Costal cartilage
* Mesenteric lymph nodes
* Pelvic vein phleboliths
* Prostate gland
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96. Abnormal calcification Calcium
indicates pathology in
* Pancreas
* Renal parenchymal tissue
* Blood vessels and vascular aneurysms
* Gallbladder fibroids (leiomyoma)
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97. Calcium is the pathology in
* Biliary calculi
* Renal calculi
* Appendicolith
* Bladder calculi
* Teratoma
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98. Mesenteric lymph nodes may calcify and
be confused with ureteric calculi. They are
usually oval in shape . The line of the
ureter is along the transverse processes of
the lumbar vertebrae . Phleboliths from
calcified pelvic veins may appear like
bladder stones. Calcification may appear in
the ageing prostate , low down in the
pelvic brim. Prostate calcification may also
occur in malignancy but it is not
diagnostic.
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99. The pancreas lies at the level of the T9 to T
12 vertebrae . Calcification occurs in
chronic pancreatitis and may show the
whole outline of the gland.
Between the levels of T12 and L2,
nephrocalcinosis may be seen. Calcification
of the renal parenchyma indicates
pathology including hyperparathyroidism,
renal tubular acidosis, and medullary
sponge kidney.
Renal calculi tend to obstruct at certain
sites, especially the pelviureteric junction,
brim of the pelvis, and vesicoureteric
junctions.
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100. Calcification of blood vessels usually affects the
arteries and can be quite striking. The whole
vessel may be outlined by calcium. Extensive
calcification may indicate widespread atheroma,
especially in diabetes.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are usually
below the 2nd lumbar vertebra. Calcification
may make them obvious and can give a rough
indication of the internal diameter.
Abdominal ultrasound is required for
accurate assessment , and to determine the
need for surgery or follow up.
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101. Gallstones are visible in only 10 to 20%
of cases. Ultrasound is vastly superior
but plain abdominal x-ray is often the
initial investigation in patients with
abdominal pain . The gallbladder may
become calcified after repeated
episodes of cholecystitis . This is called
a porcelain gallbladder and 11% will
become malignant11.
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102. In the pelvic region bladder calculi
may occasionally be seen. Bladder
stones are usually quite large and often
multiple. Calcification of a bladder tumor
may also occur . Schistosomiasis may
produce calcification of the bladder wall.
Uterine fibroids can become calcified
Sometimes ovarian teratoma may show a
tooth. This is of passing interest although
such an ovarian tumour can
undergo torsion
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103. Systematic approach to
viewing an abdominal film with
contrast:
When we examine x.ray abdomen
with contrast the following steps should
followed:
1. Which organ is examined?
2. Which type of contrast?
3. Is there a pathology or not?
4. The position and view of examiantion?
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109. Types of contrast
examinations
1. Esophagus
2. Stomach
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine
5. Kidney, ureters and urinary bladder
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110. Contrast examination of the
esophagus
Barium
swallow We see if there is
narrowing or
dilatation .
if there is filling
defect in the lumen
of esophagus.
We see if contrast reached the stomach
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110
111. Contrast examination of stomach
We see if contrast reached the stomach
and fill it completely.
We check contrast and air in the stomach
to detect the position of the patient
during examination.
We see the wall of the stomach if the
is ulcer or tumor.
There are two types of contrast positive
and negative we identify them. We see
whether the exam is with double or single
contrast.10/23/2020
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112. Ba meal with double contrast
Patient is in supine position
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113. Ba meal with single contrast
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114. Gass in the fandus
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115. Gass in the fandus
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115
116. Narrowing in the stomach
Patient is standing
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116
117. Ulcer in the wall of the
stomach
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117
118. Barium meal with single and double contrast in
prone position
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119. Barium meal and follow through
The patient drinks a contrast
medium containing barium sulfate.
X-ray images are taken as the
contrast moves through the intestine,
commonly at 0 minutes, 20 minutes, 40
minutes and 90 minutes.
