Movement disorder
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Movement disorders are a group of diseases that affect the ability to control bodily movements. They vary in prevalence depending on the type, with restless legs syndrome affecting about 12 million Americans. Common causes include issues with the motor cortex, antagonistic muscle pairs, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Symptoms can include tremors, tics, spasms, rigidity, and lack of movement. Diagnosis involves medical history, exams, and imaging tests. While there is no cure, treatment options include physical therapy, medications, and sometimes surgery, with the long-term prognosis depending on severity.
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Medication-induced movement disorder (Extra-Pyramidal Side Effects, EPSE) occurs due to treatment with antipsychotic medications. It can also be defined as physical symptoms, including tremor, slurred speech, akathesia, dystonia, anxiety, distress, paranoia, and bradyphrenia, that are primarily associated with improper dosing of or unusual reactions to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications.
Though they are commonly caused by the typical antipsychotics, but can also be caused by the atypical.
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Movement disorders encompass a spectrum of abnormal involuntary movements that can arise from lesions throughout the central nervous system or be associated with medical conditions. They include myoclonus, ballismus, chorea, athetosis, and dystonia. While sometimes difficult to distinguish, they often overlap and can have similar underlying causes such as genetic disorders, drugs, vascular events, and metabolic derangements. Treatment involves managing underlying conditions when possible and may include medications like valproic acid or botulinum toxin injections.
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1) Chorea is a genetic disorder caused by an abnormal expansion of CAG nucleotide repeats in the Huntington gene (HTT) located on chromosome 4p16.3. This results in production of mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) which causes degeneration of neurons in the brain.
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C. Drug-induced tardive dyskinesia is the most likely cause of his problem. The description of repetitive, involuntary movements of the mouth that the patient is unaware of and has progressed over months is characteristic of tardive dyskinesia, which can be caused by long-term use of metoclopramide.
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Movement disorder
- 2. Definition • Movement disorders are a group of diseases and syndromes affecting the ability to produce and control bodily movements.
- 3. Demographic • Vary for different types of movement disorders • Restless legs syndrome (RLS) affects approximately 12 million people in the United States • The disorder can affect males and females and can begin at any age, although it may become worse as a person gets older • The most common ataxia is Friedreich's ataxia; in the United States, it affects one in 50,000 people, both male and female
- 4. Cause THE MOTOR CORTEX ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIRS THE CEREBELLUM THE BASAL GANGLIA
- 5. Symptoms Hyperkinetic Movement Hypokinetic Movement Dystonia Tremor Tics Myoclonus Spasticity Chorea Ballism Akathisia Athetosis Bradykinesia Freezing Rigidity Postural instability
- 6. Diagnosis • Careful medical history • physical and neurological examination • Brain imaging studies • Computed Tomography scan (CT scan), positron emission tomography (PET), or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans • A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) • X-Rays of the spine and hips • EEG ( Electroencepahogram)
- 7. Prognosis • The prognosis for a patient with a movement disorder depends on the specific disorder. There is no cure for movement disorders. However, they can be well-managed with the proper combination of physical and occupational therapies, medication, and surgery. The long-term outlook depends on the severity of the disorder.
- 8. Treatment Physical and occupational therapies • Stretching Exercise, Muscle group strengthening exercise • Range of motion exercise Medication • Oral Medication: Levodopa, trihexyphenidhyl, benztropine • Injected Medication Surgey • When all other treatment have been tried and have not effectively controlled the symptoms
- 9. Thank You
- 10. Video Movement Disorder • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R- efPKM5_7k