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119
120. Barium meal and follow through
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120
121. Barium meal and follow through
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121
122. Barium meal and follow through
Crohn 's disease of distal ileum with stricturing and
sacculation on the antimesenteric aspect ( curved
arrows), and fissure ulcers ( small arrows ). Open arrow
points to ileo-caecal valve.10/23/2020
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123. Barium meal and follow through
Aphthoid ulceration of terminal ileum (small arrows)-
Note also "cobblestoning" (larger arrows).10/23/2020
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124. Barium meal and follow through
Chronic ileocaecal tuberculosis. The caecum and ascending
colon are retracted craniad and are fibrotic . scarred and
saccilated (curved arrows). The terminal ileum in this patient is
relatively patulous (straight arrows) and probably nodular.
v=ileocaecal valve.10/23/2020
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124
125. Small Bowel Enema
Enteroclysis examination demonstrates a segment of
ileum in the right iliac fossa with wall
thickening, destruction of the normal fold pattern and
aneurysmal ulceration (arrowed) and mass effect
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126. Small Bowel Enema
Multiple moderate-sized and large
diverticula present.10/23/2020
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128. Barium enema
To confirm colonic obstruction, a limited
barium enema is a quick, simple, cheap,
definitive exam, not requiring bowel prep
Following are images of barium enema on
same patient who had preceding 2-way of
abdomen
BE shows a short-segment obstructing lesion
with a polypoid intraluminal component,
indicating a sigmoid colon cancer
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130. Plain x-ray abdomen (erect film) showing multiple air
fluid levels in the loops of jejunum due to small gut
obstruction.10/23/2020
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131. Plain x-ray abdomen showing marked dilatation
of the large gut from caecum to splenic flexure
due to large gut obstruction.10/23/2020
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131
132. Plain x-ray abdomen showing dilatation of
large gut due to twisted and obstructed
caecum and ascending colon due to
volvulus
of caecum
10/23/2020
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132
133. Plain x-ray abdomen showing air fluid level
under the right dome of diaphragm due to
presence of gas in the right subphrenic abscess
10/23/2020
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136. Sigmoid colon obstruction
Causes of sigmoid colon obstruction
– Adenocarcinoma of colon
– Diverticulitis
– Sigmoid volvulus
Following is KUB on patient with sigmoid volvulus
– Two-part obstruction (closed loop obstruction of
twisted sigmoid and upstream colon obstruction)
– Note massively dilated sigmoid, because acute
obstruction typically occurs on background of chronic
constipation and chronic colonic dilatation)
10/23/2020
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138. Gas out of place
Gas “out of place” may be seen on abdominal
X-rays
– Bowel wall
– Portal vein
– GB and biliary tree
– Urinary tract
Following shows gas in wall of small bowel,
usually indicating dead bowel, particularly if
patient looks sick
10/23/2020
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138
140. Case
On following KUB most remarkable finding is
easy visibility of outside wall of some of the
bowel loops, indicating that outside wall is
outlined by air (pneumoperitoneum)
The upright CXR confirms a large amount of
free intraperitoneal air (secondary to perforated
diverticulitis)
Note the widened superior mediastinum on the
CXR, an incidental old finding on this elderly
female, due to intrathoracic goiter.
10/23/2020
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140
142. Extra-luminal gas seen on erect CXR. This
indicates a Perforated Viscous
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143. Adult AXR Radiologic Signs
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148. Pediatric AXRs radiological
Signs and meaning
Insert the radiographs
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152. What? Identifying ingested or inserted
foreign bodies are another
use for the KUB film
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153. What in the World?
A Sprinter champion presents
with abdominal pain.
This Greenfield caval filter is in
the inferior vena cava for the
purpose of catching clots from
leg veins. If the filter were not
present, clots would travel to the
right heart, pulmonary artery, and
the arterioles of the lungs,
causing pulmonary embolism.
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154. There is something odd
about the gas pattern
In the area of the sigmoid
colon
And it’s shaped like a tooth
brush holder
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155. Perhaps from your village?
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156. Night watch man??
Illustration from “The Compete
Idiot’s Guide to Home Medical
Treatment,” or what?
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158. Identify abnormalities with the AXRs
Below?
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159. Anatomy Review: Where is it, or, at least, where should it be?
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161. ANY QUESTIONS ?
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10/23/2020
162. References
1.RDSC 233 Unit 1.Plain Film
Radiography of the Abdomen.
Bontrager pp. 98-116
2.Abdominal X-ray (n.d)
3. Clark’s Positioning in Radiography;
13th edition
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166. I am a proud Polyvalent Medical Imaging
Technologist
I love my Professional Field
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Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
167. Medical Imaging Training Resource
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16710/23/2020